ECV 5223

STEEL STRUCTURES
Lecturer : Dr Nor Azizi Safiee
norazizi@upm.edu.my
Marks Distribution
Coursework (60%)
Part 1 (Dr Nor Azizi) (30%)
Test 1 = 15 %
Assignment = 15 %

Part 1 (Dr Azmi) (30%)

Test 2 (10%)
Project (15%)
Assignment/ quiz (5%)

Final Exam (40%)

Learning Outcomes
 Designing the steel structures through a design project
 Analyze the structural steel members and systems
 Explaining the principle of material and design of steel
structure

Synopsis
This course covers analysis and design steel structures . Focus
is given to material properties and design method using limit
state design in considering reaction of the members in steel
structures.
Content/Syllabus
 Introduction to steel structures
 Design of connection
 Elastic Design of continuous construction – beam, portal
frame
 Plastic Design of continuous construction – beam, portal frame
 Steel and concrete composite beam
 Fire Engineering Design
 Design project steel structure
INTRODUCTION
Steel Structures

Structural elements
-beam
-column
-Connections
-Purlin, plates, girder,
etc.

Different strengths
and shapes.
Z and C shapes purlin elements
Introduction
 Structural steelwork can be either a single member or an
assembly of a number of steel sections connected together in
such a way that they perform a specified function.
 To fulfill the design requirement, the complete design process
and relationships between the behavior and analysis of steel
structures and their structural design have to be considered.
 Steel sections can be formed by hot rolled and cold rolled
processes
 The standard cross sections are produced by the hot rolling of
steel billets in a rolling mill while for the complex shapes, are
produced by cold formed from steel sheet.
 Universal beams and
Hot Rolled Sections
columns

Structural
Lightweight- use for
Steel Cold Formed Sections Purlins or other roofing
sections system

I beams, Channels and

Build-up Sections
angles
Typical structural steel sections commonly used as steel members
Structural Steel Material
 Steel material was in the form of wrought iron, produced by
heating ore in a blast furnace.
 In early nineteenth century, cast iron and wrought iron were used in
various types of bridges.
 Steel – an alloy of primarily iron and carbon, with fewer impurities
and less carbon than cast iron. In 1855, steel began to displace
wrought iron and cast iron in construction.
 structural steel was widely used in construction of bridge, high
rise building, roof truss, electricity transmission tower,
warehouse, factory, offshore structure
 In the civil engineering field steel is in competition principally with
reinforced and prestressed concrete, timber and brickwork.
 Easy to
Great
fabricate
strength

Why steel ?

High Good
stiffness ductility
 Item Comments
Ease of No formwork, minimum
installation/construction cranage
Speed of installation Much of the structure can
process be prefabricated away from
the site
Modifications at a later Extensions/strengthening
date relatively straightforward
Low self-weight Permits large clear spans
Good dimensional control Prefabrication in the shop
ensures accurate work with
higher quality control
steel structures
Beipanjiang Bridge, China 2016
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FowK52mKfQg
Properties of steel
Properties of Steel
 Strength – measured in tensile test where a small coupon of
material is pulled in a testing machine until it fractures
 The results of a tensile test are normally presented in terms
of a stress-strain curve for material.
 The relationship between stress and strain is linear elastic up
to the proportional limit and obeys Hooke’s law.
 As the strain is increased until proportional limit where the
curve tends to depart from linearity, the stress at this point
known as proportionality limit stress, σpl
 Further straining will result in the stress yielding at a yield stress,
σy (material no longer behaves elastically)
 The stress then remains constant, eventhough the strain continues
to increase – called yield plateau or plastic range (plastic flow of
material and measurement of the ductility)
Equipment and
specimens for
tensile test
 Properties of Steel
 Typical steel possess yield plateau of at least 10 or 12 times the
strain at yield before strain hardening begins.
 The initial slope of this part of the curve is termed the strain
hardening modulus, Est.
 A maximum value of stress is reached correspond to the
ultimate tensile stress, σult.
 Thereafter stress appears to decrease (specimen begins to neck
down) until fracture finally occurs and this stress known as fracture
stress, σf.
 The behavior of most structural steel to be very similar in
compression and tension, with the compressive yield stress being
5% higher on average than the tensile value.
M,

Typical stress-strain curve for structural mild steel obtained from

a tensile test
Properties of Steel
 Ductility – the ability to undergo large deformations before
fracturing and measured by percentage of elongation.
 This property enables small regions that are very highly
stressed to yield, thereby relieving this concentration of
stress without undue distress to the structure as a whole.
 Adequate ductility is also a prerequisite for the use of the
plastic design methods.
Basis of Structural Design
 Design process
Architectural
Functional Plans

Schematic Design Structural Plans

(architect)

Design development Structural Analysis

(engineers) Re-design
Structural Design
Construction
documents
(contractor)
No Acceptable?

Yes
Final design &
detailing
Factors influence the choice of structural system

 The spans involved

 The vertical loading
 The horizontal loading
 The services required
 The ground conditions
Type Main use Main consideration
Bearing wall Low rise, lightly loaded Structural design of steelwork is
normally straightforward
Steel frame Wide variety of types and Simple construction or continuous
size of building construction depending on joint type
used

Long span Coverage of large column- Special forms of beam may be required
free areas to span the required distances
High rise Tall building (more than 20 Resistance to lateral forces due to wind
storeys) load
Design Requirements
 The design of any structure must be judged by whether it
fulfils the required function safely, can be built with economy
and can maintain an acceptable appearance for its specified
lifetime.
 It follows that the design of structural steelwork also will be
assessed by these criteria of safety, economy and appearance.
 The design of structural steel is based on limit state theory in
accordance with BS5950: Structural Use of Steelwork in
Building.
 The designer selects a number of criteria by which to assess
the proper functioning of the structure and then checks
whether they have been satisfied.
Limit State Philosophy
 Limit states design provides the basic frame within which the
performance of the structure can be assessed against various
limiting conditions
 In formulating procedures nowadays it is customary to do so in a
way which recognizes the inherent variability of loads, materials,
construction practices and approximations made in design
 Limit states design philosophy allows a more consistent factor of
safety against failure and more economical use of materials
compared to the working stress approach
 There are two levels of limit state, Ultimate Limit State and
Serviceability Limit State as considered in BS5950
Limit State Philosophy
 The ultimate limit state may be defined as the point beyond
which the structure would be unsafe and the serviceability
may be defined as the point beyond which the structure
becomes unserviceable.
 The two limit states summarized in Table below
 The load carrying capacity of each member and connection
as determined by the relevant provisions of the code should
be such that the factored loads would not cause any failure.
 Ultimate limit state
Strength (yielding, rupture,
buckling and transformation into
a mechanism)
Stability against overturning or
sway
Fracture due to fatigue
Brittle fracture
Elastic or plastic instability
Serviceability limit state
Excessive
deflection/deformation
Excessive vibration
Repairable damage due to fatigue
Corrosion and durability
Ultimate Limit States
a) Load factors
 The structure being unsafe or on the point of collapse
when it reaches the limit states of strength or stability
 Therefore, necessary to ensure that there is an adequate
factor of safety against failure
 Factored load should be applied in the most unfavourable
realistic combination for the part or effect under
consideration
 To consider this, the specified loads should be multiplied by
the relevant partial factors, f given in Table 2 BS 5950 Part
1.
Ultimate Limit States

a) Load factors (continue..)

 Following load combinations should be checked in the case
of buildings not subject to loads from travelling cranes

Combination loads Design load

1 Dead load and imposed 1.4Gk +1.6Qk
load
2 Dead load and wind 1.0Gk +1.4Wk
load
3 Dead load, imposed 1.2Gk +
load and wind load 1.2Qk+1.2Wk
Ultimate Limit States
b) Strength
 Strength of members or structures at the ultimate limit state
should be checked using factored loads to calculate the load
effects such as axial load, moment and shear
 Design strength, py depending on the grade of steel and
thickness of the section chosen (Table 6, BS5950)
 Comparison should be made between these values and the
resistance of the section.
Ultimate Limit States

c) Stability

Stability Sway stability,

against STABILITY i.e resistance
overturning to horizontal
forces

 In accordance with the code, stability is checked through

stability limit state requirements
Ultimate Limit States
c) Stability (continue..)
Stability against overturning (static equilibrium)
 The factored loads, considered separately and in combination,
should not cause the structure or any part of it (including the
foundations) to fail by sliding, overturning or uplift at any
stage inclusive of erection and demolition
 The combination of dead, imposed and wind loads should be
to have the most severe effect on the stability limit state under
consideration
 Variation in dead load probably during construction or other
temporary condition should take into account
 Provide sufficient bracing to maintain stability if the members
are incapable of keeping themselves in equilibrium
Ultimate Limit States
c) Stability (continue..)
Sway stability
 All structures (including portions between expansion joints)
should have adequate resistance to horizontal forces in order
to provide a practical level of robustness against the effects of
incidental loading.
 Resistance to horizontal forces should be provided by using
one or more of the systems which include triangulated
bracing, moment-resisting joints, cantilever columns, shear
walls and specially designed staircase enclosures such as lift
cores
 In doing so reversal of load direction should be accommodated
Ultimate Limit States
d) Fatigue
 Fatigue need to be considered for a structure or structural
element that subjected to significant and numerous
fluctuations of stress
 Stress changes due to normal fluctuations in wind loading is
not a critical factor and hence need not be considered.
However, situations may arise in building structures that may
require fatigue checks.
 Crane supporting structures, platforms supporting plant or
machinery which cause vibration and slender members with
wind induced oscillation – fatigue check becomes essential
 BS5950 not fully cover workmanship for cases where fatigue is
critical, refer to specialist literature
Ultimate Limit States
e) Brittle fracture
 Brittle fracture should be avoided by using a steel quality with
adequate notch toughness taking into account the effects of
minimum service temperature, thickness of the material, steel
grade, loading speed and stress level.
 Brittle fracture is prevented in BS5950-Part 1 by limiting the
thickness of steel in particular situations. Design strength is
chosen based on thickness.
Serviceability Limit States
a) Deflection
 The deflections of a building or part under serviceability loads
should not impair the strength or efficiency of the structure or
its components, nor cause damage to the finishing.
 A check on deflection is an essential part of design and is often
critical for beams and slender structures.
 When checking for deflections the most adverse realistic
combination and arrangement of serviceability loads should be
assumed and the structure may be assumed to behave
elastically.
 Deflections are usually calculated under unfactored imposed
load only. This assumes that dead load deflections will be “built
up” during fabrication and erection or that only imposed load
deflections will be of significance to the occupants.
 Deflection on beams due to unfactored
imposed load

Cantilevers Length/180
Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish Span/360
All other beams Span/200
Horizontal deflection of columns other than
portal frames

Top of columns in single storey buildings Height/300

In each storey of a building with more than one storey Height of storey/300
Gantry Girders

Vertical Span/600
Horizontal Span/500

Suggested deflection limits for typical cases (Table 5 BS 5950)

Serviceability Limit States
b) Vibration and Oscillation
 Vibration and oscillation of building structures should be
limited to avoid discomfort to users and damage to contents
 No guidance is given in BS 5950 on how to check this
condition and it is recommended to refer on specialist
literature.
 Normally used “Design guide on the vibration of floors” –
Publication P076 on the Steel Construction as guidelines
Serviceability Limit States
c) Durability
 In order to ensure the durability of the structure under
conditions relevant both to its intended use and to its intended
life, the following factors should be taken into account in
design
i. The environment of the structure and the degree of
exposure
ii. The shape of the members and the structural detailing
iii. The protective measures, if any
iv. Whether inspection and maintenance are possible
 The most important factor that requires attention in durability
issue is corrosion. Corrosion of steel will be worse in the
presence of environmental factors such as chlorides and
sulphites
Code of Practice
 Particularly BS 5950 is used in designing steelwork in
building.
 Clauses in BS 5950 covers – sway stability, resistance to
brittle fracture, local buckling, lateral torsional buckling,
shear resistance, stiffeners, members subject to combined
axial force and bending moment, joints, connections and
testing.
Code of Practice
 BS 5950 consists of the following parts:
 Part 1 : Code of practice for design rolled and welded sections
 Part 2 : specification for materials; fabrication and erection, rolled and
welded sections
 Part 3 : Design in composite construction
 Part 4 : Code of practice for the design of composite slabs with profiled steel
sheeting
 Part 5 : Code of practice for the design of cold-formed thin gauge sections
 Part 6 : Code of practice for design of light gauge profiled steel sheeting
 Part 7 : Specification for materials fabrication and erection of cold-formed
sections and sheeting
 Part 8 : code of practice for fire resistant design
 Part 9 : Code of practice for stressed skin design
Scope of BS 5950 – Part 1
 BS 5950-1 gives recommendations for the design of
structural steelwork using hot rolled sections, flats plates, hot
finished structural hollow sections
 The use of this code is primarily intended for building and
allied structures not specifically covered by other standards
 The recommendations in the code assume that the standards
of material and construction are as specified in BS 5950-2.