Promoting Mental Health in Schools

Promoting
Mental Health
in the School
Karen Paula V. Manalo

December 20, 2018
What is…
• mental health
• stress
• anxiety
•depression
Why is mental
health
important
What…
• is well-being
• promotes well-being
How do we
promote
mental health in
the school
HOW ARE YOU?
STROOP TEST
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ORANGE GREEN RED GREEN
PURPLE BLUE BLACK ORANGE
STROOP TEST
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GREEN ORANGE BLUE RED
YELLOW GREEN ORANGE BLACK
HOW ARE YOU?
What is…
• mental health
• stress
• anxiety
•depression
HEALTH
“HEALTH is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity” (WHO, 1948).
HEALTH: Complete
•Physical
•Mental
•Social well-being
•NOT the absence of disease
MENTAL HEALTH
“MENTAL HEALTH is a state of well-being in
which every individual realizes his or her own
potential, can cope with the normal stresses of
life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is
able to make a contribution to her or
his community” (WHO, 2014).
MENTAL HEALTH
•Well-being
•Potential
•Coping
•Productive and fruitful
•Contribute
MENTAL HEALTH MODELS
•BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL
•BIOPSYCHOSOCIOSPIRITUAL
•BIOPSYCHOSOCIOECONOMIC
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL
http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/
BIOPSYCHOSOCIOSPIRITUAL
http://www.indjsp.org/temp/IndianJSocPsychiatry334291-9699897_024139.pdf
MENTAL HEALTH FACTS
1. Around 20% of the world's children and adolescents
have mental disorders or problems
•Half of all mental illness begins by the age of 14, but
most cases go undetected and untreated
MENTAL HEALTH FACTS
2. Mental and substance use disorders are the leading
cause of disability worldwide
•burden of the disease among adolescents, depression
is the third leading
MENTAL HEALTH FACTS
3. About 800 000 people • Global School-Based
commit suicide every Health Survey (2015)
year • 11.3 considered
• second leading cause • 10.6% planned
of death among 15- • 16.2% attempted
29-year-olds suicide
MENTAL HEALTH FACTS
6. Stigma and discrimination against patients and
families prevent people from seeking mental health
care
8. Globally, there is huge inequity in the distribution of
skilled human resources for mental health
MH in the PH
•Suicide rate according to the National Center for
Mental Health (DOH in Tantoco & Cenizal, 2017)
•2.5 per 100,000 population for men
•1.7 per 100,000 for women
•excluding “unreported cases”
MH in the PH
•1:5 Filipinos has a • 6% - depression
mental disorder • 32% at least have 1
(Philippine mental
Statistical Authority health problem
in Samaniego, 2017) • 15% - specific
phobias
• 10% - alcohol abuse
MH in the PH
• 3:100,000 - patient to mental health worker
ratio (Samaniego, 2017)
MH in
the PH
INFOGRAPHICS BY MIKHAEL FLORENTINO

RA 11036 in Schools
• Age-appropriate integration into school curricula
• Required health related courses
• Mental health-friendly policies and programs in
schools and workplace
(Y4MH, 2017)
What is…
• mental health
• stress
• anxiety
•depression
Is stress bad
TEACHERS’ STRESS
- work load - PERSONAL
- peers/ peer pressure - HOME
- deadlines - FAMILY
- money
- behaviour of others
- expectations of others
STUDENTS’ STRESS
- work load - SELF
- peers/ peer pressure - HOME
- deadlines - FAMILY
- money
- behaviour of others
- expectations of others
Is stress bad
GOOD STRESS
- improve memory
- motivate a person
BAD
http://clever-communications.blogspot.com/2014/03/how-to-limit-your-stress-and-define.html
BAD
- way too overwhelming that we can no
longer function well or the way we used to
or supposed to
- if such is the case, psychological disorders
might occur
What is…
• mental health
• stress
• anxiety
•depression
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
“A psychological disorder is an ongoing
dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and
behaviour that causes significant distress, and
that is considered deviant in that person’s culture
or society (Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2007).”
ANXIETY DISORDER
ANXIETY DISORDER
ANXIETY DISORDERS
• "Anxiety disorders differ from normal feelings of
nervousness or anxiousness, and involve excessive fear
or anxiety” (Parekh, 2017).
• Anxiety disorders can negatively affect a person's daily
activities, productivity, and relationships (National
Institute of Mental Health, 2016).
NORMAL ANXIETY vs ANXIETY DISORDER
https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b3/4b/e8/b34be8b39bc38e07c842f142a4517aa3.jpg
ANXIETY DISORDERS
ANXIETY DISORDERS
http://www.ghanalive.tv/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/OCD-cycle.jpg
ANXIETY DISORDERS
ANXIETY DISORDERS
ANXIETY DISORDERS
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Biological
- Genetics
https://geneticliteracyproject.org/wp-
content/uploads/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-
8.42.22-AM.png https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/Inheriting-Mental-Disorders.aspx
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Biological
- Brain chemistry
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Biological
- Gut-Brain
Axis
Western diet showed a change in Bacteroides to cant reduction in the mortality a
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Firmicutes ratio of similar levels as observed in the chronic diseases such as canc
gut microbiota of obese individuals.121-124 and autoimmune diseases.127 M
Biological
- Gut-Brain
Axis
(Sandhu et al.,
2017)
ANXIETY DISORDERS
LIMBIC SYSTEM
- emotional
processing
- reward system
- memory
ANXIETY DISORDERS
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
- integrates emotional
information from the
limbic system à our decision
making
- not yet fully developed in
teens
http://www.psypost.org/2017/06/depressed-people-medial-prefrontal-cortex-exerts-control-parts-
brain-49168
What is…
• mental health
• stress
• anxiety
•depression
FEELING - mental state
EMOTION - physical
state and a natural
response of our body
due to changes;
biological responses to
certain situations
10 Basic Emotions
joy
surprise
sadness
contempt
shame
10 Basic Emotions fear
anger
guilt
disgust
interest or
excitement
MOOD
“an emotional state that may last anywhere
from a few minutes to several weeks”
(GoodTherapy.org, n.d.).
EMOTION VS MOOD
Happy emotion - after passing an exam
Happy mood - disposition, lasts longer

MOOD DISORDERS
• characterized by emotional extremes and challenges in
regulating mood (tend to be long-term disturbances)
• Examples:
• Unipolar Depressive disorders: prolonged
hopelessness and lethargy
• Bipolar disorders: alternating between depression
and mania
DEPRESSION
•More than just feeling sad
•In varied forms but normally

with the same symptoms that
differ in severity and length
DEPRESSION
•SADNESS: TEMPORARY
•DEPRESSION: PROLONGED SADNESS AND GRIEF
DEPRESSION
•Can look like normal sadness and cause is not usually
apparent
•Difficult for people to believe its reality
•Physiological as well as psychological illness
•A neurological condition that can affect everyday life
DEPRESSION
DEPRESSION
– no different from adult depression
-symptoms may manifest in different ways due to different

social & developmental challenges:
peer pressure
Sports
Changing hormone levels
Developing bodies (Vicente, 2018) from PMHA
lecture forum 2018
TEENAGE DEPRESSION
“It may be difficult to disentangle symptoms which
are seen as ‘normal’ teenage behaviours, from those
which may be indicative of a more serious problem”
(University of Reading, n.d.).
TEENAGE DEPRESSION
“Even if a problem is recognised, staff may have
insufficient resources (in terms of time and training)
to support the young person appropriately”
(University of Reading, n.d.).
DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS
A.Five (or more) of the following symptoms
during the same 2-week period and
represent a change from previous
functioning: at least one of the symptoms is
either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of
interest or pleasure
DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS
• Depressed mood most of the day, nearly
everyday, as indicated by either a subjective
report (e.g. feels sad, empty, hopeless)
• Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in
all, or almost all, activities most of the day,
nearly every day
DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS
• Significant weight loss when not dieting or
weight gain or decrease or increase in
appetite nearly every day
• Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS
• Psychomotor agitation or retardation
• Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
• Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or
inappropriate guilt (which may be
delusional) nearly every day
DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS
• Diminished ability to think or concentrate,
or indecisiveness, nearly everyday
• Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent
suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or
a suicide attempt or a specific plan for
suicide
DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS
B. The symptoms cause clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning
C. The episode is not attributable to the
physiological effects of a substance or to
another medical condition
DEPRESSION
Concrete examples:
-Negativistic thinking
-expects failure and disappointment in
everything
-focuses on past failures
Research: pessimistic and optimistic
people both at risk of depression after
exposure to stressful life events
DEPRESSION CAUSES
• BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Different brain activity in neural imaging scans
• Brain in a depressed state slows down
• Brain in a manic state a lot of increased activity à
hard to calm down or focus or sleep
@TMSTherapy
DEPRESSION DETERMINANTS
DEPRESSION
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
DETERMINANTS
- Neurotransmitter chemistry changes
https://newearth.media/supercharge-dopamine-levels-naturally-never-feel-depressed-
anxious/
PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS
- Life stressors
PSYCHOSOCIAL
FACTORS
DEPRESSION TYPES
What is…
• mental health
• stress
• anxiety
•depression
Why is mental
health
important
MENTAL HEALTH
•Mental health is an essential component
of health that is influenced by biological,
socioeconomic and environmental factors
at any given time.
•“...no health without mental health...”
(World Health Assembly, 2013)
Prevention begins
with being aware of and understanding
the early warning signs and symptoms of mental illness.
There is a growing recognition of the importance

of helping young people build mental resilience,
from the earliest ages,
in order to cope with the challenges of today’s world.
Why is mental
health
important
What…
• is well-being
• promotes well-
being
THE WELL-BEING THEORY
• a construct
• topic of positive psychology
• five measurable elements
1. Positive emotion (Of which happiness and life satisfaction are all aspects)
2. Engagement
3. Relationships
4. Meaning and purpose
5. Accomplishment (Seligman, 2011)
WELL-BEING
1 PERMA
Positive emotions
# 0-10
_____
Engagement _____
Relationships _____
Meaning _____
Accomplishment _____
Health _____
Negative emotions _____
Loneliness _____
Overall Well-Being _____
What…
• is well-being
• promotes well-
being
WELL-BEING PROMOTION
oGrowth oKindness
mindset oGratitude
oGrit oExercise
oResilience oSleep
oGrowth
mindset
oGrowth
mindset
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ba/cc/5d/bacc5dab485ffff9f0c63d81d779b45b.jpg
oGrowth
mindset
oGrowth
mindset
oGrit
oGrit
oGrit
oGrowth
mindset
oGrit
http://www.thehabitfactor.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/GRIT-Artwork1-15-4.png
oResilience
https://davesandersonspeaks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Resilience.png
oResilience
oResilience
oResilience
https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/ryerson-works/2018/feb/resilience-model.jpg
Kindness
“Research shows that happy people are motivated to do kind things
for others.”
Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Kindness
for others.”

Kindness
for others.”

Kindness
for others.”

Gratitude
• “Gratitude is a positive emotional state in which one
recognizes and appreciates what one has received in life.”
• “Research shows that taking time to experience gratitude
can make you happier and even healthier.”
Exercise

Exercise

Exercise

Exercise

Sleep

Sleep

Sleep

Sleep

Sleep

What…
• is well-being
• promotes well-
being
How do we
promote
mental health in
the school
How do we promote mental health in the school
Develop an understanding
Engage and encourage
Listen and lead
Practice positivity
Appreciate everything and
everyone
What might you say? (CARE CORNER COUNSELLING CENTRE SG)
NOT SO HELPFUL MORE HELPFUL
It’s all in your head. I know what you have as well
and that’s what causes the
thoughts and feelings
We all go through times likes I may not be able to
this. understand exactly how you
feel, but I care about you and
I want to help.
You have so much to live for- You are important to me. Your
why do you want to die? life is important to me.
What might you say? (CARE CORNER COUNSELLING CENTRE SG)
NOT SO HELPFUL MORE HELPFUL
What do you want me to do? I Tell me what I can do now to help
can’t do anything about your you.
situation.
Just snap out of it. Look on the You might not believe it now, but
bright side. the way you feel will change.
You’ll be fine. Stop worrying. You are not alone in this. I’m/
We’re here for you.
What’s wrong with you? I am here for you. We’ll get
Shouldn’t you be better by now? through this together.
• Know your limitations.
• Seek help for others.
• Honor professionals in the field:
• Guidance counselors
• Psychologists
• Psychiatrists
Listen and lead
• Listen without being judgmental
• Lead in:
• Growth mindset
• Kindness
• Resilience
• Gratitude
• Healthy practices
Practice Positivity
http://www.thehabitfactor.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/GRIT-Artwork1-15-4.png
Appreciate everything and everyone
Listen and lead
Practice positivity
Appreciate everything and
everyone
May we all promote
mental health in the
school and continue to be
grateful and kind.
Thank you very much,

Paula Manalo

Promoting Mental Health in Schools

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Promoting

Karen Paula V. Manalo

INFOGRAPHICS BY MIKHAEL FLORENTINO

Happy mood - disposition, lasts longer

•In varied forms but normally

-symptoms may manifest in different ways due to different

There is a growing recognition of the importance

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Laurie Santos from Yale, The Science of Well-Being

Thank you very much,

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