Laboratory work # 10(14)

CHECKING CALCULATION OF NORMAL STRESS

BY THE REDUCING FACTORS METHOD

We accept the following analytical model for wing cross-section:

y'
a front spar 1 2 3 a rear spar

x

6 5 4
joint stringers

Fig. 1. Wing scheme

1. It is neglected by work front and rear parts of a wing.

2. In the compressed area we unite all stringers with the joined skin in one element and we
place the corresponding total area in the point #2 which is the center of gravity for the
incorporated element.
3. In the point #5 we place the element with the total area of all tension stringers and skin.

1. The individual task.

The each student gives the individual task, which consists from coordinates for the centers
of gravity for elements:
х1 = х6 =0; х2 = х5 =50cm; х3 = х4 =100 cm; у1 = (10 + і) cm; у3 = (6 + і) cm;
у2 = (у1 + у3) / 2; у4 = - 6 cm; у5 = - 8 cm; у6 = - 10 cm,
where і – is number of the student in the group register.
The areas of elements are equal to:
F1 = (13 – 0.5 і) cm2; F2 = 2 F1; F3 = 0.5 F1;
F4 = 0.5 F1; F5 = 3 F1; F6 = F1.
Material of spar caps - is steel S44000 (30ХGСА) with such characteristics:
ut=1600 MPa, lp=1240 МPа, y=1390 МPа, Е = 210GPa, ut = 6 %.
Material of stringers and skin - is duralumin 2024 (D16Т) with such characteristics:
ut =440 МPа, lp=270 МPа, y=300 МPа, Е = 71·GPa, ut=10 %.
Critical stress of compression for stringers is cr = 300 МPа.
The vector of the bending moment is parallel to an axis X and is calculated by the formula:
1
 Мх0 = (у1 - у6) * F1 utsp + 0.5 * (у2 - у5) *utst* (F2 + F5) , (1)
where utps – is ultimate tension stress for spar caps, utst – is ultimate tension stress for
stringers.
Calculations are convenient to conduct in table form # 1, #2, #3.
This table is partly filled by data with parameter і = -2.

2. Sequence of calculations

(Filling of table #1, #2, #3)

The first column of the table #1contains numbers of elements (n = 1..., 6),
2-nd column - contains valid areas F1..., F6 (are set in the individual task);
3-rd column contains reducing factors from 1-st approximation.
Process of approximation converges faster if in quality of 1-st approximation to accept:
For spar caps reducing factors are equal to sp = 1;
For stringers in the tension areas reducing factors are equal to
σ
φst = utst (2)
σ utsp
For stringers in the compressed areas reducing factors are equal to
σ
φst = crst (3)
σ utsp
here σ utst ,σ utsp - are ultimate tension stress of stringers and spar caps, crst – is the critical
stress of stringers.
The 4-th column contains the reduced areas of elements Fr n
Fr n = Fn * n. (4)
where n - is number of element.
In the 5-th and 6-th columns you place coordinates of the centers of gravity for all
elements (see the individual task).
In the 7-th and 8-th columns you calculate the center of gravity for the reduced
cross section of a wing with the help of formulas:
Fr =  Frn ;
n

1 Sy
xc 
Frn
Frn xn 
F
; (5)
r

1 S
yc 
Fr n
 Frn yn  x .
Fr

In the 9-th, 10- th columns you write down coordinates for all elements concerning
the central axes:
2
 x0n = xn – xc,
y0n = yn - yc (6)

After computation of coordinates х0n, y0n it is necessary to check up correctness of

their calculation with the help of equality:
 Fr n x0 n  0 ;  Fr n y0 n  0 ;
n n
(7)

The following stage – it is calculation of position of the principal central axes for
the reduced cross section. For this purpose it is filled 11-th, 12-th, 13-th columns and it is
calculated the moments of inertia
∑ ;  ∑ ;   ∑ . (8)
Direction of the principal central axes is specified by the angle:
2I x0y0
tg2β  (9)
I y0 - I x0
Coordinates of elements in the principal central axes (14-th, 15-th columns) you
calculate by formulas:
xmn = x0n* cos + y0n*sin;
ymn = -x0n* sin + y0n * cos (10)
Coordinate system (xm, ym) is received from coordinate system (xc, yc) by turn of the
last on the angle  counter-clockwise if the angle  is positive.
Then you should calculate moments of inertia concerning axes (xm, ym) :
Ixm = Ix0 * cos2 + Iy0* sin2 - Ix0y0* sin2 ;
Iym = Ix0 * sin2 + Iy0 * cos2 + Ix0y0* sin2 ; (11)
You should check up values of the calculated moments of inertia by formulas:
Ixm + Iym = Ix0 + Iy0;
Ixm + Iym = (Ix0 – Iy0) * cos2 - 2Ix0y0 * sin2; (12)
If the angle  is rather small, i.e.  <3, the central axes (x0, y0) you cannot turn and
assume their as the principal central axes (xm, ym).
Then you calculate bending moments which vectors - moments are enclosed in the
centre of gravity of section of a wing and are directed along axes xm and ym.
Mx = Mxo * cos;
My = - Mxo * sin. (13)
The reduced normal stresses are equal to:
M My
r n   x y mn  x mn (14)
I xm I ym
The following step – is graph of diagrams  -  by three points (fig. 2)
On fig. 2 it is necessary to carry out the fictitious diagram – that is fictitious physical law
(which passes through a point M where = 4 %).
The algorithm of calculation of the actual stresses an on known r n, is shown on fig. 2

3
from condition that r=a, and results are written down in the 16 – th column.
In the 18 – th column the reduction factors of the 2 – nd approximation are
located.
2 σ 1an
φn = 1 (15)
σ r .n
Further, it is necessary to execute the second approximation in the table #2 as a
result you shall receive the reduction factors for the 3-rd approximation 3n.
The 19-th column contains the strength reserve factor n:
σ f.n
n = i
(16)
σ a.n
where f n – is the failing stress (for spar caps f n = utsp, for tension stringers
f n = utst, for compressed stringers f n= cr.st).
In the tables #2 and #3 the last column contains the adjacent iterations δn:
σ ai +.n1 - σ ai .n
δn =
σ ai +.n1
where σia.n- is the actual stress in point n for i-th iteration.

3. Requirements to the contents of the report

The report should contain:
1. Heading (number and the name of laboratory work, number of group and surname
of the student, date, the purposes and tasks of work).
2. The individual initial data.
3. Tables #1, #2, #3.
4. Intermediate calculations.
5. The diagram ( -) fig. 2
6. The conclusion about convergence of iterations (to specify the maximal error in
calculations a.n for adjacent iterations).
σ ai +.n1 - σ ai .n
δn =  0.05 (17)
σ ai +.n1
7. The conclusion by strength.

4
 
ut.sp Spar cap

a М
y
lp
r Fictitious
physical
r law

Tension stringer
ut.st

a
y Compressed stringer =cr.st
lp
ut ut
,%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.2
Fig. 2. Diagram  - .