HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSIENT

ANALYSIS
(ASSIGNMENT)
a)
Resistance of unit length r
ρ×103
r=
A

2.59 x10−8 ×103

= 2 Ω /km
18.3×10−3
π×( )
2

r = 0.0984 Ω /km

Inductance of unit length l

l = 1.048 mH/km

Capacitance of unit length c

c = 0.0111 μF/km

Surge impedance of the line Z0

(r + jωl)
Z0 = √
(g + jωc)

0.0984 + j × 2π × 50 × 1.048 × 10−3

Z0 = √
j × 2π × 50 × 0.0111 × 10−6

Z0 = 310.60 − j 45.42 = 313.9 Ω

Propagation constant γ
γ = √(r + jωl)(g + jωc)

γ = √(0.0984 + j × 2π × 50 × 1.048 × 10−3 )(j2π × 50 × 0.0111 × 10−6 )

γ = 0.1584 × 10−3 + j1.083 × 10−3

Attenuation constant α
α = 0.158 × 10−3

Velocity of propagation a
𝜔
𝑎=
𝛽
100𝜋
𝑎=
1.083 × 10−6

a = 2.9 × 108 ms−1

b)
ρ×1000
XLPE conductor resistance per km (r)=
A

1.710−8 ×1000
= 2 Ω /km
π×(0.0319
2
)

r = 0.02127 = 0.0213 Ω /km

µ0 µ𝑟 𝑑
XLPE conductor inductance per km = ( + ln ( )) × 103
2𝜋 4 𝑟

(By neglecting the internal flux component)

μ0 𝑑
= ln ( ) × 103
2𝜋 𝑟
4𝜋 × 10−7 93.4
= ln ( ) × 103
2𝜋 31.9/2
= 0.3534 mH/km

2𝜋∈0 ∈𝑟
XLPE conductor capacitance per km = 𝑑 × 103
ln( )
𝑟

2𝜋 × 8.85 × 10−12 × 2.4 × 1000

=
93.4
ln ( )
31.9/2
= 0.0755 μF/km

𝜌 𝑅
Resistance of XLPE = ln( )
2𝛱𝑙 𝑟

= 1.71× 1012 Ω

Therefore conductance = 1/R

= 5.484× 10−10 S
The conductance is in range of 10−10 and hence neglected

Propagation constant of the line (𝛾) = √𝑧. 𝑦

= √(𝑟 + 𝑗𝜔𝑙). (𝑔 + 𝑗𝜔𝑐)

𝛾 = √(0.0213 + 𝑗100𝜋 × 0.3534 × 10−3 ). (𝑗100𝜋 × 0.0755 × 10−6 )

γ = 0.155 × 10−3 + j1.63 × 10−3 = α + jβ

 Therefore,
Attenuation constant (𝛼) = 0.155 × 10−3 𝑛𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟/𝑘𝑚
Phase angle constant (𝛽) = 1.63 × 10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑘𝑚

𝑧
Surge impedance (𝑍0 ) = √
𝑦

(0.0213+𝑗100𝜋×0.3534×10−3 )
=√ (𝑗100𝜋×0.0755×10−6 )

= 68.72 − 𝑗6.53 Ω = 69 Ω
ω 100π m⁄
Velocity of propagation (a) = = s
β 1.63 ×10−6

= 1.927 × 108 ms−1

c)

ZAB
A B
TAB, kAB

150×103
AB = 2.9×108
= 517 μ𝑠 ≈ 173μ𝑠 × 3

100×103
BC = 1.927×108 = 519 μ𝑠 ≈ 173 μ𝑠 × 3

200×103
BD = 2.9×108
= 689 μ𝑠 ≈ 173μ𝑠 × 4

If we get highest common factor of the above time values as 173µs,

Impedances of each section calculated as follows,

ZAB =313.9 Ω
ZBC =69.0 Ω
ZBD =313.9 Ω

Calculate attenuation factors at each line

kAB = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑙 = 𝑒 −0.000158×150 = 0.976 = 0.98
kBC = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑙 = 𝑒 −0.000155×100 = 0.984 = 0.98
kBD = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑙 = 𝑒 −0.000158×200 = 0.968 = 0.97

Calculate transmission and reflection coefficients at the each junction

At Junction A

ZAB − 𝑍𝑠 313.9 − 100

βA = = = 0.516 = 0.52
ZAB + 𝑍𝑠 313.9 + 100

βA ′ = −0.52

𝛼𝐴 = 1 + 𝛽𝐴 = 1.52

𝛼𝐴 ′ = 0.48

At Junction B

(𝑍𝐵𝐶 // 𝑍𝐵𝐷 ) − 𝑍𝐴𝐵 56.5 − 313.9

𝛽𝐵 = = = −0.694 = −0.7
(𝑍𝐵𝐶 // 𝑍𝐵𝐷 ) + 𝑍𝐴𝐵 56.5 + 313.9

αB = 1 + βB = 0.3

For the waves coming C→ B on BC cable

(ZAB // ZBD ) − ZBC 156.95 − 69

βB,CB = = = 0.389 = 0.4
(ZAB // ZBD ) + ZBC 156.95 + 69

αB,CB = 1 + βB,CB = 1.40

For the waves coming D→ B on BD cable

(ZAB // ZBC ) − ZBD 56.5 − 313.9

βB,DB = = = −0.694 = −0.7
(ZAB // ZBC ) + ZBD 56.5 + 313.9

αB,DB = 1 + βB,DB = 0.3

At Junction C

450 − 69
βC = = 0.73
450 + 69

β′C = −0.73

αC = 1 + βC = 1.73

αC ′ = 0.27

At Junction D

βD = 1

αD = 1 + βD = 2

Calculate magnitude of the initial incident waveform at substation A,

100
Vt = (100 − × 100) kV = 75.84 kV
(100 + 313.9)
1
A B C D
t=0ms
1.517
0.173

0.346
1.4867
0.446
0.519
-1.041
0.446
0.692

0.865
-1.02
0.437
1.038
0.528 0.319
0.756 0.433
-0.493 1.211
0.433

1.384
0.3126
0.518
1.557
0.075 0.593
0.125
1.73

0.42
1.903
0.0735 0.126
-0.294
0.1225
2.076
0.126 0.089 0.212
-0.038
0.035
Over voltages at the 4 substations 2.0ms after the line is energized at substation A

VA = 1.517 − 0.493 + 0.035 = 1.059 Pu

VA = 80.31 kV
VB = 0.446 + 0.075 + 0.155 + 0.126 = 0.802 Pu
VB = 60.82 kV
VC = 0.756 Pu
VC = 57.34kV
VD = 0.866 Pu
VD = 65.68 kA

Voltage waveform at substation A - VA

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Voltage waveform at substation B - VB

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
 Voltage waveform at substation C - VC
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Voltage waveform at substation D - VD

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Voltage waveform graphs using PSCAD simulation

Voltage waveform at substation A (Va)

Voltage waveform at substation B (Vb)

Voltage waveform at substation C (Vc)

Voltage waveform at substation D (Vd)

Discussion

Comparison of simulated results and results from the Bewley Lattice Diagram at 2ms.

PSCAD Simulation Bewley Lattice Diagram

Substation
(kV) (kV)
A 55 80.31
B 62 60.82
C 0 57.34
D 85 65.68

According to the comparison table given above we can see considerable difference between the
values obtained from PSCAD simulation results and Bewley Lattice diagrams. There are many
reasons for this difference. In PSCAD we use single phase system instead of three phase system
there we use single core XLPE cable and also single phase transmission line. We cannot neglect
calculation errors because we use in some cases use approximations and we rounded the
calculated values to nearest value. PSCAD simulation results may affected by the line impedance
parameters. Voltages shown in the cable graph obtained from the simulation shows 0 voltage. But
in Bewley Lattice diagrams (theoretical calculations) we get voltage inside the cable. This occur
due to higher capacitance inside the cable. Since we use higher timer steps compared with
PSCAD simulation we observed vertical step graphs and in PSCAD we observed graphs with
small gradients.