EVALUATION OF ANTI-ISLANDING

PROTECTION SCHEMES
INDIAN CONTEXT

Renewable Energy World India

Kona Eswararao | Gamesa R&D Chennai

New Delhi / 21 April 2012

EVALUATION OF ANTI - ISLANDING
SCHEMES

Distributed Generation

Islanding

Anti-Islanding protection
2

Passive schemes and NDZ

PJD applied to weak grid

Simulation results

Conclusion

Anti-Islanding Protection
Distributed Generation
Introduction and advantages

► Distributed Generation (DG) is utilizing the generated power at the same location where it
is produced keeping the fact in mind that RE plants are having less generation capacity
compared to conventional power plants.
► Power loss due to transmitting power to the grid is reduced
► Remote locations can be electrified with DG

Utility breaker
PDG + jQDG Pgrid + jQ grid
Power PCC
Converter

Pload + jQload
Grid

Pgrid = ∆P = PDG − Pload

Q grid = ∆Q = QDG − Qload R L C
Wind Turbine Local Load
Generator

Anti-Islanding Protection
Grid Connected RE Systems
Challenges and Issues

►Islanding

►Dynamic interaction between various generators

►Conflict in voltage control for generators in 4

proximity

►Power Quality

► Weak Grid situations

Anti-Islanding Protection
Islanding
Introduction

► When loads are being fed power from DG even after the power supply is
suspended from utility - Islanding Condition at PCC

Utility breaker
PDG + jQDG Pgrid + jQ grid
Power PCC
Converter
5
Pload + jQload
Grid

Pgrid = ∆P = PDG − Pload Formation of Island

L
when breaker is opened
Q grid = ∆Q = QDG − Qload R C
Wind Turbine Local Load
Generator

Anti-Islanding Protection
Islanding
Issues

►Danger to maintenance and restoration personnel

►Destruction at both customer and utility side equipment

►Power quality of DG becomes worsen - adversely affect the

loads

►Automatic closing of utility breaker may create a condition of

asynchronous closure

Anti-Islanding Protection
Anti-Islanding
Classification

Anti-Islanding Protection
Anti-Islanding
Passive and Active Schemes

► Passive techniques are based on measurement of instantaneous voltage,

frequency and phase deviations at PCC
► Simple and Easy to implement
► No introduction of noise or harmonic signal into network as like as Active
methods – Power Quality not disturbed
8

► The range of active power and reactive power change during islanding will
influence the detection time
► Passive techniques relay on certain distinct pattern or signatures at the DG
out put
► Active techniques introduce deliberate changes or disturbances into the
connected circuit and then observe the response

Anti-Islanding Protection
Anti-Islanding
NDZ for CERC and C-WET requirements
NDZ for CERC Tolerance at 33 KV
10
At Qf = 1.63
► Non Detection Zone (NDZ) is the range active 8
At Qf = 2.5
6
power and reactive power mismatch that

% Change in Reactive power

4

causes non detection of Islanding 2

OF

0 OV UV

► In this work NDZ is calculated for CERC and -2

CWET based on voltage and frequency -4

-6 UF
variation allowed -8

-10 9
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
% Chnage in Active power

PARAMETER CERC at 33 KV CWET at 33 KV

Vmax 36 KV 36 KV NDZ for CWET Tolerance at 33 KV Grid
30

Vmin 30 KV 30 KV At Qf = 1.63
At Qf = 2.5
20

fmax 50.2 Hz 51.5 Hz OF

% Change in Reactive powr

10

fmin 49.5 Hz 47.5 Hz 0 OV UV

% change in P -15.9 % to 21% -15.9 % to 21% -10

% change in Q
-3.3% to 1.29 % -17.6% to 9.35% -20
for Qf = 1.63
UF
% change in Q -30
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
-5.07% to 1.98% -27% to 14.34% % Change in Acitve power

for Qf = 2.5

Anti-Islanding Protection
Phase Jump Detection (PJD)
Well known method of Anti-Islanding

► PJD is a passive protection method in which phase angle is computed by

using an algorithm, when phase angle is beyond the threshold limit then
Islanding is said to be happen
► This method do not disturb the power quality as like in active methods
► Easy implementation
10

Observes the phase difference between the inverter voltage

and current when there is an abrupt jump in the PCC voltage.

Anti-Islanding Protection
PJD Application
Stiff Grid condition Islanding detection at stiff grid
2
Stiff grid
► MATLAB simulation model is developed to 1.5

analyse PJD method applied for stiff grid 1

Phase jump in radians

situation 0.5

0
► Islanding detection time for stiff grid is
23.5 msec -0.5

-1
11
-1.5

-2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Time in sec

Islanding detection at stiff grid

Stiff Grid
1
X: 0.07355
Y: 1

0.8

DG CB status
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time in sec

Anti-Islanding Protection
PJD Application
Weak Grid condition – Voltage fluctuations

► Same PJD method is applied to various weak grid situations

► Detection time with high voltage fluctuations is 16 msec - Very QUICK

Islanding detection during high grid voltage

1
X: 0.06605 X: 0.07355 Stiff grid
0.9 Y: 1 Y: 1 Vhigh50 12

Vhigh20
0.8
Vhigh10
0.7
DG CB status

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0.06 0.065 0.07 0.075 0.08
Time in sec

Anti-Islanding Protection
PJD Application
Weak Grid condition – Frequency fluctuations

► Detection time same as stiff-grid, effect is negligible – Because of

frequency variation doesn’t contribute to phase angale detection

Islanding detection during high grid frequency

1
X: 0.07355
Stiff Grid
0.9 Y: 1 fhigh10
13
fhigh20
0.8
fhigh50
0.7

0.6
DG CB status

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.07 0.071 0.072 0.073 0.074 0.075 0.076 0.077

Time in sec

Anti-Islanding Protection
PJD Application
Weak Grid condition – Higher THD presence

► Same Islanding detection as compared to stiff grid due to grid already

has harmonics / disturbance
► Detection time with high harmonics in the system is just 14 msec –
Faster detection

Islanding detection during 5th harmonics in grid Islanding detection during 11th harmonics in grid
14
1 1
X: 0.06425 ideal
X: 0.07355 X: 0.0622 X: 0.07355 Stiff Grid
0.9 Y: 1 Y: 1 THD 10% 0.9 Y: 1 Y: 1 THD 10%
THD 20% THD 20%
0.8
THD 50% 0.8
THD 50%
0.7
0.7
0.6
DG CB status

DG CB status
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3

0.2 0.3

0.1 0.2

0 0.1
0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068 0.07 0.072 0.074 0.076 0
Time in sec 0.06 0.065 0.07 0.075 0.08 0.085
Time in sec

Anti-Islanding Protection
Conclusions

► Introduction to DG Islanding phenomenon

► Need for Islanding protection – stringent Grid codes 15

► Passive methods are simple, cost effective but higher values of NDZ

► PJD gives early detection of Islanding when grid is weak

Anti-Islanding Protection
 Thank you
16

Q&A
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Anti-Islanding Protection