Injuries Occur Everywhere

and to Everyone!
Global OSH Data: ILO Report

•  Most accidents are preventable

•  Sound prevention needs to be
implemented systematically at the national
and enterprise level
2.31 million men and women workers die each year (fatal
work-related accidents and diseases)
337 million victims of occupational accidents and diseases
every year
Close to 50% of the deaths attributed to work take place in
Asia
Death rates five to six times higher in developing countries

Source: Safework- Introductory Report - 2008

Global OSH Data

•  337M accidents causing > 4 days absence

•  2.31M total work-related fatal accidents &
diseases
•  360,000 fatal accidents
•  1.95M work-related fatal diseases
•  320,000 die from exposures to biological risks
(viral, bacterial, insect or animal-related risks)

•  170,000 agri workers die per year

Source: Safework- Introductory Report - 2008
 KEY EMPLOYMENT INDICATORS
PHILIPPINES: April 2009-2010

(in thousands)

INDICATOR April 2010p April 2009p

Hh Population 15 years old and older 60,562 59,074

Labor Force 38,508 37,824

- Employed Persons 35,411 34,997

- Unemployed Persons 3,097 2,827

Underemployed Persons 6,298 6,621

Notes: 1/ Estimates for are preliminary and may change.

Source: National Statistics Office, Labor Force Survey
 STATUS OF EMPLOYMENT

•  Class of workers
•  Wage and salary – 19.004 million
•  Self-employed/ - 12.247 million
Employers
•  Unpaid family worker – 4.226 million
8.2M stock estimate of Filipino overseas

3.8 M are contract workers

1.28 M OFWs were deployed in 2009

•  986,000+ - 75% were land-based
•  297,000+ – 25 % were sea-based

Average daily employment: 3,300

 Key Local OSH Data

Data Sources:
•  2001-2005 Work Accidents/Illnesses Summary
– BWC based on mandatory reporting requirements of
the OSH Standards (OSHS)

•  2007/2008 BLES Integrated Survey

•  NSO Household Survey Data
•  OSHC Database
Key OSH Data

•  For every 100,000 workers, 700 receive

injuries that stop them from working
for about a day
•  Non-fatal injuries increase with age

•  Skilled agricultural and fishery workers

have the highest rates of injury
Source: NSO Household Survey, 2000
Key Local OSH Data show:

•  2,586 accidents reported by 289

establishments
- 1,523 (59%) disabling injuries
• manufacturing had the highest number
of reported accidents followed by agriculture
& wholesale/retail trade
•  total days lost: 121,624
•  total economic loss: P66,000,000
Source: 2005 Work Accidents/Illness Summary
Key Local OSH Data

46,570 cases of occupational injuries in 2007

•  fatalities
•  permanent disabilities
•  temporary disabilities

  majority were superficial injuries/wounds

  dislocations; strains/sprains
  burns, corrosions and scalds

Source: 2007/2008 BLES Integrated Survey

 Key Local OSH Data
Top three occupational illnesses:
  Musculo-skeletal disorders (13,235)
  Bronchial asthma (8,759)
  Infections (6,517)

Source: 2007/2008 BLES Integrated Survey

Top three work-related EC Claims:

  Renal disorders

  Disorder of the eyes

  Cardio-vascular diseases

Source: OSHC database of EC Claims

•  About 2.5 million days are lost in a year,
mostly by men

•  Most injuries occur in small enterprises with

less than 20 workers

•  Over 3,000 workers per year die as a

result of occupational injuries or work-
related illnesses

Source: NSO Household Survey, 2000

Profile of the Most-Commonly
Injured Worker

•  male
•  married
•  26-30 years old
•  with 1-5 years of service
•  assigned in the first shift
This has been the pattern for so many years!

Source: BWC WAIR 2000

OSH ISSUES AND CONCERNS

•  low compliance rate to OSH Standards (OSHS)

•  limited coverage of the OSHS

•  absence of strict penalties

•  fragmented OSH administration

•  outdated OSH Standards
OSH Issues
•  low priority on OSH

•  public apathy on OSH concerns

•  inadequate number of OSH personnel

•  lack of OSH facilities in the regions

•  weak enforcement of OSHS

Emerging Issues

•  women workers’ OSH

•  child labor
•  OSH in the informal sector, agriculture,
schools, information technology sector,
etc.
•  lifestyle diseases such as HIV and AIDS,
smoking, drugs/substance abuse

•  OSH of migrant workers, sea-farers, etc.

Heinrich – 1931
The occurrence of an injury invariably
resulting from a complicated sequence of
factors, the last one of these being the
injury itself. The accident which caused
the injury is in turn invariably caused or
permitted directly by the unsafe act of a
person and/or by a mechanical or
physical hazard.
Industrial Revolution
18th Century
Industrial Accidents
Accident Causation
  Domino Theory
Domino Theory
  Unsafe Act
  Unsafe Condition
BACKGROUND

People

Environment Equipment

Materials
 People
People

Environment
Environment Equipment

Materials
LET’S CHECK THIS…
Slip, Trip and Fall
ACCIDENT

  An occurrence or event
that is damage,
- unexpected injury, loss
- unforeseen
- unplanned, and or death
- unwanted
Any existing or potential
condition in the workplace
which by itself or by reacting
with other variables, can result
in the unwanted effects of
injuries, property damage,
deaths and other losses.
  Layman’s version:

  ‘Oras na niya’
  ‘Malas niya lang’
  ‘Tanga kasi’
  ‘Kasama sa trabaho’

NOT REAL CAUSES --- ONLY EXCUSES!

Ten Little Workers

  Ten little workers feeling fit and fine, one

smoked in the LPG storage room, then
there were nine.
Ten Little Workers

  Nine little workers thought they would be late,

one jumped off the bus, then there were eight.

Eight little workers looking up to heaven, one fell off

the ramp, then there were seven
Ten Little Workers

  Seven little workers welding pipes outside, one

left the gas open, then there were six.

Six little workers glad to be alive, one forgot his

goggles, then there were five.
Ten Little Workers

  Five little workers standing near the door, one

thought the electrical wire is dead, then there
were four.
Four little workers one cut his knee, didn’t get first
aid, then there were three.
Ten Little Workers

  Three little workers with nothing much to do, one

indulged in horseplay, then there were two.

Two little workers took the stairways on the run, one

missed his footing, then there was one.
Ten Little Workers

  One little worker thought of the other

nine began to practice safety, now
he’s doing fine.
TYPES OF
ACCIDENTS
 Fall to below (nahulog/nahulugan)
  Struck against (man in motion)
  Fall on same level (nadulas/nadapa)
Caught in ( in running/ naipit )
Caught on ( snagged o nasabit)
Struck by ( man stationary/hit by)
I
Direct Costs
C
E
B
E
R
G

T
H
E
O
R
Indirect Costs
Y
Direct Cost of Accidents

  Medical Expenses
  Equipment Damage
  Wasted Raw Materials
  Insurance Premiums
  Litigation Expenses
Indirect Cost of Accidents

1. Injured Workers
  Lesser productivity due to interruption on day of injury
  Loss in efficiency
  Loss of income
2. Other Employees
  loss productivity due to:
  work stoppage out of curiosity
  when assisting injured worker
  due to inspection
  Loss in efficiency out of sympathy to the injured
  Additional cost due to completion of added work
Can a workplace hazard definitely lead to
accident or illness?

Hazard + Exposure = Accident or Illness

The human action that departs from
a standard or written job procedure
or common practice, safety rules,
regulations or instructions.
Unsafe/Unhealthy
ACT Violation of commonly-accepted safe procedures
or processes

CONDITION Physical/mechanical/
environmental condition which
could have been guarded or
prevented

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

 Unsafe/Unhealthy Acts
 Operating Equipment without Authority
 Disregard of SOP or instructions
 Removing Safety Devices
 Using Defective Equipment
 Improperly/non-use of PPE
 Horseplay
 Willful intent to injure
 Working while under the influence
of alcohol or drugs
The physical or chemical property of
a material, machine or the
environment which could result in
injury to a person, damage or
destruction to property or other
forms of losses.
Examples of U/C
  Inadequate guards/protection
  Defective tools, equipment
  Congestion
  Inadequate warning systems
  Fire and explosion hazards
  Absence of warning devices
  Slippery floors
  Hazardous atmospheric condition
  Excessive noise
  Radiation exposure
  Inadequate illumination/ ventilation
M
o
r
e

E
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
  98% - preventable
•  88% - unsafe act
•  10% - unsafe condition
  2% - non- preventable
Gordon - 1949
Multiple Causation Theory –
The accident is a result of a complex and
random interaction between the victim,
the agent and the environment, and
cannot be explained by consideration of
only of the three.
Bird and Loftus - 1976
Updated the Heinrich’s Domino Theory
(a)  Lack of control by management, permitting:
(b)  Basic causes (personal and job factors), that
lead to:
(c)  Immediate causes (substandard practices-
conditions-errors), which are the proximate
causes of:
(d)  The accident, which results in:
(e)  The loss (minor, serious or catastrophic)
 Frank Bird Jr. –
Loss Causation Model
Loss

Lack of Basic Imm. Incident Loss

Control Cause Cause
Inadequate Personal Substandard Event Harm
System Factors Acts/
Job/ System Practices Or
Standards
Factors Conditions
Contact Damage
Compliance
to Stds
Frank Bird
Serious or Fatal Injuries

Minor Injuries

Property Damage

Near-Misses
Frank Bird Jr. –
Loss Causation Model
Lack of
Control Management Employee
Responsibility Responsibility
Inadequate
System 33.3% 0%

0%
Standards 33.3%

Compliance to 16.7% 16.7%

Stds
Total 83.3% 16.7%
Goals of Safety Management
System
Recognize all Hazards
R
Assess Risk
A
Implement Controls
I
Monitor Control Measures
M
Workplace Hazards
HAZARDS
 Hazard Categories
Physical
Chemical

Biological

Ergonomics
Direct Hazards
  Electrical
  Mechanical
  Flying
  Falling Objects
Mechanical Hazards
Physical Hazards
  Poor Illumination
  Vibration
  Noise
  Heat
  Radiation
  Ionizing
  Non-ionizing
Chemical Hazards
  Form
  Types:   Solid
  Acids   Liquid
  Bases   Gas
  Toxic   Dust
  Irritant   Vapor
  Dangerous   Mists
Drugs/Alcohol   Fumes
Biological Hazards
  Bacteria
  Funji
  Virus
  Plants
  Animals & Insects
  Snakes, Rodents, Mosquito
  HIV
  Hepa-B
Ergonomic Hazards
  Sitting vs. Standing
  Stationary vs. Mobile
  Nonrepetitive vs. Repetitive
Source of Hazards
P
E
M
E
Hazard Classification
  Class A – Like to cause Serious injuries
(permanent disabilities); Extensive property loss
or disruption of operation
  Class B – Temporary disability; can cause
disruption of operation
  Class C – Minor injuries; Non-disruptive to
operation
Incident Cases
 WORKSHOP
Identify unsafe acts & unsafe conditions
  Good Housekeeping
  Preventive Maintenance
  Engineering Control
  Administrative Control
  Education
  Visual Awareness
  Tool Box Meeting
  Suggestion System
  Award/Incentive System
 Three Stages of Control Contact Post-
Contact
Pre-Contact Controls
Controls Controls

Lack of Basic Imm. Incident Loss

Control Cause Cause
To LOOK is one thing.
To SEE what you look at is another.
To UNDERSTAND what you see is another.
To LEARN from what you understand is
something else.
But to ACT on what you learn is all that
really matters.”
- Winston Churchill
Let’s prevent stepping into the trap!
The Rule of Life: Things
Change
Proof of Global Warming
Unsafe Act
Model Safety & Health Policy
It is the policy of this company to ensure a safe
and healthy workplace for employees, a safe and
healthy product for customers, and a safe and healthy
environment for the community. Company Name is
committed to safety on the job and off the job.
Employees are expected to perform their duties with
this commitment in mind.
Juan Dela Cruz
President/CEO (Main Contractor)

Representatives of Sub-contractors
 Ten Commandments of Safety
1.  LEARN the safe way of doing your job
2.  THINK Safety and ACT Safety at all times
3.  OBEY all Safety Rules and Regulations
4.  WEAR proper clothing and PPE
5.  OPERATE only equipment you are authorized
to use.
 Ten Commandments of Safety
6.  HORSEPLAYING is forbidden.
7.  USE only the right tool for the job.
8.  REPORT any unsafe conditions to your
supervisors
9.  REPORT all accidents immediately.
10.  KEEP ALERT. Know what to do in case of
emergency.