10/1/2012

Overview

• Introduction
• Properties of Magnetic Materials
• BH-Curve
10-BH Curve • Magnetic Losses

ECEGR 450
Electromechanical Energy Conversion

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Questions Introduction

Why are magnets magnetic? • Analysis of transformers and rotating machines

(generators/motors) requires understanding how
the magnetic flux behaves in magnetic circuits

• Graphical relationship between Flux and Magnetic

Field Intensity is known as the BH curve

See ebook: Michael Coey, Magnetism and Magnetic

Materials, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
[available online Seattle U library]

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Magnetic Materials Magnetic Materials

• Properties of materials influences the design of Three general types of magnetic materials
machines  Diamagnetic
• Recall that flux density is a function of  Paramagnetic
permeability, magnetic field intensity and  Ferromagnetic
magnetization
B 0 (H+M)

• We will next examine properties of magnetic

materials

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Diamagnetic Materials Paramagnetic Materials

• Materials that create a magnetic field that • Materials that create a magnetic field in the
opposes an applied magnetic field direction of an applied magnetic field
• A repulsive force (usually weak) is experienced • A attractive force (usually weak) is experienced
 Superconductors exhibit a strong force  Positive susceptibility
 Can be used to make things levitate
 Negative susceptibility
Material Relative Permeability Material Relative Permeability
Bismuth 0.999981 Air 1.000304
Copper 0.999991 Aluminum 1.000023
Silver 0.999980 Oxygen 1.001330
Water 0.999991 Platinum 1.000014

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Ferromagnetic Materials Magnetic Dipoles

• Experience a strong attractive force to an applied
magnetic field
 Force can be several thousand times stronger than
that in paramagnetic materials
 Resulting magnetic field may be stronger than the
applied field
• Ferromagnetic materials include
• Iron, cobalt, nickel
• Ferromagnetic materials are commonly used in
machines so we will discuss them in more detail
• An electron orbiting a nucleus is a ring of current
• We know that current has an associated magnetic
field
 Orbital magnetic moment
• Electrons also rotate around their own axis
 Spin magnetic moment
• Net magnetic moment constitutes a magnetic
dipole

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Ferromagnetic Materials Ferromagnetic Materials

• In some materials the magnetic dipoles in a • Assume we apply a magnetic field H to the
region may be aligned (magnetic domains) material
• Domains are usually randomly oriented and there • A magnetic flux density is created inside the
is no net magnetic field material according to: B 0 (H+M)

XX

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Ferromagnetic Materials Ferromagnetic Materials

• As H increases, some of the dipoles begin to align • For some value of H all of the magnetic domains
with H are in the direction of H
• Flux density begins to increase at a faster rate • Further increases in H still increases B, but at a
than the applied magnetic field much slower rate (permeability of free space)

H H

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B-H Curve B-H Curve

• Assume material is not

magnetized and i = 0
 M=0 i
B=0
Relative Permeability ( r)

 H=0
• What happens to H
and B as i increases?
D
 H increases (+) H d J ds ds
t
 B increases (+) C B s
0 (H+M)
s

Flux Density, B (T)

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B-H Curve B-H Curve

If material is not magnetic, then M = 0 and B • If materials are magnetic, then M increases along
and H are linearly related by with H (the material becomes magnetized)
B
• B increases at a rate faster than 0:
B 0 (H+M)
B

slope: 0

H H

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B-H Curve Magnetic Fields Internal to a Magnet

Now i is decreased from positive to zero to negative Magnetic Field Intensity H Magnetic Flux Density B

H decreases to zero H is now negative

M slowly decreases, but remains positive M is positive, and H + M = 0 at point c
B does not decrease to zero B is equal to 0 at point c
Point b: Br = Residual Flux Density Point c: -Hc = Coercive force

B B
a a
b b
Br c
B 0 (H+M)
H -Hc
H

From point b to c (H and B are in opposite directions)

Many magnetic domains are Note: second quadrant. B and H
aligned in the +H direction. are in opposite directions. Important
Material is still magnetized. for permanent magnets.

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B-H Curve B-H Curve

i continues to become more negative i increases to 0 i increases

i is now positive and increases
H becomes more negative H increases to 0 H is positive and increases
H becomes positive
M becomes negative M is negative, but magnitude decreases M becomes positive
M is negative, and H + M = 0 at point f
B passes through negative linear and knee regions B does not decrease to zero, remains B passes through linear, knee and
B is equal to 0 at point f
Point d: Bsat = saturation point negative saturation regions

B B
a a
b b
c c
B 0 (H+M)
H H
B B
a a
b b
c c
f B 0 (H+M) f
H H

d d e d e d e

Note: third quadrant. B and H If current decreases operating

are in the same direction.
point b will be obtained (nearly)
Material magnetized in opposite direction.

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B-H Curve B-H Curve

• BH curve also known as hysteresis loop What are the applications of soft and hard magnetic materials?
• BH curve dependent on material and its shape
• Area inside hysteresis loop is the hysteresis loss Soft Magnetic Materials Hard Magnetic Materials
 Energy required to overcome friction in changing B B
domain orientation

B
a H H
Side Note: Generally H = H’ + Hd
b where
H: internal field
c Hd is the demagnetizing field
f H’: external (applied field)
H Since a closed magnetic circuit is Difficult to magnetize, demagnetize
Easily magnetized, demagnetized
used, Hd = 0 and H = H’, so the BH High coercivity
d e Low coercivity
curve is also BH’ curve. High maximum energy product
High permeability
Low core loss High core loss

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Magnetic Losses Eddy Current Losses

• Losses in a machines include magnetic loss • Time varying flux in a magnetic circuit induces a voltage in
a coil, but also in the material that comprises the magnetic
• Two types: circuit
 Eddy-Current loss • The current induced in the material is known as eddy
 Hysteresis loss currents, and reduces the efficiency of the machine
 Eddy current cause heating
 Flux caused by eddy current opposes applied magnetic
field, acting to demagnetize the core
i

Eddy current
B

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Eddy Current Losses Summary

• Eddy currents can be reduced by introducing a thin • Ferromagnetic materials have a non-linear BH
insulating material in the direction of the current curve
• These laminations are common in machines

• Magnetic flux increases due to alignment of

magnetic domains
insulating
layer • Three distinct regions: linear, knee and saturation
i
 Permeability is low in saturated region, generally
avoid operation here
• Energy loss associated with shape of BH curve

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