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Hygrothermal…
What is Modelling ?
Newton’s law : F a ma
or
Motion(Dynamics)
Final goal:
1. Preliminary mathematics
: Generalization of formulation
Ex : Circular, rectangular, elliptic plate models
~ Invariant !
: V Vx i Vy j Vz k V i
b b
a
f ( x)dx f ( y)dy
a
i j 0, i i 1 …
i j : 0
Kronecka Delta : ij -> i j :1
1, 0, 0
: 0,1, 0
0, 0,1
Ex:
ii 11 22
33 3!
* Contracted product :
bi Aij : Summations on index i : Free index j
Ex : b= (b1 , b2 , b3 )
3 components of a vector : bi
Scalar : bi bi
ii ?
A i ij
A j
123
231 321 1
321
132 213 1
, All other terms = 0
Symmetry tensor and Anti-symmtry tensor
, A
ij ji lmn
A
ln m
or , A
ij ji lmn
Al n m
Index notations
xi ,i
V V V V
V
x y z i
V
x y z x
i ,i
i
2
,ii
E
1 1 ) : plane.stress. problem!
(
C A B C i ijk A j B k
Practice !!
1-2 Calculus of Variation
1
2
U i j idj V
There are at least 3 important reasons for taking up the ‘Calculus of Variation’
in the study of continuum mechanics
2. The field eqns & associate B.Cs of many problems can be derived
from “Variational Principles ’’.
~ In formulating an approximate theory, the shortest and clearest derivation
is usually obtained through Variational Calculus
3. Direct method of solution of variational problem is one of the most powerful
tools for obtaining numerical results in practical problems of engineering
importance.
In this section, we shall summarize the relation and properties derived from
Variational Principles briefly, and then discuss their applications
in which y( x) : continuous & differentiable with continuous y( x), y( x) for
x0 x x1 and satisfies forced function B.C ( = admissible function )
We assume that the function F continuous with all its partial derivatives to
order 3 for all real values of y( x), y( x), y( x) and for all valves of x in x0 x x1
Admissible variation ?
Euler- Lagrange’s eqns
F , y ( F , y ),x ( F , y ),xx 0
( y , x ) , x x( F) ,yx1 ( , )
x2
( x ) Fy , F
x2
0
x1
There are at least 3 important reasons for taking up the ‘Calculus of Variation’
in the study of continuum mechanics
In this section, we shall summarize the relation and properties derived from
Variational Principles briefly, and then discuss their applications
[A] Euler’s Equations
in which y( x) : continuous & differentiable with continuous y( x), y( x) for
x0 x x1 and satisfies forced function B.C ( = admissible function )
We assume that the function F continuous with all its partial derivatives to
order 3 for all real values of y( x), y( x), y( x) and for all valves of x in x0 x x1
Admissible variation ?
Euler- Lagrange’s eqns
F , y ( F , y ),x ( F , y ),xx 0
( y , x ) , x x( F) ,yx1 ( , )
x2
( x ) Fy , F
x2
0
x1
1
2
U ij ij dV :
1 1
U ij ij dV ij ij dV (?) :
2 2
Integration by part,
x1
x0
Last two terms denote the Boundary Conditions for Forces and Displacements !
~ Dimensions ?