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c?IÄ f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II c?lc f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II
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Ç bÊÒÑ#
Ñ Yð3Ì!Ð
3Í!ÊGÉËÖ ÇÉËÓðWÊÐLÑLË!;Ö
Initial strings Crossover Mask Offspring
§M
Single-point crossover:
11101001000 11101010101
ÊÒÑL"Ñ #ÉËÓ

11111000000
$ <G< <$
00001010101 00001001000
Two-point crossover:
¤,('+J!8J,K3)
11101001000 11001011000
00111110000
\Tý ÉËÓÁðWÊÐ#Ñ/Ë!&%(' 0 º à Ò)+*-,Ì!ËËÉÍð*3Ì/Í

00001010101 00101000101
§M Uniform crossover:
ÊÒÑ#
Ñ #ÉËÓ à Ò)+*-,¤ÌvËË°ÉÍ
11101001000 10001000100
10011010011
<#<G< < $ <$ 00001010101 01101011001
Point mutation: 11101001000 11101011000
c?/. f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II c?/9 f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II
: 3 3¯U/ª®<; !/>=©OW¢b

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s a_na+^c])tukvgwa+hjx^ckvhb"dmyyy
B ¶]LK3)SC/#+J69 § FI¬FI,K'`#)J&¥+NH FI¬8*!)J8
B ¶]LK3)SE#K'FIM½¶D!FIBF z¦EG+JPY!" § 6I)N8*)J+J6IK à&3MU(bEG)*& !8J!8
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Ï ü Z $ < <#< $ < $ $ < $ >3: $÷5ø öDø Ø ÙÚÙ ø Ø ZD`#,K',+N#FI6#",47EGK'8J)*+5L6IK3)E#K Gï§ M
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Ï Za<G<â< $q$
õ ü õ ü õ ü
Ï Z $"$ $ <â< <G<â<G< $ < $ $ < $
c?Id f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II c?I f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II
3C6«EDF #ª C
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( +NE § FI,Pa87Z
B #4ÅÁ,=Æ 4,H -&+NG4/671 M ¶S6I)*&'E#H') %&% #K'" '*) E#(b,+N#)JE#+587Z-ç>3:9<?> B \TK'8J)J#K'47!8¤EL¦W § E/CGÃ8J45& ,Pa;Z]< $ <G< $ <G=< $
$"$"$
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B #4ÅÁ,=Æ 4,H -&+NG4/671 M ¶S6I)*& %@% LK" 'A) EG(,+5#)*EG+N8,ZD- : > > +J!( +J!8J,K3)*6IK'`³!G45&«(bEG8N8*6 § FI8J45& ,Pa
B Õ(EGÇ(¥Í#Î5#)Ê*SÖ2)Jð 6IPQK3 H P Ê § ,+E#¦ª6IK8*)NLK47!8¤E#¦W8N4N&',PY Í 6IK
B 8*B- MU;P : § EGFI694©FI!#+JK'6IK `YPQ,)J& E3" 8S+N#K `G!"½¦+NEGPã-;<#:?>Á)*E
c?Ie f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II c?I f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II
Q5/ 5U4K5v : 3 3¯U/
: ¯+ ;¡ > 53b;¡

B Ç Ê*Öð /C#,+5#`#»)*K !8N8SE#¦ª(bE#(:#)S)*6IPY Ê

Õ Ç Í#ÎNÊ < Ö . WÇÍ#ÇÊJÎÖ Ê*Ö Õ ÇÍ#ÎÊ*Ö <Sí Ô Ò Óbí ÇÍLÖ< Ç <Gí Ô 2Ö
B Õ ÇÍ#Î5Ê*Ö2ð 6IK'8J)J#K'47!8EL¦28J45& ,Pa Í 69K¥(EG(¥#)S)J6IPQ Ê

#" %$& '
B ÇÍ#Î5Ê*Öð /CG#:W»')*K'!8J8¤EL¦26IK'8J)J#K'47!8EL¦ Í L)¤)*6IPY Ê

!
B Õ ÇÍ#Î5Ê*Ö2ð 6IK'8J)J#K'47!8EL¦28J45& ,Pa Í 69K¥(EG(¥#)S)J6IPQ Ê

R +JE § § 6IFI69)TMOEL¦28*,FI!47)J6IK ` Ï 6IK¥E#K'©8J,FI!47)*6IEGK¸8*)J,(

B ÇÊ*Öð /C#,+5#`#»)*K !8N8SE#¦ª(bE#(:#)S)*6IPY Ê

R + ÇÏ°Öað ñ ï ô õ ÇÏbÇÖ Ï ï Ö

B ÇÍ#Î5Ê*Öð /CG#:W»')*K'!8J8¤EL¦26IK'8J)J#K'47!8EL¦ Í L)¤)*6IPY Ê

B ÔE#(b,ð +5L)( J+NE#E + § § 6IFI6I)TMOE#¦W8J6IK `GFI¬(bE#6IK3)47+JEç8J8JE/CG,+

ð Ë ÇÏ°ÇÊ*Ö Ö

R +JE § § 6IFI)MaE#¦W8J,FI!47)*69K ÒLK«6IK'8*)NLK47¬E#¦ Í 6IK«EGK Ã8J)*,(

B Ô ð ('+JE § § 6IFI69)TM«E#¦ªPÁH')J#)*6IEGKOE#(b,+5L)JE#+
R + ÇÏ ¹ÍLÖ½ð é Ë ÇÏ°ÇÊ*Ö Ö
"

B Òð FI,K'`#)J&¥E#¦W8*69K `GFI § 6I)8J)*+N6IK `ç8
ò
B Ñ;ÇÍ/Ö K3H'P § ,+EL¦2";7»'K'!" Ç K'E#K 2² FL´ ÖD§ 6I)N8¤6IK Í

ð Ë ÇÍGÇÎ5Ê*Ê*Ö Ö Õ ÇÍGÎ5Ê*Ö

B Ób";7ÇÍ/»'ÖK'ð!" ";§ 698J6I)N)J8¤#K'6IK 47 Í § ,)T¶,,K«FI7¦)*PYEG8J)7=+N6I`#&;)*PYEG8J)

013(!47)J!"½K3H P § ,+E#¦6IK'8J)J#K'47!8E#¦ Í /¦)*,+ Ë 8*,FI!47)J6IE#K8

Õ ÇÍ#ÎNÊ < Ö . ð ªÇÍ#ÇÊJÎÖ Ê*Ö Õ ÇÍGÎNÊ*Ö

c?eIÄ f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II c?elc f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II
3C;5U/¯ /®°L¡ ¡ W®

)( ³L!/'U
R E#('H F9#)*6IEGK¥E#¦ª( +NEG`#+5LPa8+N,( +N!8*,K3)J!" § Ma)*+J,!8

8J6IK Ç Ö ü *
+ +
+* ,.- *
sin ^ sin
2 + +
x x
+ x y ^ y
x 2
sin
+ +
x +
sin ^ sin
^ y x
2 ^
x
+
x 2 + y
x 2 x y
c?e/. f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II c?e/9 f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II
Y¯ /W ;¡
( R J+ 6IPY6I)*6ICG©¦H K'47)J6IE#K87Z
B )JÇ ¼ § ¨ FI#°=PYÖ Z E/Ç CG²*!PY8 E/CG)*E³)*EQ)J& 8JÃ)JG4)JE#±U(«´ ÖE#=¦ª6 )J¦ & § ÃFIE38*45)N±G45±½69#K8S'EG" K«)*&'
* *
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*
n LK"½+J,)JH +NK'8S)J& ©C/#FIH È :

B 8*Ç ¼EGPY% ,¶S°& Ö Z ,+NÇ _²*PY6IK¥E/)*CG& _Ã)JE³8J)JG4)N §±'FI=!PQ´ Ö EL=bC#6 !¦ 8]§ )*FI& E34 ± § FIE345698 ±½#)S)J&
e
s
V_EçLFZ8*(b,FIF º \_0D_¨3X^
r v u l a i * *
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% ,+NPQ69K'#F987Z C/#FIH ,
: )*& ,+N¶S698J#=+J,)JH +JK8 È :
B 8*$S)N¨#4Ç±'²J='47EGH + +N+JÈ ,K3: )¤8*)JG4±U´ Ö¤ð K'#PYE#¦)*&')*EG( § FIE34±YE#K B +JÇ
0,)J H +N4K'8 * È Ö Z E#Ç )J²*& ,ç+NH'¶S#F6998*´ #Ö : =°+J,)*H'+JK8 , 6 ¦ çH'#F98 * ='#K'"
* *
B %47E#[ +N+JvÇ 47²*))*EG§ (¥FIE3474EG±a+J+NE#!K%47) 8*)N§ #4FIE3±45±U´ Ö¤ð K'#PYEL¦ª)JEG( PYEG8J) B Ç º % °Ö ZD+J,)JH +NK'8 , 6 ¦ ½ðÈ =',F98JÃ+J,)JH +NK'8 È
* *
B +JÇ µ,(b !#)4*!* ";ÖFIMOZ ÇH'²*K3" )*E³6IFH 7K;13)*('6I+JF9´ !Ö8N8*76IEG13K !47* H')*+N!,8)*H )*& +NK'©8]7)J13& ( ©+N!C/8J#F8JI6IH EGK ,
BSºK ,º !" Ç !²*"«K 713§ )SE/CGK v47% !8J[8NL+6INK«M3´)J& Ö¤Ãð 8*)NKG4LP5Y± E#¦)J& ©K 713) § FIE345±
* *
c?eBA f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II c?e/{ f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II
F;bL5 ¬L°®°#°¡ ( 3C;5U/¯ /®°L¡ ¡ W® )(
% +5L69K !"O)*EQ»')©<!)J!8*)( +NE § FI,PY8 ¼ GE +N©6IK3)*,+N!8*)*6IK'à71;LPY( FI#ZD";!8*6I`GK¥!FI!47)*+JEGK'694Ã»'FI)J,+

8*6IK `Q(bE#('H F9#)*6IEGK%E#¦W@ $"$ ('+JEG`#+5#PY8,=3¦EGH K'"½)J& 698/¦)*,+
476I+547H 6I)J8
< $ `G,K ,+5#)*6IEGK'87Z B \T§ K'," `G6I6ICUK 6969";K H'`½#F4798_6I+N47L+H'N©6I)( )J+NEÁE#`G»'+NK#PLFa8476I)*+5&47H L)S6I),=)J+N§ #KM '8*¦EG+JP
Ç 0 Ç µ Ç ¼ % $¤¨ ÖÇ º % $S¨ Ö*ÖÇ µ Ç ¼ ¨ ºº ÖÇ º % º_º *Ö Ö]Ö #"'";6IK'` 3L8*H § )*+5G47)*6IK à47EGPY(EGK ,K3)N8S#K'"«47EGK K'!47)*6IEGK'8
B _('#+8JN#F(IFI,EGF( H'('F9+JL)E3J476I!E#8NK¹8*EGE#+ ¦ #A $ = $"$
$ ='+NH KOEGK #AÁK E3"
B µ";!6l8J8J6I47`#E/KCG8 ,+58¤476I+547H 6I)J8_47EGPQ(b,)*6I)J6ICG¬¶S6I)*& § !8J)S&3H'PY#K
c?eId f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II c?eI f g h i jlk g7m f n olg m*p q9ki g rli slqlq9tvuLwIx y9z {}|~| wI {}z {9I9N}Ln i h 9g f Lh?k ? Jn f c?II
5 ; _ U DD DDJ
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