Module I: Problem classification on air standard cycle

For m

V- known: V- unknown:
 Evaluate m m=1

r- known r- unknown

If engine Properties
Dimensions known, find r
Known, find r

Type-I:
 known/assumed m & known r
Type-II:
 calculated, m & known r
Type-III:
 m with calculated r

Points to remember:
1. For Otto cycle:
 Find efficiency as it is function on of r only
 Using heat added and efficiency find net work
 Corner points
2. Diesel cycle:
 Complete the corner points if rc is not given
𝑟𝑐 −1
 %𝑐𝑢𝑡 − 𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑟−1
 Find 
 Find QH and  find wnet

Problem:

1) An engine works on Diesel cycle. The overall compression ratio is 18. The constant pressure
energy ceases at 10% of stroke. Intake condition is at NTP. Determine air standard efficiency of the
engine.

Course Instructor: Dr. V. Mariappan BME-Thermal –property of AITD, Assagao-Goa

(Restricted circulation only)

1
Solution:
𝑟𝑐 −1 𝑟𝑐 −1
%𝑐𝑢𝑡 − 𝑜𝑓𝑓 =
𝑟−1
 0.1 =
18−1
= 2.7

1 𝑟 𝛾 −1
𝑐 1 2.71.4 −1
𝜂𝑎/𝑠 = 1 − [𝛾(𝑟 ] = 1 − 181.4−1 [1.4(2.7−1)] = 0.6
𝑟 𝛾−1 −1)
𝑐

Module II: Problem classification on engines

1. Energy balance:

 IP=FP + BP
𝐼𝑃
 Stage I -: 𝜂𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑚̇ ∗𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝑓
𝐵𝑃
 Stage II -: 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ =
𝐼𝑃
𝐵𝑃
 Stage III -: 𝜂𝑏𝑟.𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑑 =
𝑚̇𝑓 ∗𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑙
 a/s=mechind
2. Fuel measurement:
𝑓 𝑚̇ 𝑇𝐹𝐶
 𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
1
 𝑆𝐹𝐶∗𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑙
=𝜂
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑓
 𝑇𝐹𝐶 = 𝜌𝑓 ∗
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
3. Power measurement:
3a) IP = PIM*L*A*n*k
Where n is no. of power cycles/time = N/2 for 4S and N for 2S
3b) BP = 2**N*T
Where T is torque
4. Air fuel ratio:
𝐴 𝑚̇𝑎
𝐹
= 𝑚̇
𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑇𝐹𝐶
5. Piston speed to crank speed:
𝑆
𝑁 = 2𝐿𝑝
Where N is speed of crank; Sp is piston speed

Problems:

1) A 4S single cylinder IC engine of 250mm cylinder diameter (Bore) 400mm stroke runs at a piston
speed of 8m/s. If the engine develops 50kW indicated power find the mean effective pressure and
crank speed. Nov-2009: [7]

Course Instructor: Dr. V. Mariappan BME-Thermal –property of AITD, Assagao-Goa

(Restricted circulation only)

2
Solution:
𝑆 8
𝑁 = 2𝐿𝑝 = 2∗0.4 = 10 𝑟𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑟 10 ∗ 60 = 600𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋 10
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑃𝐼𝑀 𝐿𝐴𝑛𝑘 = 𝑃𝐼𝑀 ∗ (0.4) ∗ ∗ 0.252 ∗ ∗ 1 = 50 ⟹ 𝑃𝐼𝑀 = 509𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 5.09 𝑏𝑎𝑟
4 2
2) A 4 cylinder 4S engine running at 1000 rpm develops an indicated power of 15kW. The mean
effective pressure is 5bar. Find the bore and stroke when the bore to stroke ratio is 0.8
May/June-2010: [5]

Solution:
𝜋 1000
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑃𝐼𝑀 𝐿𝐴𝑛𝑘 = 500 ∗ (𝐿) ∗ ∗ 𝐷 2 ∗ ∗ 4 = 15
4 60∗2
𝜋 1000
𝑃𝐼𝑀 𝐿𝐴𝑛𝑘 = 500 ∗ (𝐿) ∗ 4 ∗ (0.4𝐿)2 ∗ 60∗2
∗4⟹𝐿 = 0.193𝑚
𝐷 = 0.8 ∗ 0.193 = 0.154𝑚

3) A 4 cylinder, 4S CI engine has a swept volume of 300cc per cylinder. The compression ratio of the
engine is 15 and runs at 2000rpm. At this speed it develops 40kW of indicated output. Assuming the
engine operates on diesel cycle and having air standard efficiency as indicated thermal efficiency
with a cut-off ratio of 1.2, calculate the following:
i) TFC if the calorific value of the fuel is 42000kJ/kg
ii) Net work done per cycle per cylinder
iii) Mass rate of air if the air fuel ratio is 20
iv) SFC Nov/Dec-2013:[10]

Solution:
𝑐 1 𝑟 𝛾 −1 1 1.21.4 −1
𝜂𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑎/𝑠 = 1 − 𝑟𝛾−1 [𝛾(𝑟 −1)
] = 1 − 151.4−1 [1.4(1.2−1)] = 0.65
𝑐

𝐼𝑃 40 𝑘𝑔
𝜂𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑚̇𝑓 ∗𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑙
= 0.65 = 𝑚̇ ∗42000
⟹ 𝑚̇𝑓 = 𝑇𝐹𝐶 = 1.5(10)−3 𝑠
= 5.3𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝑓

40
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑛 = 𝐼𝑃 ⟹ 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2000 = 2.4𝑘𝐽
60∗2

𝐴 𝑚̇𝑎 𝑚̇𝑎 𝑎 𝑚̇
𝐹
= 𝑚̇ = 𝑚̇ ⟹ 20 = 1.5(10) −3 ⟹ 𝑚̇𝑎 = 0.03𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑇𝐹𝐶 𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑇𝐹𝐶

As BP is not given assuming that ISFC,

𝑚̇𝑓 1.5(10)−3 6.25(10)−4 𝑘𝑔
𝐼𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 𝐼𝑃
= 2.4
= 𝑘𝑊𝑠
𝑜𝑟2.25𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑊ℎ

Course Instructor: Dr. V. Mariappan BME-Thermal –property of AITD, Assagao-Goa

(Restricted circulation only)