applied

sciences
Article
Maximum Power Point Tracking Implementation by
Dspace Controller Integrated Through Z-Source
Inverter Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Technique for Photovoltaic Applications
Kalaiarasi N. 1, * ID , Subranshu Sekhar Dash 1 , Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban 2, * ID
,
Paramasivam S. 3 and Pandav Kiran Morati 4
1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM University, Chennai 603203, India;
sekhardash.s@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in
2 Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg 6700, Denmark
3 Danfoss Industries Ltd., Chennai 600001, India; paramsathya@yahoo.com
4 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park,
Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; kiranpandav88@yahoo.co.in
* Correspondence: kalaiarasi.n@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in (K.N.); sanjeevi_12@yahoo.co.in (S.P.);
Tel.: +91-988-435-6933 (K.N.)

Received: 12 December 2017; Accepted: 13 January 2018; Published: 22 January 2018

Abstract: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique is used to extract maximum power from
the photovoltaic system. This paper involves working on an enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) based MPPT method for the photovoltaic (PV) system integrated through Z-Source inverter.
The main benefit of the proposed method is the diminishing of the steady-state oscillation when the
maximum power point (MPP) is located. Additionally, during an extreme environmental condition,
such as partial shading and large fluctuations of irradiance and temperature, the proposed method
has the capability to track the MPP. This algorithm is implemented in dspace 1104 controller. MATLAB
simulations are carried out under varying irradiance and temperature conditions to evaluate its
effectiveness. Its performance is compared with a conventional method like Perturb and observe
(P&O) method.

Keywords: dspace controller; non-shoot through state; PSO; PV array; shoot through state;
SPWM technique; Z-Source inverter

1. Introduction
Photovoltaic (PV) system consists of an array, a power conditioner(s), and a transmission and
distribution system. With changing irradiation and the cell temperature, the power produced by
PV module varies nonlinearly. To achieve maximum power at all times, the Maximum Power Point
Tracking Technique (MPPT) is developed. Till now, the MPPT algorithms comprise the constant
voltage tracking (CVT), voltage feedback, Perturb and Observe (P&O), power feedback, incremental
conductance (INC) method, Hill Climbing, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Logic, and so
on [1–6]. The simplest approach is the voltage feedback, where the output voltage at the maximum
power point is essentially recognized in advance of the tracking operation. To locate the MPP, the P-V
characteristic curve must be updated often, but due to the PV module declines, MPP drifts. Most of the
conventional methods based on the perturbation of voltage, current or both. The popular technique is
P&O method. This method compares present and past power, and then check whether the power is
improved or not. If the power is improved the perturbation direction is correct otherwise the direction
is reversed. This method produces more oscillation and tracking speed is less [7–15].

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145; doi:10.3390/app8010145 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18

otherwise the direction is reversed. This method produces more oscillation and tracking speed is less
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 2 of 18
[7–15].
Over recent years, a large number of studies have been published on smart MPP trackers to
accurately locate years,
Over recent the MPP and number
a large enhanceofthe performance
studies have been of published
tracking, during
on smart static
MPP and dynamic
trackers to
conditions. locate
accurately In general,the MPP practically partially
and enhance theshaded panels have
performance multipleduring
of tracking, peaks.static
But, these tracking
and dynamic
approaches In
conditions. failgeneral,
to trackpractically
the globalpartially
MPP due to the
shaded multiple
panels havepeak problems
multiple peaks.[16–19].
But, theseIn tracking
order to
overcome this
approaches failproblem,
to track the PSO algorithm
global MPP due is used
to thetomultiple
follow the peakglobal MPP[16–19].
problems instead In oforder
tracking the local
to overcome
MPPproblem,
this on a multifaceted
PSO algorithm nonlinear
is used output
to followcurve.
thePSO
global algorithm basedofon
MPP instead maximum
tracking power
the local MPP point
on
tracking techniques have been proposed recently for a photovoltaic
a multifaceted nonlinear output curve. PSO algorithm based on maximum power point tracking module, to increase the dynamic
response ofhave
techniques trackingbeen[20–28].
proposed recently for a photovoltaic module, to increase the dynamic response
Various literature
of tracking [20–28]. shows that the PSO based MPPT incorporates for a boost converter in PV
applications [20–29]. The
Various literature showssignificant
that thecontribution
PSO based MPPT of thisincorporates
work is that forthe PSO converter
a boost based MPPT in PV is
incorporated [20–29].
applications in Z-Source inverter. Also,
The significant the implementation
contribution of this work of isMPPT andPSO
that the PWM generation
based MPPT is is
performed in the dspace 1104 controller. This paper mentions
incorporated in Z-Source inverter. Also, the implementation of MPPT and PWM generation isan enhanced MPPT method based on
a PSO algorithm
performed in the dspace using1104 a Z-Source
controller.inverter.
This paper This MPPT an
mentions hasenhanced
a comparable
MPPT methodstructure to the
based on
aconventional
PSO algorithm P&O usingmethod;
a Z-Source therefore,
inverter.a Thisdirect
MPPT dutyhascycle control can
a comparable be utilized.
structure The main
to the conventional
advantages
P&O method; of the proposed
therefore, method
a direct dutyarecycle
the reduction
control can of steady-state
be utilized. oscillation
The main and faster tracking
advantages of the
of MPP even
proposed methodduring are the
the extreme
reduction environmental
of steady-statecondition,
oscillatione.g.,
andpartial shading of
faster tracking condition
MPP even and large
during
fluctuations of irradiance. By comparing it to conventional MPPT techniques,
the extreme environmental condition, e.g., partial shading condition and large fluctuations of irradiance. it has been found that
the PSO has a faster tracking speed. Moreover, due to the simplicity
By comparing it to conventional MPPT techniques, it has been found that the PSO has a faster tracking of the algorithm, it can be
computed
speed. very quickly;
Moreover, due to so,the itsimplicity
is also possible to implement
of the algorithm, this
it can bealgorithm
computedusing very aquickly;
simple so,low-priced
it is also
controller. The tracking performance of this method is established by
possible to implement this algorithm using a simple low-priced controller. The tracking performance experimental results. In [30],of
the algorithm
this method is computes
established the
byvalue of initial results.
experimental particles’In dMPP
[30], the(duty cycle atcomputes
algorithm MPP) based on theofvoltage
the value initial
at maximum
particles’ dMPP power.
(dutyTherefore,
cycle at MPP) the algorithm
based on the canvoltage
start the optimization
at maximum process
power. with anthe
Therefore, initial value
algorithm
that is already close to the MPP.
can start the optimization process with an initial value that is already close to the MPP.
This paper
This paper is is prepared
prepared as as Section
Section 11 presents
presents introduction
introduction and and necessity
necessity ofof MPPT,
MPPT, and and Section
Section 22
gives the modeling of 60 W PV panel using mathematical equations [31–33].
gives the modeling of 60 W PV panel using mathematical equations [31–33]. Sections 3 and 4 discuss Sections 3 and 4 discuss
conventional perturb and observe method and particle swarm optimization
conventional perturb and observe method and particle swarm optimization method, respectively. method, respectively.
To integrate
To integratethe theoutput
output of of
PVPV panelpanel to load
to load through
through Z-Source
Z-Source inverter
inverter is discussed
is discussed in Section
in Section 5 [34–38]. 5
[34–38]. Finally, the results are conferred
Finally, the results are conferred in Section 6. in Section 6.

2. Modeling of PV Module
The PV module is used to convert light into electricity. To model the PV module, the required
input variables are weather data, such as irradiance and temperature and output variables, may be
current,power,
voltage, current, power,ororallallthe
the three.
three. Though,
Though, to trace
to trace the the
I-V I-V or P-V
or P-V characteristics,
characteristics, therethere is a
is a need
need
for for three
these thesevariables.
three variables.
The output Thechanges
output immediately
changes immediately
if any changeif any change
in input. So,init input. So, it to
is important is
important
design to designmodel
an accurate an accurate
for themodel for the[31].
PV module PV module [31].
solarpanels,
In solar panels,Maximum
Maximum Power
Power Point
Point Tracking
Tracking (MPPT)
(MPPT) is usedis to
used to achieve
achieve the maximum
the maximum possible
possible
power power extraction
extraction during variations
during variations of irradiance,
of irradiance, shading,
shading, and and temperature.
temperature. The equivalent
The equivalent circuit of
circuit
PV cellof PV cell
shown in shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Rre
Ipv

Iph
Rsh Vpv
ID

Figure 1. The equivalent circuit of photovoltaic (PV) cell.

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 3 of 18

Appl. From
Sci. 2018,
the8, xPV
FOR PEER REVIEW
equivalent circuit shown in Figure 1, the following parameters are calculated.3 of 18
The output current from the equivalent circuit is described as Equation (1)
From the PV equivalent circuitshown in Figure 1,  the following

parameters are calculated. The

output current from the Iequivalent q(is
circuit + Rs I )
V described as V + R(1)
Equation sI
= I − I exp ph sc−1 − (1)
NKT Rsh
+ +
= − −1 −
where Iph -photocurrent, Isc -short circuit current, V-cell voltage, Rs -series resistance, and Rsh -shunt (1)
resistance, respectively. Iph is expressed as Equation (2).
where Iph-photocurrent, Isc-short circuit current, V-cell voltage, Rs-series resistance, and Rsh-shunt
resistance, respectively. Iph is expressed as[ Isc
Equation
+ Ki ( T −(2).
298)] Ir
I ph = (2)
1000
+ − 298
= (2)
where Ki -temperature coefficient, T-cell temperature, and I1000 2
r -solar insolation in Watts/m . The saturation
diode
wherecurrent is specifiedcoefficient,
Ki-temperature in EquationT-cell
(3). Where Ego -Bandand
temperature, gap Ienergy, Tr-Nominalintemperature,
r-solar insolation Watts/m2. The
V t -Diode thermal
saturation diodevoltage.
current is specified in Equation (3). Where Ego-Band gap energy, Tr-Nominal
temperature, Vt-Diode diode
Reverse saturation thermalcurrent is
voltage.
Reverse saturation diode current is 3 
Ego T
 
T
Io = Irs exp −1 . (3)
3 Tr
 T  nVt  ETgor  T 
I o = I rs   exp   − 1   . (3)

Solar cells are arranged in series and  Tr parallel
  nVcombination
t  Tr   to obtain a PV module.
Where Ns -Number of cells in series and Np -Number of cells in parallel. In MSX 60 W panel, the number
Solar cells are arranged in series and parallel combination to obtain a PV module. Where
of cells connected in series is 36 and parallel are 1. The Equation (4) represents the output current of
Ns-Number of cells in series and Np-Number of cells in parallel. In MSX 60 W panel, the number of
the PV module.
cellsOutput
connected in series
current of theisPV
36module
and parallel
is are 1. The Equation (4) represents the output current of the
PV module.
  InRs

Output current of the PV module is V Np V
   
q + + IR s
Ns Np
 − 1 −  Ns
    
I = Np I ph − Np Io 
exp
 . (4)
= − expKnT −1 − Rsh .  (4)
  

These equations
These equationsare
aremodeled
modeledininMATLAB
MATLAB andand
thethe
P-V,P-V,
I-V I-V curves
curves are obtained
are obtained in different
in different
irradianceand
irradiance and temperatures
temperatures are shown
are shown in 2Figures
in Figures 2 and
and 3. Table 3. Table
1 shows 1 shows
the parameter the parameter
specifications
of the MSX-60Watt
specifications panel.
of the MSX-60Watt panel.

70 70
60 1000 W/m2
60 T=300C
50 50
T=500C
Power (W)
Power (W)

40 600 W/m2 40
T=600C
30 30
20 20
200 W/m2
10 10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
(a) (b)
Figure2.2.PV
Figure PVcharacteristics
characteristicsofof
MSXMSX 60W
60W PVPV panel
panel for for
(a) (a) varying
varying irradiance
irradiance (b) varying
(b) varying temperature.
temperature.
 Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 4 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 18

5 5
2
4 1000 W/m 4
T=300C

Current (A)
3
Current (A)

3 T=500C
600 W/m2

2 2 T=600C

1 200 W/m2 1

0 00
0 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25
Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
(a) (b)
Figure
Figure3.3.I-V
I-Vcharacteristics of MSX
characteristics of MSX60W
60WPV
PVpanel
panelfor
for(a)
(a)varying
varying irradiance
irradiance (b)(b) varying
varying temperature.
temperature.

Table1.1.MSX-60W
Table MSX-60WPV
PVModule
Module Specifications.
Specifications.

Parameter Specification Values

Parameter Specification Values
Peak power, Pmpp 60 W
Peak Power
Peak Pmpp
power, voltage, Vmpp 60 W17.1 V
Peak Power voltage, Vmpp 17.1 V
Peak Power Current, Impp 3.5 A
Peak Power Current, Impp 3.5 A
Short-circuit current,
Short-circuit current, Isc I sc
3.8 A 3.8 A
Open circuit voltage,
Open circuit voltage, Voc V oc 21.1 V V
21.1
Temperature co-efficient of current,
Temperature co-efficient of current, Ki Ki 0.003
0.003 (mA/ ◦ C)
(mA/°C)
Temperature co-efficient of voltage, K − 0.08 (mV/ ◦ C)
Temperature co-efficient of voltage, V KV −0.08 (mV/°C)
Solar irradiation at STC 1000 W/m 2
Solar irradiation at STC 1000 W/m2
Temperature at STC ◦
25 25 C °C
Temperature at STC
Electron charge, q 1.6 × 10−19 C
Electron charge, q 1.6 × 10−19 C
Number of cells connected in series, Ns 36
Number of cells connected in
Number of cells connected in parallel, series, N s 36
Number of cellsNconnected in parallel, Np 1 1
p
Ideality
Ideality factor
factor of diode,
of the the diode,
n n 1.3 1.3
Boltzmann’s
Boltzmann’s constant, k k
constant, 1.3805 × 10−×2310J/K
1.3805 −23 J/K

Band gap energy,

Band gap energy, E go Ego 1.12 eV
1.12 eV
Series resistance, Rs 0.0018 Ω
Series resistance, Rs 0.0018 Ω
Shunt resistance, Rsh 400 Ω
Shunt resistance, Rsh 400 Ω

3.3.Classification
Classification of
of MPPT
MPPT

3.1. P&O Method

3.1. P&O Method
In perturb and observe method (P&O) a voltage perturbation is provided with respect to the
In perturb
change and observe
in the power method
of the panel. (P&O)
The a voltage
conditions are, perturbation
if dP/dV = 0,isMPP provided with Otherwise,
is reached. respect to the
change
dP/dV in the
< 0, power
reduce ofduty
the the panel. The
cycle by conditions
a value are, if>dP/dV
and dP/dV = 0, MPP
0, increase is reached.
the duty cycle byOtherwise, dP/dV
a value [4–6].
<Figure
0, reduce
4 represents the P&O based MPPT and step by step process of the P&O algorithm is depicted in 4
the duty cycle by a value and dP/dV > 0, increase the duty cycle by a value [4–6]. Figure
represents the shown
the flowchart P&O based MPPT
in Figure 5. and step by step process of the P&O algorithm is depicted in the
flowchart shown in Figure 5.
 Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 5 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 18

V0
PV V0
PV ZSI PV
Load
PV
PV
System ZSI I0 PV
System ZSI
ZSI System
Load
System
System I0 System

VPV IPV
VPV IPV

P&PVO Duty Cycle M.I.

PV
P &
PV
based O
MPPT Duty Cycle M.I.
PV
m=1-D
System System
based MPPT
System m=1-D
System
Figure 4. Block diagram of Perturb and Observe method.
Figure 4. Block diagram of Perturb and Observe method.
Figure 4. Block diagram of Perturb and Observe method.

Start
Start

Initialization of Power, Voltage,

Initialization of Power,
Current and Voltage,
Duty Cycle
Current and Duty Cycle

K=1
K=1

Read the value of Voltage

Read the value
and of Voltage
Current
and Current
Calculate
Calculate
P(k)=V(k)-I(k))
P(k)=V(k)-I(k))

Calculate
Calculate
dP=P(k)-P(k-1)
dP=P(k)-P(k-1)
dV=V(k)-V(k-1)
dV=V(k)-V(k-1)

NO YES
NO dP>0 YES
dP>0

YES NO NO YES
YES dV>0 NO NO dV>0 YES
dV>0 dV>0

Decrease Increase Decrease Increase

Decrease
Duty Cycle Increase
Duty Cycle Decrease
Duty Cycle Increase
Duty Cycle
Duty Cycle Duty Cycle Duty Cycle Duty Cycle

k=k+1
k=k+1
Figure 5. Flowchart of Perturb and Observe method.
Figure 5. Flowchart of Perturb and Observe method.
Figure 5. Flowchart of Perturb and Observe method.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 6 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 18

3.2.3.2.
HillHill
Climbing Method
Climbing Method
HillHill
Climbing (HC)
Climbing method
(HC) follows
method the same
follows procedure
the same as likeas
procedure of like
P&Oofmethod. The key The
P&O method. difference
key
between bothbetween
difference methodsboth
is, inmethods
HC methodis, in perturb
HC methodis used as duty
perturb ratioasfor
is used power
duty ratioconverter
for powerand in P&O
converter
and inthe
method P&O method
working the working
voltage of the voltage
PV array of is
the PV array [39].
perturbed is perturbed [39].

3.3.3.3.
Incremental Conductance
Incremental Method
Conductance Method

TheThe Incremental
Incremental Conductance
Conductance (INC)
(INC) method
method is faster
is faster whenwhen compared
compared to thetoHCtheand
HCP&O
andmethod.
P&O
method. The logic of INC method is at MPP, the derivative of power of PV with respective
The logic of INC method is at MPP, the derivative of power of PV with respective voltage is zero, voltage is
zero, negative
negative onMPP
on right of rightand
of MPP and on
positive positive
left of on
MPP,leftonofthe
MPP, onVthe
P vs. P vs.
curve asVexpressed
curve as inexpressed
Equationin(5)
Equation (5)
dP d( IV ) ∆I
dP =d ( IV ) ≈ I +ΔV I (5)
dV = dV ≈ I + V ∆V (5)
dV dV ΔV
In INC method
In INC ∆V
method ΔVterm
termplay
playimportant
importantrole
roleto
to decide
decide the trackingspeed
the tracking speed[40].
[40].The
Theflow
flowchart
chart
ofof
INC method is shown in Figure 6.
INC method is shown in Figure 6.

Start

Measure I, V, ΔI and ΔV

NO YES
ΔV>0

YES
I+V(ΔI/ YES
ΔI=0
ΔV)=0

NO NO

YES I+V(ΔI/ NO NO YES

ΔI>0
ΔV)>0

V+ΔV V-ΔV V+ΔV V-ΔV

Figure
Figure 6. 6.Flowchart
Flowchartofofincremental
incremental conductance
conductance (INC)
(INC)method.
method.

3.4.3.4. Fuzzy
Fuzzy Logic
Logic Based
Based MPPT
MPPT
The advantage of fuzzy logic is without dealing with nonlinearity and without precise
The advantage of fuzzy logic is without dealing with nonlinearity and without precise
mathematical model, it can work with inaccurate input. Fuzzification, rule base table and
mathematical model, it can work with inaccurate input. Fuzzification, rule base table and
defuzzification, these are the steps involve in fuzzy logic. The input for fuzzy logic are error signal
defuzzification, these are the steps involve in fuzzy logic. The input for fuzzy logic are error signal
and change in CE which is given by Equations (6) and (7) and output is duty cycle.
and change in CE which is given by Equations (6) and (7) and output is duty cycle.
Pph ( k ) − Pph ( k − 1)
E ( k ) = Pph (k) − Pph (k − 1) (6)
E(k) =i ph ( k ) − i ph ( k − 1) (6)
i ph (k) − i ph (k − 1)
CE ( k ) = E ( k ) − E ( k − 1)
CE(k) = E(k) − E(k − 1) (7) (7)
The accuracy of fuzzy logic depends on the number of fuzzy level involved in algorithm. In
The accuracy of fuzzy logic depends on the number of fuzzy level involved in algorithm.
algorithm, first E(k) and CE(k) is calculated. Based on these values, a rule based table is formed. The
In algorithm, first E(k) and CE(k) is calculated. Based on these values, a rule based table is formed.
last stage in fuzzy algorithm is defuzzification in which linguistic variable is converter to numerical
Thevalue
last stage
with in
thefuzzy
help algorithm is defuzzification
of membership function. in which linguistic variable is converter to numerical
value with the help of membership function.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 7 of 18

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 18

4. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm

4. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm
The PSO is an evolutionary algorithm that gives a better result with every iteration. It is based
The PSO is an evolutionary algorithm that gives a better result with every iteration. It is based
on bird flock concept where each bird follows the leader. In this case, each particle follows the best
on bird flock concept where each bird follows the leader. In this case, each particle follows the best
possible particle. In conventional PSO, there is a population of particles. The positions of these particles
possible particle. In conventional PSO, there is a population of particles. The positions of these
are compared with the local best position and the global best position, and accordingly these particles
particles are compared with the local best position and the global best position, and accordingly
are moved in search space. The position of a particle is determined by the best particle in a region
these particles are moved in search space. The position of a particle is determined by the best particle
P as well as the best solution found by all the particles in the total population G . Movement of
inbest-i
a region Pbest-i as well as the best solution found by all the particles in the totalbest-i
population Gbest-i.
particles in the optimization process is shown in Figure 7 [8,20].
Movement of particles in the optimization process is shown in Figure 7 [8,20].
The particle position x is adjusted using Equation (8)
The particle position xii is adjusted using Equation (8)
k +1 k k +1
x ik +1xi= x=ik xi++φφiki +1 (8)
(8)
where the velocity component φi represents the step size. The velocity is calculated by Equation (9)
where the velocity component ϕi represents the step size. The velocity is calculated by Equation (9)

{ } { }
n o n o
k +1 k k k xk
φ φk +i 1 ==ωφωφk i++c cr1 r1P Pbesti
i i 11 − x−k xi+ c+rc2G
besti i − x−
r2 Gbesti
2 2
i
besti i
(9)
(9)

where ω is the inertia weight, the acceleration coefficients are represented as cc11 and c2, the random
constants r11,, rr22 ∈∈ U(0,
constants U(0, 1), Pbesti
1), P andGGbesti
bestiand bestiisisthe
thepersonal
personalbest
bestposition particlei,i, and
positionofofparticle and isis the
the best
entire population respectively. Since the PSO algorithm is used to find
position of the particles in the entire find
the best
the best duty
duty cycle
cycle for
for switching
switching the the MOSFET
MOSFET of of the
the ZSI.
ZSI. The
The position
position can
can be
be taken
taken as as duty
duty cycle,
cycle,
and then Equation (10) can be rewritten as

d ik +1dik=+1 d=ikdik++φφikik++11 (10)

Pbest-i

Xik+1

ɸik ɸik+1

Xik
Xik-1 Gbest

Figure
Figure 7.
7. Movement
Movement of
of particles
particles in
in the
the optimization
optimization process.
process.

In the PSO Algorithm, first the population of particles is formed and then the objective function
In the PSO Algorithm, first the population of particles is formed and then the objective function
is formed. Since it is implemented for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), the objective is to
is formed. Since it is implemented for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), the objective is
maximize the output power. The objective function of PSO is framed as max((P(k), P(k − 1)). In this
to maximize the output power. The objective function of PSO is framed as max((P(k), P(k − 1)).
work, the PSO Algorithm is implemented as a closed loop system for reducing the steady state
In this work, the PSO Algorithm is implemented as a closed loop system for reducing the steady
oscillations and improving the tracking time to achieve maximum power. While forming the
state oscillations and improving the tracking time to achieve maximum power. While forming the
population of particles, it is necessary to bound them to a specific level. If not, the particles will lose
population of particles, it is necessary to bound them to a specific level. If not, the particles will lose
their directions leading to the failure of the algorithm. The variation of the duty cycle is shown in
their directions leading to the failure of the algorithm. The variation of the duty cycle is shown in
Figure 8 with switching frequency of 10 kHz. Figure 9 represents the PSO based MPPT integrated
Figure 8 with switching frequency of 10 kHz. Figure 9 represents the PSO based MPPT integrated
through Z-Source inverter and Figure 10 represents the flowchart of PSO algorithm. According to
through Z-Source inverter and Figure 10 represents the flowchart of PSO algorithm. According to
Equation (14), the duty cycle is restricted to 0 to 0.5. The constraint for duty cycle is 0.1 to 0.4 is
Equation (14), the duty cycle is restricted to 0 to 0.5. The constraint for duty cycle is 0.1 to 0.4 is
considered in the PSO algorithm.
considered in the PSO algorithm.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 8 of 18

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18

0.30
0.25
0.30
0.20
CycleCycle 0.25
0.15
0.20
DutyDuty

0.10
0.15
0.05
0.10
0
0.05
00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

0 0.02 0.04 Time

0.06 (S) 0.1
0.08 0.12 0.14 0.16
Figure 8. Varying duty cycle of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm.
Time (S)
When slow variation
Figure in irradiance, changes in duty cycle are small to track the MPP. Due to
Figure 8.
8. Varying
Varying duty
duty cycle
cycle ofof Particle
Particle SwarmSwarm Optimization
Optimization (PSO)
(PSO) algorithm.
algorithm.
initialization, the change in duty cycle is large, then the particles will have large search area. So,
someWhenenergy is wasted
slow variationduring the exploration
in irradiance, changes process.
in duty If cycle
the above changes
are small occurthe
to track frequently,
MPP. Due then
to
When slow variation in irradiance, changes in duty cycle are small to track the MPP. Due to
the tracking needs
initialization, to be in
the change fast to follow
duty cycle isthe change,
large, then but does not will
the particles follow
havethelarge
MPPsearch
accurately. To
area. So,
initialization, the change in duty cycle is large, then the particles will have large search area.
overcome
some thisisissue
energy modified
wasted duringPSO the is used which
exploration is detailed
process. If theinabove
[20]. changes occur frequently, then
So, some energy is wasted during the exploration process. If the above changes occur frequently,
In modified
the tracking needsPSO to algorithm,
be fast to the Gbest the
follow value is adjusted
change, but doesinstead
notoffollow
varyingthethe PSOaccurately.
MPP parameterTo ω,
then the tracking needs to be fast to follow the change, but does not follow the MPP accurately.
C1, C2. Thethis
overcome value of modified
issue C1 = C2 = 2F, PSOωis= used
0.4. Inwhich
slowly is varying
detailed irradiance,
in [20]. the duty cycles are initialized
To overcome this issue modified PSO is used which is detailed in [20].
in two phases. First,
In modified PSOthe duty cycle
algorithm, theisGbest
adjusted
value isbyadjustedk1, usinginstead
Equation (11) then
of varying theperturbation
PSO parameterof twoω,
In modified PSO algorithm, the Gbest value is adjusted instead of varying the PSO parameter ω,
extreme
C duty
1, C2. The cycle
value of with
C1 = Ca 2constant
= 2F, ω =value
0.4. In ofslowly
k2, in both the direction
varying irradiance,shown in Equation
the duty (13).
cycles are initialized
C , C2 . The value of C1 = C2 = 2F, ω = 0.4. In slowly varying irradiance, the duty cycles are initialized in
in1two phases. First, the duty cycle is adjusted by k1, using Equation (11) then perturbation of two
two phases. First, the duty cycle is adjusted
d new = d oldof−by1k1(,Pusing Equation
− PMPP ) (11)shown
then perturbation of two extreme
extreme duty cycle with a constant value k2, in oldMPP
both the direction in Equation (13). (11)
duty cycle with a constant value of k2 , in bothk1the direction shown in Equation (13).
1
new = d old −
Δ PdMPP (1PoldMPP − PMPP ) (11)
k1 = dnew , = doldk 1 −1= {(kP1oldMPP
k if − PΔ MPPP )> 0 (11)
Δd k1
Δ P MPP (12)
k1 = k1 ,= ∆Pk∆d 1 = =, k{ kk=11 {k1 if
if∆P ΔΔP P >< 00
Δd
MPP
1 if > 0
 =2 k1 if ∆P < 0 (12)
n
k 2 (12)
=  1 if ΔP < 0
d ik, newk = [d1 − k 2 , d 2 ,
d3 +2k 2 ] for k 2 ≥ 0.05 (13)
di,new = [d1 − k2 , d2 , d3 + k2 ] for k2 ≥ 0.05 (13)

d ik, new = [d1 − k 2 , d 2 , d 3 + k 2 ] for k 2 ≥ 0.05 (13)

V0
PV
PV PV
ZSI
ZSI V Load
System
System I00 System
PV
PV PV
ZSI
ZSI Load
System
System I0 System
VPV IPV

VPV IPV
P&PVO Duty Cycle M.I.
PV
based MPPT
System m=1-D
System
P&PVO Duty Cycle M.I.
PV Pout
based MPPT
System m=1-D
System
Figure 9. Closed loop model of proposed PSO method. Pout

Figure 9. Closed loop model of proposed PSO method.

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 9 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 18

Start

Initialization of Pbest, Gbest

and Duty Cycle

Start the iteration

Read the value of Voltage

and Current

Calculate
P(k)=V(k)-I(k)

Objective function
max(P(k),P(k-1))

Find global best power, local

best power and current duty
cycle

Find
Velocity

Update Duty Cycle

YES Is
Iter<no

NO

Check for constraints of duty cycle

and print the output

Figure 10. FlowchartofofPSO

10. Flowchart PSOalgorithm.
algorithm.

5. 5.Z-Source
Z-SourceInverter
Inverter
Thesplit-inductor
The split-inductor and
and capacitors
capacitors are
are connected
connectedinin‘X’
‘X’shape
shapetotoform
formthe two-port
the two-port impedance
impedance
source. Impedance source inverter, which uses a unique impedance network connected between
source. Impedance source inverter, which uses a unique impedance network connected between power
power source and an inverter circuit. It provides both voltage buck and boosts operations when
source and an inverter circuit. It provides both voltage buck and boosts operations when compared
compared with the traditional inverters. DC source can be a battery, fuel cell, PV cell, or output from
with the traditional inverters. DC source can be a battery, fuel cell, PV cell, or output from the rectifier.
the rectifier.
The circuit shown in Figure 11 has six switches with antiparallel diodes are used to provide
The circuit shown in Figure 11 has six switches with antiparallel diodes are used to provide
bidirectional current flow and unidirectional voltage blocking capability [19–22].
bidirectional current flow and unidirectional voltage blocking capability [19–22].
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 10 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 18

D
L1 T1 T3 T5

C1 C2
VDC Load

T4 T6 T2
L2

Z Structure 3 Phase Inverter

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure 11.

Figure Circuit diagram
11. Circuit diagram of
of ZSI.
ZSI. 10 of 18

5.1.
5.1. Non-Shoot
Non-Shoot through
through State
State
D
In
In non-shoot
non-shoot through
through mode,
mode, thethe inverter
inverter is
is functioning
functioning in
in any
any one
one of
of the
the six traditional
traditional active
active
vectors; the equivalent circuit is as
L1
exposed in Figure T
12a.
1 T T 5
vectors; 3

C1 C
2
VDC Vc1 + Vc2 > Vpv
Load
(14)
D ) D
VL1 = Vc1 T 4 T6 T2 L
L1 V = V 1 (15)
L2 L2 c2
Vi ii C2in Figure 12a,
C1 a currentCsource
2 C1 As shown
VThe
DC
inverter acts as when observed from the DC link.
VDC
the current in the inductor L1 and L2 are equal due to its symmetrical configuration. This feature
Z Structure 3 Phase Inverter
increases the conducting interval of the inverter switches.
During non-shoot throughL2 state, L2
Vd = diagram
Figure 11. Circuit Vpv of ZSI. (16)
1
(a)
5.1. Non-Shoot through State B= (b) (17)
(1 − 2D)
Figure 12. Equivalent
In non-shoot throughCircuit
mode,ofthethe inverter
ZSI in (a)isNon-Shoot through
functioning in anyStates;
one ofand,
the(b)
sixShoot-Through
traditional active
(1 − D)
State.
vectors; VC =
the equivalent circuit is as exposed ∗ Vpv
in Figure 12a. (18)
(1 − 2D)
Vc1 + Vc2 > Vpv (14)
D VL1 = Vc1 
D
 (15)
L1 VL2 = Vc2  L1
The inverter acts as a current source when
Vi iobserved from the DC link. As shown in Figure 12a,
C1 L1 andCL 2
i
C1 C2
theVcurrent in the inductor
DC VDC
2 are equal due to its symmetrical configuration. This feature
increases the conducting interval of the inverter switches.
During non-shoot through state,
L2 Vd = Vpv L2 (16)
1
B = (17)
(a) (1 − 2 D ) (b)
(1 − D)
Figure 12. Equivalent
EquivalentCircuit
Circuitofofthe
the Cin=in
VZSI * Vpv through States; and, (b) Shoot-Through(18)
(a) Non-Shoot
Figure 12. ZSI (a) − 2D)
(1Non-Shoot through States; and, (b) Shoot-Through State.
State.
5.2. Shoot
5.2. Shoot through
through State
State
Vc1 + Vc2 > Vpv (14)
In the
In theshoot
shootthrough
throughmode,
mode,thethe inverter
inverter operates
operates in of
in one onetheofseven
the seven shoot-through
shoot-through states. states.
Here,
VL1 = Vc1 
Here,
the the inductors
inductors L1 andL1Land L2 supply
2 supply the inverter.
the inverter. TheThe  energy
energy stored
stored in in theinductors
the inductorsduring
duringnon-shoot
non-shoot
(15)
VL2 = Vc2 
through state is transferred to the inverter in this mode. The equivalent circuit of the inverter bridge
The inverter acts as a current source when observed from the DC link. As shown in Figure 12a,
the current in the inductor L1 and L2 are equal due to its symmetrical configuration. This feature
increases the conducting interval of the inverter switches.
During non-shoot through state,
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 11 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 18

through state is transferred to the inverter in this mode. The equivalent circuit of the inverter bridge in
in this mode is as shown in Figure 12b. The time period of the shoot through state is adjusted to
this mode is as shown in Figure 12b. The time period of the shoot through state is adjusted to obtain
obtain the required value of boost voltage. Generally, the shoot through interval is only a small
the required value of boost voltage. Generally, the shoot through interval is only a small portion of the
portion of the switching interval.
switching interval.
During shoot through mode,
During shoot through mode,
Vd = 2Vc , Vi = 0 (19)
Vd = 2Vc , Vi = 0 (19)

5.3.Traditional
5.3. TraditionalZero
ZeroState
State
Figure1313represents
Figure representsthe
theequivalent
equivalentcircuit
circuitofofthe
theinverter
inverterinintraditional
traditionalzero
zerostates.
states.

IL1

VL1

C1 C2
VDC Vi

VL2

IL2
Figure13.
Figure 13.Equivalent
EquivalentCircuit
Circuitofofthe
theZSI
ZSIinintraditional
traditionalzero
zerostates.
states.

The upper or lower three switches of the inverter are operating causes the traditional zero state.
The upper or lower three switches of the inverter are operating causes the traditional zero state.
During this time, the inverter acts as an open circuit viewed from the Z-source and inductor carries
During this time, the inverter acts as an open circuit viewed from the Z-source and inductor carries
current, which strengthens the line current’s harmonic reduction.
current, which strengthens the line current’s harmonic reduction.
Switching frequency of the inverter (fsw) is 10 kHz. By using Equation (20), L and C values are
Switching frequency of the inverter (fsw ) is 10 kHz. By using Equation (20), L and C values are
calculated and are used in hardware. Where D is shoot through duty ratio, VC-capacitor voltage, Iavg
calculated and are used in hardware. Where D is shoot through duty ratio, VC -capacitor voltage,
is the average inductor current and ∆ is inductor current ripple.
Iavg is the average inductor current and ∆I is inductor current ripple.
D*VC 
L = D*VC * D∗V

L = D ∗ VC ∗f * ΔI C


f sw ∗ ∆I

sw

I ∗ D  (20)
C = I avg *D
avg
C= 


0.03 f sw ∗ V
0.03 f sw *VC C 


6. Results and Discussion

6. Results and Discussion
Under very challenging conditions, namely partial shading of the PV array, step changes in load,
Under
and step veryin
changes challenging
irradiance,conditions, namely partial
MATLAB simulations shading
are carried outoftothe PV array,
evaluate step changesofin
the effectiveness
load,method.
PSO and step
Figurechanges in irradiance,
14a,b represent MATLAB
the output powersimulations are carried
from PSO based MPPT. out to 15a,b
Figure evaluate
showsthe
effectiveness
the comparison of ofPSO
PSOmethod. Figure 14a,bP&O
with conventional represent the output
algorithm. power from
From Figures 14 andPSO
15abased MPPT.
the output
Figuresettled
power 15a,b shows
after 0.4 the comparison
s in of PSObut
PSO algorithm, with conventional
in P&O P&O
0.75 s. The algorithm.
outputs From
of PSO andFigures 14 and
conventional
15a the
P&O outputare
methods power settledtoafter
compared see 0.4
the seffectiveness
in PSO algorithm, but in P&O
of presented PSO 0.75 s. MPPT.
based The outputs
From of PSO and
Figure 15,
conventional P&O methods are compared to see the effectiveness
PSO based MPPT has less tracking time and steady state oscillations. of presented PSO based MPPT.
From Figure 15, PSO based MPPT has less tracking time and steady state oscillations.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 12 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 18

60
60
50

(W)
50

Power(W)
40 Oscillations
40 Oscillations

OutputPower
30
30
20
20

Output
10
10
0
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time (S)
Time (S)
(a)
(a)
60
60
50
50
40
(W)

40
Power(W)

30
30
Power

20
20
10
10
0
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Time (S)
Time (S)
(b)
(b)
Figure 14. Output power from PSO for (a) 1000W/m 2; (b) irradiance is varied from 1000 W/m 2 to 500 2
2 2
Figure Output
14. 14.
Figure power
Output powerfrom
fromPSOPSOfor
for (a) 1000W/m; 2(b)
(a) 1000W/m ; (b) irradiance
irradiance is varied
is varied fromfrom 1000 W/m
1000 W/m to 500 to
W/m22 2at 1 s then increased to 1000 W/m22 at 2 2s.
500 W/m
W/m atat1 1s then
s then increased
increased to 1000
to 1000 W/mW/mat 2 s.at 2 s.

60
60
50
50
(W)

40
Power(W)

40 PSO
30 PSO
30 P&O
Power

20 P&O
20
10
10
0
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time (S)
Time (S)
(a)
(a)

60
60
(W)

40
Power(W)

40
Power

20 PSO
20 PSO
P&O
0 P&O
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Time (S)
Time (S)
(b)
(b)
Figure 15. Comparison of output power from PSO based MPPT and P&O based MPPT for (a) 1000
Figure 15. Comparison of output power from PSO based MPPT and P&O based MPPT for (a) 1000
2; (b) Comparison
Figure
W/m15. of output
irradiance is varied power
from 1000 W/mfrom PSO
2 to 500 W/mbased
2. MPPT and P&O based MPPT for
W/m2; (b) irradiance is varied from 1000 W/m2 to 500 W/m2.
(a) 1000 W/m2 ; (b) irradiance is varied from 1000 W/m2 to 500 W/m2 .
Appl. Sci. 2018,
Appl. 2018, 8, x FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 13 of 18
18
Appl. Sci.
Sci. 2018,8,8,x145 13
13 of
of 18

From Figures
From Figures 14
14 and
and 15,
15, PSO
PSO based
based MPPT
MPPT produces
produces lesser lesser oscillations
oscillations and and tracking
tracking time
time when
when
compared
From to
compared to P&O
P&O algorithm.
Figures algorithm. The tracking
14 and 15, The
PSO tracking time of
based MPPT
time of PSO
PSO algorithm
produces algorithm is 0.2
0.2 s,
lesser oscillations
is s, but
butand
for tracking
for the P&O
the P&Otimealgorithm,
when
algorithm,
is 0.35
compared s. PSO
to algorithm
P&O decides
algorithm. Thethe shoot
tracking through
time of duty
PSO cycle
algorithm for the
is Z-Source
0.2 s, but
is 0.35 s. PSO algorithm decides the shoot through duty cycle for the Z-Source inverter, according to inverter,
for the P&O according to
algorithm,
the
the PV
is 0.35 voltage.
PVs.voltage. Figure
PSO algorithm 16 shows
decides
Figure 16 showsthe the output
theshoot voltage
through
output duty
voltage V , current
VLcycle
L
, current i
for theL, power
Z-Source
iL, power P and shoot
PL inverter,
L
and shoot through
according
throughto duty
the
duty
cycle
PV D of
voltage. the Z-Source
Figure 16 inverter.
shows the Figure
output 17
voltage
cycle D of the Z-Source inverter. Figure 17 represents represents
V L , current the i phase
, power to
the Lphase to phasePLphase
and voltage
shoot of
throughthe Z-Source
duty cycle
voltage of the Z-Source
inverter
D of the..Z-Source inverter. Figure 17 represents the phase to phase voltage of the Z-Source inverter.
inverter

400
400
00
VVLL

-400
-400
0.1
0.1
00
iLiL

-0.1
-0.1
60
60
PPLL

00
0.3
0.3
0.1
DD

0.1
00 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 11 1.2
1.2 1.4
1.4 1.6 1.8
1.6 1.8 22
Time (S)
Time (S)
Figure 16.
Figure
Figure 16. Output
16. Output of
Output of Z-Source
of Z-Source inverter with
Z-Source inverter
inverter with PSO
PSO based
based Maximum
Maximum Power
Power Point
Point Tracking
Tracking (MPPT).
(MPPT).

100
100
(V)
Voltage(V)

00
Voltage

-100
-100

0.50
0.50 0.55
0.55 0.60
0.60 0.65
0.65 0.70
0.70 0.75
0.75
Time (S)
Time (S)
Figure 17. Phase
Figure Phase to phase
phase voltage of
of Z-Source inverter
inverter across resistive
resistive load.
load.
Figure 17.
17. Phase to
to phase voltage
voltage of Z-Source
Z-Source inverter across
across resistive load.
Hardware Setup
Hardware Setup
Hardware Setup
Figure 18
Figure 18 shows
shows the the hardware
hardware setupsetup of of PSO
PSO based
based MPPT
MPPT withwith Z-Source
Z-Source inverter.
inverter. Here,
Here, dspace
dspace
1104 Figure
controller18 shows
is used theto hardware
obtain setup ofduty
optimum PSO cycle
basedbased
MPPTupon withthe
Z-Source
PSO inverter. Here,
algorithm and dspace
generate
1104 controller is used to obtain optimum duty cycle based upon the PSO algorithm and generate
1104
SPWM controller
pulses, is used are
which to obtain
fed totooptimum
MOSFETduty cycleabased
through driverupon the PSO
circuit. algorithm
Voltage sensorsand andgenerate
current
SPWM pulses, which are fed MOSFET through a driver circuit. Voltage sensors and current
SPWM
sensors pulses,
are which
used to are
sense fed
the to MOSFET
voltage and through
current a driver
coming circuit.
from PVVoltage
system.sensors
Based and
uponcurrent
these sensors
values
sensors are used to sense the voltage and current coming from PV system. Based upon these values
are
bestused
duty tocycle
senseisthecalculated
voltage and and current
SPWM coming
pulses from
are PV system. The
generated. Based upon these
MOSFET valuesisbest
IRF840B duty
used in
best duty cycle is calculated and SPWM pulses are generated. The MOSFET IRF840B is used in
cycle is calculated
Z-Source inverter. and
inverter. The SPWM
The value
value of pulses are
of capacitors generated.
capacitors and The
and inductors MOSFET
inductors in in the IRF840B
the Z-Source is used
Z-Source network
network isin Z-Source
is 1200
1200 μf, inverter.
μf, 220
220 V,V,
Z-Source
The
and value
50 μH, of5–6
capacitors
A. and inductors in the Z-Source network is 1200 µf, 220 V, and 50 µH, 5–6 A.
and 50 μH, 5–6 A.
The
The dspace
dspacecontroller
controllerhas hastwotwo modes
modes of operation,
of operation,
operation,suchsuch
as master PPC PPC
as master
master and slave mode mode
and slave
slave for PWM for
The dspace controller has two modes of such as PPC and mode for
generation.
PWM In
generation.slave In mode,
slave has
mode, only
has four
only channels
four and
channels is
andused
is for
used fixed
for duty
fixed cycle.
duty Implement
cycle. Implement the
PWM generation. In slave mode, has only four channels and is used for fixed duty cycle. Implement
required
the requiredalgorithm
required algorithmin master PPC shown
in master
master PPC shown in Figure
shown in 19. The outputs
Figure The are
19. The takenare
outputs from CP17from
taken connector
CP17
the algorithm in PPC in Figure 19. outputs are taken from CP17
from the pins
connector from 2,
from the3, 5,
the pins21,
pins 2, 23,
2, 3, and
3, 5,
5, 21, 24 with
21, 23,
23, and respect
and 24 24 with to pin
with respect 1 (GND).
respect toto pin The PWM
pin 11 (GND).
(GND). The generated
The PWM from
PWM generated dspace
generated fromfrom
connector
controller
dspace is 5 V, this
controller is 55 V,
V is not5 enough
this V is not to drive the
enough to power
drive theElectronic
power devices. So,
Electronic it is boosted
devices. So, it is through
boosted
dspace controller is 5 V, this 5 V is not enough to drive the power Electronic devices. So, it is boosted
driver
through ICdriver
MIC4422. The PWM
IC MIC4422.
MIC4422. Theoutput
PWMfrom outputthe from
driverthe
is represented
driver is in Figure in
is represented
represented 20.Figure 20.
through driver IC The PWM output from the driver in Figure 20.
Appl. Sci.
Appl.2018,
Sci. 8, x FOR
2018, PEER REVIEW
8, 145 14 of14
18 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 18

dSPACE
dSPACE
Controller
Controller

ZZSource
Source
DSO
DSO Inverter
Inverter

Figure 18.
Figure
Figure Hardware
18.
18. Hardwaresetups
Hardware setupsof
setups of PSO
PSO based
PSO based MPPTwith
basedMPPT
MPPT with
with ZSI.
ZSI.
ZSI.

Comparator
Comparator

Boolean
Booleanfunction
function Master
MasterBitBit
OutOut
Reference Wave AA TT1 1 0 0
Reference Wave -1 -1

VC1VC1 Boolean
Booleanfunction
function Master
MasterBitBit
OutOut
TT4 1 1
AA 4

Comparator
Comparator

Boolean function Master Bit Out

Boolean
T3 function Master
2 Bit Out
Reference Wave -2 A
Reference Wave -2 A T3 2

VC2 Boolean function Master Bit Out

VC2 A Boolean
T6 function Master
3 Bit Out
A T6 3
Comparator
1 Comparator
1
Boolean function Master Bit Out
A T5 function
Boolean 4 Bit Out
Master
Reference Wave -3
A T5 4
Reference Wave -3
VC3 Boolean function Master Bit Out
VC3 A T2 function
Boolean 5 Bit Out
Master
0.8
A T2 5
0.8
Constant
Relational
Constant VC4 Operator
Relational
A
VC4 Operator
A
Product
-1
Product
-1Constant
Relational
Constant Operator
Relational
Operator
Figure 19. SPWM generation in dspace.
Figure 19.
Figure 19.SPWM
SPWMgeneration indspace.
generation in dspace.

Figure 20. SPWM generated after driver circuit.

 Product
-1

Constant
Relational
Operator
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 15 of 18
Figure 19. SPWM generation in dspace.

Figure 20. SPWM generated after driver circuit.

Figure 20. SPWM generated after driver circuit.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 18
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 18
Figure 2121 represents
representsthe
thevoltage
voltageacross
acrosscross coupled
cross coupledcapacitor is 50isV,50which
capacitor is twice
V, which of theof
is twice input
the
input Figure
supply. 21
Output
supply. represents the
voltagevoltage
across voltage
the load across
is showncross coupled
in Figures capacitor
22 capacitor
and 23. is
The 50 V,
output which
peak is
to twice
peak of the
voltage
Figure 21Output
represents theacross
voltagethe load
across iscross
shown in Figures
coupled 22 and is 23.
50 The output
V, which ispeak
twicetoofpeak
the
input
is 98 V
voltagesupply.
is 98 V Output
approximately voltage
equal
approximately across
to the
equal the load
simulation
to the isoutput
shownshown
simulation in Figures
output in 22 and
Figure
shown in17.23. The17.
Figure output peak to peak
input supply. Output voltage across the load is shown in Figures 22 and 23. The output peak to peak
voltage is 98 V approximately equal to the simulation output shown in Figure 17.
voltage is 98 V approximately equal to the simulation output shown in Figure 17.

Figure 21.
Figure 21. Voltage across cross-coupled
Voltage across cross-coupled capacitors
capacitors of
of ZSI
ZSI (50
(50 V/Div).
V/Div).
Figure 21. Voltage across cross-coupled capacitors of ZSI (50 V/Div).
Figure 21. Voltage across cross-coupled capacitors of ZSI (50 V/Div).

Figure 22. Phase to phase voltage across resistive load.

Figure 22. Phase to phase voltage across resistive load.
Figure 22. Phase to phase voltage across
Figure 22. across resistive
resistive load.
load.

Figure 23. Phase to phase voltage across resistive load (20 Volts/Div).
Figure 23. Phase to phase voltage across resistive load (20 Volts/Div).
Figure 23.
Figure 23. Phase
Phase to
to phase
phase voltage
voltage across
across resistive
resistiveload
load(20
(20Volts/Div).
Volts/Div).
7. Conclusions
7. Conclusions
7. Conclusions
This paper involves a dspace implementation of PSO based MPPT for obtaining optimum duty
cycleThis
This
paper
for the
paper
involves
Z-Source
involves
a dspace
inverter.
a dspace
implementation
From of PSO
the obtained duty
implementation
based
cycle,
of PSO theMPPT
based
for obtaining
modulation
MPPT index isoptimum
for obtaining estimatedduty
optimum and
duty
cycle
given for the
to the Z-Source inverter. From the obtained duty cycle, the modulation index is estimated and
cycle for the PWM generation
Z-Source inverter.circuit.
From thePWM output
obtained from
duty the the
cycle, dspace controller
modulation is 5 is
index V,estimated
which is and
not
given
enough toto
the PWM
drive thegeneration
MOSFET circuit. PWM
switches, so output
this 5 V is from the dspace
increased to 12 V controller
using a is 5 circuit.
driver V, which isPSO
The not
given to the PWM generation circuit. PWM output from the dspace controller is 5 V, which is not
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 16 of 18

7. Conclusions
This paper involves a dspace implementation of PSO based MPPT for obtaining optimum duty
cycle for the Z-Source inverter. From the obtained duty cycle, the modulation index is estimated and
given to the PWM generation circuit. PWM output from the dspace controller is 5 V, which is not
enough to drive the MOSFET switches, so this 5 V is increased to 12 V using a driver circuit. The PSO
algorithm locates the real MPP under a change in environmental conditions, provides better tracking
speed, and fewer oscillations, to improve the stability of the system. So, the PSO algorithm overcomes
the shortage of conventional MPPT algorithm. Practical experiments are conducted for 60 W PV panel
with different irradiance condition. This tracking algorithm is further consistent method to locating the
global MPP than a conventional MPPT algorithm, predominantly extreme change in environmental
conditions and shaded PV modules.

Author Contributions: All authors contributed equally for the final decimation of the proposed research work as
full article.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of
this paper.

References
1. Esram, T.; Chapman, P.L. Comparison of photovoltaic array maximum power point tracking techniques.
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2007, 22, 439–449. [CrossRef]
2. Saravanan, S.; Ramesh Babu, N.; Sanjeevikumar, P. Comparison and Analysis of DC/DC Converters
with MPPT Techniques Based PV System. In Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management; Springer:
Singapore, 2017; pp. 275–284.
3. Jain, S.; Ramulu, C.; Padmanaban, S.; Ojo, J.O.; Ertas, A.H. Dual mppt algorithm for dual pv source fed
open-end winding induction motor drive for pumping application. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 2016, 19, 1771–1780.
[CrossRef]
4. Anuradha, T.; Deiva Sundari, P.; Sanjeevikumar, P.; Pierluigi, S.; Zbigniew, L. Comparative Analysis of
Common MPPT Techniques for Solar PV System with Soft Switched, Interleaved Isolated Converter.
In Proceedings of the IEEE 1st Industrial and Commercial Power System Europe, 17th International
Conference on Environment and Electrical Engg, IEEE-I&CPS/IEEE-EEEIC’17, Milan, Italy, 6–9 June 2017.
5. Sanjeevikumar, P.; Grandi, G.; Patrick, W.; Frede, B.; Loncarski, J. A Simple MPPT Algorithm for Novel PV
Power Generation system by High Output Voltage DC-DC Boost Converter. In Proceedings of the 24th
IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, IEEE-ISIE’15, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3–5 June 2015;
pp. 214–220.
6. Mellit, A.; Kalogirou, S.A. Artificial intelligence techniques for photovoltaic applications: A review.
Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2008, 34, 574–632. [CrossRef]
7. Khare, A.; Rangnekar, S. A review of particle swarm optimization and its applications in solar photovoltaic
system. Appl. Soft Comput. 2013, 13, 2997–3006. [CrossRef]
8. Geetha, M.; Natarajan, S.; Sanjeevikumar, P. Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Closed-Loop Optimal State
Feedback Control for CSTR. In Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management; Springer: Singapore, 2017;
pp. 469–479.
9. Un-Noor, F.; Padmanaban, S.; Mihet-Popa, L.; Molla, M.N.; Hossain, E. A Comprehensive Study of Key
Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development.
Energies 2017, 10, 1217. [CrossRef]
10. Hossain, E.; Perez, R.; Padmanaban, S.; Mihet-Popa, L.; Blaabjerg, F.; Ramachandaramurthy, V.K. Sliding
Mode Controller and Lyapunov Redesign Controller to Improve Microgrid Stability: A Comparative Analysis
with CPL Power Variation. Energies 2017, 10, 1959. [CrossRef]
11. Suryavanshi, R.; Joshi, D.R.; Jangamshetti, S.H. PSO and P&O based MPPT technique for SPV panel under
varying atmospheric conditions. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Power, Signals,
Controls and Computation, Kerala, India, 3–6 January 2012.
12. Abdelsalam, A.K.; Massoud, A.M.; Ahmed, S.; Enjeti, P.N. High-performance adaptive perturb and observe
mppt technique for photovoltaic-based microgrids. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2011, 26, 1010–1021. [CrossRef]
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 17 of 18

13. Femia, N.; Petrone, G.; Spagnuolo, G.; Vitelli, M. Optimization of perturb and observe maximum power
point tracking method. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2005, 20, 963–973. [CrossRef]
14. Sachin, J.; Ramulu, C.; Ramsha, K.; Sanjeevikumar, P. Effective Dual Solar PV Fed Three-Phase Open-End
Winding Induction Motor Drive for Water Pumping System Application. J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy
2017, 1771–1780. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314721388_Effective_Dual_
Solar_PV_Fed_Three-Phase_Open-End_Winding_Induction_Motor_Drive_for_Water_Pumping_System_
Application (accessed on 22 January 2018).
15. Padmanaban, S.; Blaabjerg, F.; Wheeler, P.; Ojo, J.O.; Ertas, A.H. High-voltage dc-dc converter topology for
pv energy utilization—Investigation and implementation. Electron. Power Compon. Syst. 2016, 45, 221–232.
[CrossRef]
16. Ji, Y.; Jung, D.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Lee, T.; Won, C. A real maximum power point tracking method for mismatching
compensation in PV array under partially shaded conditions. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2011, 26, 1001–1009.
[CrossRef]
17. Patel, H.; Agarwal, V. Maximum power point tracking scheme for PV systems operating under partially
shaded conditions. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2008, 55, 1689–1698. [CrossRef]
18. Masoum, M.A.; Dehbonei, H.; Fuchs, F.H. Theoretical and experimental analysis of photovoltaic systems with
voltage and current-based maximum power point tracking. IEEE Power Eng. Rev. 2002, 22, 62. [CrossRef]
19. Subudhi, B.; Pradhan, R. A Comparative Study on Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for
Photovoltaic Power Systems. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 2013, 4, 89–98. [CrossRef]
20. Ishaque, K.; Salam, Z.; Amjad, M.; Mekhilef, S. An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO)—Based
MPPT for PV with reduced steady-state oscillation. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2012, 27, 3627–3638. [CrossRef]
21. Renaudineau, H.; Donatantonio, F. A PSO-Based Global MPPT Technique for Distributed PV Power
Generation. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2015, 62, 1047–1058. [CrossRef]
22. Chao, K. A High Performance PSO-Based Global MPP Tracker for a PV Power Generation System. Energies
2015, 8, 6841–6858. [CrossRef]
23. Mughal, M.A.; Ma, Q.; Xiao, C. Photovoltaic cell Parameter Estimation using Hybrid Particle Swarm
Optimization and Simulated Annealing. Energies 2017, 10, 1213. [CrossRef]
24. Cheng, P.; Peng, B.; Liu, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Huang, J. Optimization of a Fuzzy-Logic-Control-Based MPPT
Algorithm Using the Particle Swarm Optimization Technique. Energies 2015, 8, 5338–5360. [CrossRef]
25. Sanjeevikumar, P.; Thiagarajan, Y.; Sivakumaran, T.S. Design of fuzzy logic controller for a DC-AC converter
for a grid connected system using PV cell. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computing,
Communication and Networking, IEEE-ICCCNET’08, Tamilnadu, India, 18–20 December 2008; pp. 1–6.
26. Swaminathan, G.; Ramesh, V.; Umashankar, S.; Sanjeevikumar, P. Fuzzy-Based Microgrid Energy
Management System Using Interleaved Boost Converter and Three-Level NPC Inverter with Improved Grid
Voltage Quality. In Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management; Springer: Singapore, 2017; pp. 325–337.
27. Tiwari, R.; Babu, N.R.; Sanjeevikumar, P. Fuzzy Logic-Based Pitch Angle Controller for PMSG-Based Wind
Energy Conversion System. In Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management; Springer: Singapore, 2017;
pp. 277–286.
28. Tiwari, R.; Babu, N.R.; Sanjeevikumar, P. Comparison Between PI Controller and Fuzzy Logic-Based Control
Strategies for Harmonic Reduction in Grid-Integrated Wind Energy Conversion System. In Advances in
Power Systems and Energy Management; Springer: Singapore, 2017; pp. 297–306.
29. Ishaque, K.; Salam, Z.; Taheri, H. Accurate matlab simulink pv system simulator based on a two-diode
model. J. Power Electron. 2011, 11, 179–187. [CrossRef]
30. Koad, R.B.A.; Zobaa, A.F.; El-Shahat, A. A novel MPPT Algorithm based on Particle Swarm. IEEE Trans.
Sust. Energy 2017, 8, 468–476. [CrossRef]
31. Kuo, Y.C.; Liangand, T.J.; Cben, J.F. Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller for Photovoltaic
Energy Conversion system. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2001, 48, 594–601.
32. Chen, Z.; Xiong, R.; Wang, K.; Jiao, B. Optimal energy management strategy of a plug-in hybrid electric
vehicle based on a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Energies 2015, 8, 3661–3678. [CrossRef]
33. Xu, P.; Zhang, X.; Cao, C.Z.R.; Chang, L. Study of Z-Source Inverter for Grid-Connected PV Systems.
In Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conference, Jeju, Korea, 18–22 June 2006.
34. Tang, Y.; Xie, S.J.; Zhang, C.H.; Xu, Z.G. Improved Z-source inverter with reduced capacitor voltage stress
and soft-start capability. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2009, 24, 409–415. [CrossRef]
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 145 18 of 18

35. Siwakoti, Y.P.; Peng, F.S.; Blabbjerg, F.; Loh, P.C.; Town, G.E. Impedance Source Networks for Electric Power
Conversion Part I: A Topological Review. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2015, 30, 669–716. [CrossRef]
36. Nguyen, M.; Choi, Y. Maximum Boost Control Method for Single-Phase Quasi Switched Boost and
Quasi-Z-Source Inverters. Energies 2017, 10, 553. [CrossRef]
37. Sunder, P.G.; Shanthi, B.; Nachiappan, A.; Natarajan, S.P.; Sanjeevikumar, P. Single Phase Asymmetric
Switched-Inductor Quasi-Z-Source CHB Multilevel Inverter. In Advances in Power Systems and Energy
Management; Springer: Singapore, 2017; pp. 285–294.
38. Pandav, K.M.; Mahajan, S.B.; Sanjeevikumar, P.; Badave, S.M.; Pachagade, R. 2.4 kW Three-Phase Inverter
for Aircraft Application-Hardware Implementation. In Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management;
Springer: Singapore, 2017; pp. 325–335.
39. Xiao, X.; Huang, X.; Kang, Q. A hill-climbing-method-based maximum-power-point-tracking strategy for
direct-drive wave energy converters. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2016, 63, 257–267. [CrossRef]
40. Sera, D.; Mathe, L.; Kerekes, T.; Spataru, S.V.; Teodorescu, R. On the Perturb-and-Observe and Incremental
Conductance MPPT Methods for PV Systems. IEEE J. Photovolt. 2013, 3, 1070–1078. [CrossRef]

© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).