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Direction of propagation
f1
f2
f1+f2
Group velocity
What is the propagation velocity of a wavepacket?
( ) 0 ( 0 )1
Then we can express a wavepacket as:
With dispersion
Without dispersion
Examples
Optical fibers
Microwave
rectangular waveguides
Quantify dispersion
Ae j ( z t ) Z0,
1 ω=2πf
( ) 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 2 2 ... ω0=2πf0 (f0 : signal central frequency)
2
d 1
1 vg : Group velocity
d vg
d 2 2 d (1 / vg ) 2
2 D Group delay dispersion [s2/rad.m]
d 2
2c d 2c
or 22=0.128ps/GHz.km)
18cm microstripline
Microstripline on Alumina substrate,
(22=0.7ps/GHz.cm)
Pulse propagation
1
0.9
1st order
( ) 0 ( 0 )1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
1
1
0. 9
0.9
0. 8
2nd order
0.8
1 0. 7
( ) 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 2 2
0.7
0. 6
0.6
0.
0.55
2 0.
0.44
0.
0.33
0.22
0.
0.11
0.
0
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
0 200 400 600 800
0.9
1 1 0.8
3rd order
( ) 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 2 2 ( 0 )3
0.7
0.6
2 6 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Material vs waveguide dispersion
k 1
Waveguide modes
Using Maxwell equations H jeE , E jmH
j (t z ) j (t z )
And assuming E e( x, y)e , H h( x, y)e
hz ez
jhy jeex je y jmhx
y y
h e
We obtain: j hx z jee y
x
jex z jmhy
x
hy hx e y ex
jeez jmhz
x y x y
2
k 1 c
A(0,t) 2 A(z,t)
j ( 0 ) 2 z
H ( ) e 2
Impact of dispersion on pulse width (2)
We can compute the pulse width in the Fourier domain:
ˆ * ( z, ) 2
A Aˆ ( z, )d
T ( z)
2 2
j
2
( 0 ) 2 z
Aˆ ( z, ) Aˆ (0, )e 2 ( > 0)
ˆ ( z, ) |2 d
|
A
Resulting in:
B 2 ( 0 ) 2 | Aˆ (0, ) |2 d
T 2 ( z ) T 2 (0) ( 2 Bz ) 2
The problem is particularly important in optical fiber links, characterized by extremely high bit-rates
and long distances. For example:
• For a 10Gb/s link over standard single/mode fiber (D=16ps/nm.km), DT=10%T over 100km
• For a 20Gb/s link over standard single/mode fiber (D=16ps/nm.km), DT=180%T over 100km
By comparison microwave circuits are much more dispersive. If we send a 10Gb/s signal over
microstripline we obtain DT=10%T over 20cm.
Dispersion has been mainly studied at optical frequencies, because of the long propagation distances.
However it is becoming more important at wireless frequencies due to the increase in data rates.
Overcoming dispersion
Canceling dispersion
Pulse shaping
Solitons
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 10Gb/s
Single sideband modulation
The spectrum of an amplitude modulated signal has two
sidebands next to the carrier component.
s(t ) A(t ) cos(0t )
One sideband contains all the signal information. If we suppress
the upper sideband, we can transmit the same information in
half the bandwidth and lower the dispersion.
Single sideband modulation (2)
Single sideband modulation can be obtained in different ways
|S()|
Low pass/high pass filtering
Hartley modulator
A cos(mt ) A cos(mt ) cos(0t )
m(t)
cos(0t) +
S
90⁰ 90⁰ A cos(mt 0t )
-
A sin(mt ) sin(0t )
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing consists in splitting a
wideband signal into multiple independent narrowband frequency
channels.
P
n n0 n2
Aeff : Fiber effective area
Aeff n2 : Refractive index nonlinearity coefficient
The Kerr effect generates self-phase modulation in optical fibers that can be
used to cancel the phase distortion due to dispersion.
2 n2
d NL P(t )dz
Aeff
Solitons (2)
In the presence of dispersion and nonlinearities, the envelope of a pulse
A(z,t) evolves according to the Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation:
A 1 A 2
i 2 2 | A |2 A 0
z 2 t
Dispersion Kerr effect
signal ω0 ω0 conjugated
signal
Laser Photodiode
LO
Coherent detection detects both the phase and amplitude information of the
optical signal, while a photodiode alone would detect only power.
Predistortion
Data Predistortion
I Q
I/Q
modulator Optical
Link
Laser Photodiode
At microwave frequencies:
nonuniform microstripline with
varying width.
=1.55mm
The coefficient K(x) controls the amount of coupling between the modes.
Periodic Grating
For a periodic perturbation, the forward and backward waves achieve
maximum coupling when the period of the perturbation is /2
c d=/2
fc
2d e r
Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2
2
To avoid harmonics, the best impedance distribution is Z ( x) Z 0 exp sin x
d
4 20 d=/2
Group delay (ns)
3 10
Phase (Deg)
2 0
1 -10
0 -20
19 19.5 20 20.5 21
GHz
Chirped delay lines
2π L2 a0 : Modulation spatial period
W(x)sin +Cx xC
a 4
C : Chirping factor
Z(x) = 50e 0
L : Total length (-L/2<x<L/2)
4(x L / 4)/ L)2
W(x) = Ae
Impedance
Group delay
εr 1 4π εr 2π
τ(f) = f
c C c a0