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World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018
THE PHENOMENON OF MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
THE PHENOMENON OF MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Alina Ligia Dumitrescu *

Institute of World Economy - Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Summary
The article addresses the phenomenon of migration in the European Union (EU) based on the analysis
quantitative data on migration in the EU, but also the qualitative analysis of migration theories
of existing EU regulations in this area. There are presented relevant theories on migration,
as well as the evolution of the EU legislative framework addressing the issues addressed. An important role in
our research is on examining the demographic impact of migratory waves on the EU and a
measures to stimulate the integration of migrants. The author proposes a balanced approach of
the advantages and disadvantages of migration in the community space, leaving the reader the freedom to
formulate their own conclusions based on this analysis.
Keywords: European Union (EU), migration, impact, regulations

JEL Classification : J1, J11, J18, J15
Abstract
This article analyzes the phenomenon of migration in the European Union (EU), using a
quantitative analysis based on EU data, but also a qualitative analysis of the theories on migration
and the EU regulations in this field. Some relevant theories on migration, as well as the evolution of
the EU legal framework is presented. An important section of our research is assigned to the
description of the demographic impact of migratory flows and measures to stimulate
integration of migrants. The author proposes a balanced approach to the benefits and
the disadvantages of migration in the Community space, leaving the reader the freedom to formulate his
own conclusions based on the analysis performed.
Key words: European Union (EU), migration, impact, regulations

JEL Classification : J1, J11, J18, J15
https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_f 1/15
*Contact person: Dr. Alina Ligia Dumitrescu , e-mail: alinaligia1@yahoo.com
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1. Introduction
The phenomenon of migration involves moving people (individuals, families or groups)

from one place to another with the intention of settling permanently or temporarily in a new location.
Migration can be voluntary (seeking a job) or forced (war, calamities
natural). Depending on the migrant's place of origin, migration at the level of the European Union
(EU) is of two types: intra-Community migration (from one Member State to another) and migration
outside the EU area.
Free movement of workers can be viewed in sociological terms as a migration
with a strong negative impact on the demographic balance of the countries
the origin of migrants, especially because young, active, able-bodied workers are
determined and prepared to emigrate in search of a job and a better life.
One of the most significant negative effects of emigration is the so-called
phenomenon of "brain drain", which is the loss of educated and high-quality workforce
qualified.
In 2015, Romania, Poland, and the UK were the countries with the largest flows
migrants, followed by Germany, Italy and Spain. Most new Member States still have rates
of emigration higher than the EU average, with the highest levels being found in Lithuania,
Latvia, Poland and Romania (two to three times higher than the EU average). Of
Also, in the last two years migration has continued to grow in Estonia, Croatia, Hungary and Hungary
Slovenia.
On the other hand, there is also a positive economic impact of intra - Community migration, in
the conditions in which the home country earns in the short and medium term the remittances of those
who work in other Member States. According to World Bank estimates, after three years of
consecutive decline, remittances sent to Europe and Central Asia rose in 2017 with
20.9%. The most important money transfers from this region took place in Russia (8
billion dollars in 2017, compared with 6.7 billion in 2016), Ukraine (7.9 billion in 2017 compared to
6.1 billion in 2016), Poland (6.8 billion in 2017 compared to 6.1 billion in 2016) and Romania
(4.9 billion compared with 3.5 billion in 2016) (The World Bank, 2018).
As far as the countries of destination are concerned, migration (intra-Community and extra-community)
has a positive impact by gaining educated workforce by lowering costs
labor force and immigrants' contribution to economic growth but can also produce
negative effects by increasing labor market conflicts by increasing social costs
related to the integration of migrants and, last but not least, the danger of escalating conflicts
cultural or ethnic nature. As to the impact on wages, it can be limited by
preventing wage cuts below the legal level, avoiding the so-called phenomenon
"Social dumping". The negative impact on public finances in the destination countries as
as a result of the costs associated with migrant social assistance programs is offset
by integrating them into the labor market and by increasing the number of taxpayers, and on
medium and long term migration can have a positive impact on reducing the burden of pressure
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social security budgets in many Member States, as a result of the phenomenon highlighted by
aging population.
According to the European Commission's report on intra-Community migration of 2017,
Germany and the UK were the main countries of destination for migrants
in the context of the fact that in the year 2016 about 50% of the citizens
of EU-28 migrants headed to these two countries (Fries-Tersch, Tugran, Rossi &
Bradley, 2018) This phenomenon is due to the fact that, starting with 2015, flows
migrants in both countries have gradually increased and net mobility in Germany and the UK
was about four times higher than in any other Member State in 2015. Great Britain
Britain hosts the largest number of employees from other Member States in the past
ten years (1.8 million people), and Germany is considered a traditional country
destination, given that there have been massive inflows in the last two years of 1.4 million
of non-EU migrants. In addition, the annual entries of EU citizens in Germany have
increased by over 250% between 2009 and 2015, while in the UK they increased by 60%
(similar to EU growth).
It should not be neglected that the issue of free movement of labor
continues to be a hot topic on the community agenda, as it constituted
the subject of heated debates about Brexit. Future regulatory developments in
will depend mainly on the ability of Member States to find favorable solutions
to all parties involved, while still respecting the principles of free movement of force
the work.
Spain and Italy continue to be major destination countries, both for migration,
both Germany and the UK, but have not regained their attractiveness
held before the 2008 crisis. In the last three years, migrant inflows in both countries have
were lower than in 2009, particularly in Italy, where only half of them were registered
the entry level in 2009. Another country of major destination is France, with the fifth one
higher numbers of migrants in the EU-28 and a significant number of entries in 2015. After a
steady growth that debuted in 2009, migrant entrances to Austria were higher than
those in Italy in 2015, which made Austria the third country of destination in the EU
in 2015. The Netherlands and Sweden are other major destination countries, which have registered
such increases in migrant labor inputs in recent years.
2. Migration theories
According to Hein de Haas (2014), migration theories are based on four

Analytical dimensions:
• size - specific dimensions used: macro, mezzo and micro in
which determines the use of different conceptual analysis tools;
• the geographical dimension and the regional dimension have an influence
important on applied theories. Thus, the neoclassical theory, which is grounded
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on the assumption that migration is primarily stimulated by economic considerations

rational benefits and costs can be applied to migration in countries
rich in which most people face relatively few constraints of
mobility;
• the chronological dimension , according to which migration may vary
for certain periods of time favorable to travel;
• the social dimension, which implies that migration is one
socially differentiated process, with migration varying degrees
applicable, depending on their occupations, abilities, income or ethnic groups
migrants. The social class to which the migrant belongs has a greater significance than
anytime, as immigration policies are increasingly favoring
those with a certain social and professional status. Hein de Haas (2014) points out that
"The poor migrate just as much as the rich," but they do so in shorter distances
often unfavorable conditions, with the danger of their "illegal" status facilitating
their exploitation.
Boswell (2008) considers that migration analysis is difficult to delineate clearly
the boundaries of economic discipline and those of the social structure 1 , based on a concept
uniformity of rationality, which implies that individuals want to maximize their usefulness through
rational means. In other words, individuals will act to maximize their usefulness, having
in terms of opportunities, but also taking into account constraints
external.
Stark (1991) asserts that the family decisively influences the individual's decision regarding
assuming the risk of seeking a new job in different labor markets. As such, in the opinion
the author is based on a group of people, not on the basis of making decisions about maximizing utility
one individual. His hypothesis is that individuals have a fundamental interest in family well-being
(of the group) that is incompatible with an ontology 2 selfish decision of the individual.
In Stark's opinion, the decision on migration involves a replacement of the decision-maker
individually with a well-defined unit (family or household), similar to the one in which
microeconomics considers the firm as a profit maximization unit.
Kurekova (2011) stresses that, with the accession of the new EU members to the EU,
Eastern Europe, it was possible to test the neoclassical theory according to which migration is determined in
main differences in labor market opportunities. Kurekova (2011)
points out that in the Community, migration results from real wage differences between countries
which have heterogeneous degrees of labor market development. According to this theory, migration is
due to the geographical differences in supply and demand on the labor market, as well as by
1 According to sociological theory, the social structure is a concept that expresses the way in which the composition and
the social group
functioning of system, their interaction, their place and their role in social dynamics at a certain stage of
society.
2 Ontology is a branch of philosophy which has as its object the existence, as such, of the common features and principles
of any existence.
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the differences resulting from wages between labor - rich countries and rich countries
capital.
Vanselow, Liebig & Koplanis (2016) draw attention that most empirical studies
on the role of migration on the labor market refers to the aggregate or specific impact
at the local level, to the detriment of the analysis of concrete case studies. Most research of
mentioned authors show that there is no major negative effect of immigration on wages
local and even on the job, while a small part of the analyzes show that they exist
only a minimal effect on the labor market in the country of destination. In the authors' opinion, the fact that
the impact remains at a minimum due to several factors, namely:
➢ the skills of migrants often complement those of natives;
➢ the native population occupies the highest occupational levels
compared to migrants;
➢ the flexibility of the native workforce is superior to migrants;
➢ the impact of migration can be diminished through the adjustment processes of
for example through changes in industrial structure and production technologies, as well
through capital flows.
3. The evolution of regulations on the free movement of persons in the EU
The free movement of people, which can also be seen as a phenomenon of migration
free in the EU, is one of the main pillars of the single market and has evolved
gradually starting with the establishment of the European Community in 1957 until now.
Since 1957, one of the two Founding Treaties of the Economic Community
(The Treaty of Rome) contained principles that laid down the free movement of workers
by removing obstacles to labor mobility between Member States. However,
this treaty did not refer to the ways in which these principles were translated into practice,
at that stage, progress in the area of free movement of labor based on
the political decisions of each Member State. Articles 48 to 51 of the Community Treaty
European Economic and Social Committee refers to the abolition of discrimination due to nationality at
increasing labor mobility, cooperation between the European institutions and the authorities
national laws with a view to harmonizing laws and removing restrictions and protecting them
emigrant workers. Articles 52-58 referred to the right of establishment, which
implied the removal of some restrictions through specific programs and complex activity
The Council and the European Commission.
In 1985, the European Council relaunched the process of European integration through
through the Single European Act . In this document, the internal market is presented as one
a space without internal borders, in which the free movement of persons is ensured.
Since November 1993, after the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty , the citizens
Of the European Union were able to move freely on the basis of Article 14 of the Treaty,
Article 18 on European citizenship . The Treaty of Maastricht included a series of
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aspects of asylum policy, crossing the external borders of the European Union, politics
of immigration, known generically as the 3rd pillar of the European Union.
European citizenship defined by the Maastricht Treaty includes a series of rights and
obligations, as well as ways of participating in the political life of the Union. Through this treaty
aimed at creating a European identity and actively involving every citizen in the countries
Member States in the process of European integration.
In October 1997, the Treaty of Amsterdam was signed , providing for a period of
five years before the Community provisions are fully implemented. In that
a period of transition was aimed at creating an "area of freedom, security and justice", without
controls at internal borders for all EU citizens regardless of their nationality. In parallel,
the common standards required controls at the external borders of the European Union for
visas, asylum and immigration policies.
In February 2001, the Treaty of Nice was signed , on the basis of which the EU Council
adopted a series of measures related to the free movement of persons, with the imposition being essential
a transitional period during which the movement of citizens in the future Member States
were carried out on a limited basis (only on the basis of work permits) for up to 7 years. Tied up
in this respect, it should be stressed that the common position on the acquis regarding
Chapter 2 of the negotiations on the free movement of persons was addressed in a way
substantially in the final stage of the pre-accession process, taking into account
the political and practical complexity of social issues.
Directive 2004/38 / EC introduced EU citizenship as a basic status for nationals
Member States when exercising their right to move and reside freely
territory of the EU. In the first three months, every EU citizen has the right to live in the territory
to another EU country without any other conditions or formalities, with only the requirement to hold a card
identity or a valid passport. For periods longer than three months, the host Member State
may require a citizen to register his / her presence within a reasonable time
discrimination. Secondary legislation also provides for more detailed rules
regulation of free movement than Directive 2004/38 / EC on Citizens' Rights
The Union and their family members to move and reside freely
territory of the Member States.
Regulation (EU) No. 492/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5
April 2011 on the free movement of workers within the Union, Article 5 states that
"Free movement is a fundamental right of workers and their families.
Labor mobility within the Union must be one of the means through
which guarantees workers the opportunity to improve their living and working conditions
work and advance socially, while contributing to meeting the needs of the economies
Member States. It is necessary to affirm the right of all workers in the Member States to
within the Union, carry out an activity of their choice. "
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4. The demographic impact of migration
4.1 Migration waves in the EU
According to Eurostat data (2018a), in 2015, the year of the boom in EU migration, especially
extra-community, 4.7 million people immigrated to one of the states
EU members -28. Of the 4.7 million immigrants registered in 2015,
estimates that about 2.4 million were third-country nationals, 1.4 million were
citizens of an EU Member State other than the destination country, about 860,000 were citizens of
the EU Member State of destination (for example, "returning home" nationals;
nationals born abroad) and about 19,000 were stateless.
.
Table 1: Immigration at EU level by country of previous residence in 2015
State number immigration immigration Migrants with country of
member total of intra been non unknown residence
immigrants (thousands) (%) (thousands) (%) (thousands) (%)
(thousands)
Belgium 146.6 76.2 52.0 70.0 47.7 0.5 0.3
Bulgaria 25.2 7.1 28.1 18.1 71.7 0.1 0.3
R.Cehă 29.6 15.4 52.1 14.2 47.9 0.0 0.0
Denmark 78.5 33.0 42.1 44.9 57.2 0.5 0.7
Germany 1543.8 513.2 33.2 1015.6 65.8 15.0 1.0
Estonia 154 102 66.3 4.5 29.1 0.7 4.6
Ireland 76.9 38.7 50.3 38.2 49.7 0.0 0.0
Greece 64.4 43.0 66.7 21.5 33.3 0.0 0.0
Spain 342.1 119.4 34.9 222.7 65.1 0.0 0.0
France 363.9 133.4 36.6 230.5 63.4 0.0 0.0
Croatia 11.7 4.4 37.4 7.2 61.9 0.1 0.6
Italy 280.1 73.8 26.3 206.3 73.7 0.0 0.0
Cyprus 15.2 8.3 54.7 6.9 45.3 0.0 0.0
Latvia 9.5 4.9 51.4 4.6 48.6 0.0 0.0
Lithuania 22.1 15.4 69.4 6.7 30.4 0.0 0.2
Luxembourg 23.8 21.7 91.2 2.1 8.8 0.0 0.0
Hungary 58.3 30.5 52.3 27.7 47.5 0.1 0.2
Malta 12.8 6.3 49.5 6.5 50.5 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 166.9 78.0 46.7 87.6 52.5 1.3 0.8
Austria 166.3 71.1 42.7 90.1 54.2 5.1 3.1
Poland 218.1 102.9 47.2 115.2 52.8 0.0 0.0
Portugal 29.9 16.5 55.3 13.3 44.6 0.0 0.1
Romania 132.8 93.7 70.6 28.6 21.6 10.4 7.9
Slovenia 15.4 4.4 28.4 11.0 71.6 0.0 0.0
Slovakia 7.0 5.6 79.9 1.4 20.1 0.0 0.0
Finland 28.7 13.1 45.6 15.1 52.6 0.5 1.9
Sweden 134.2 38.1 28.4 92.7 69.0 3.5 2.6
M.Britanie 613.5 295.3 46.8 336.2 53.2 0.0 0.0
Source: Eurostat (2018a).
Germany reported the highest total number of immigrants (1,543,800) in 2015, being
followed by the United Kingdom (613,500), France (363,900), Spain (342,100) and Italy (280,100)
(Table 1). In parallel, Germany reported the largest number of emigrants in 2015
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(347,200), followed by Spain (343,900), Great Britain (299,200), France (298,000) and
Poland (258,800). In 2015, 17 of the EU Member States reported a greater share of
immigration rather than emigration, but in Bulgaria, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Cyprus, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Latvia and Lithuania, the number of migrants exceeded the number of immigrants.
Concerning gender distribution of immigrants from EU Member States in
2015, there was a slight prevalence of males versus women (56% versus 44%). State
the largest male member of the immigrant population was Germany
(63%); Instead, the largest proportion of female immigrants was recorded in
Cyprus (57%). In 2015, immigrants from the EU Member States were, on average, much younger
than the total population already resident in their country of destination, under the conditions of average age
of immigrants in the EU-28 in 2015 was 27.5 years.
Subsequently, in 2016, the number of immigrants fell to 4.3 million people.
Of these, 2.0 million people were citizens of third countries, 1.3 million citizens of a third country
Member State other than the one to which they emigrated, around 929,000 people were nationals
or nationals born abroad and about 16,000 were stateless. Germany reported the most
large number of immigrants (1,029,900) in 2016, followed by the UK (589,000),
Spain (414,700), France (378,100) and Italy (300,000).
On 1 January 2017, the number of people residing in an EU Member State
with a third-country nationality amounted to 21.6 million, representing 4.2% of the population
EU-28. In addition, on the same date, in one of the EU Member States 16.9 million
people lived with the citizenship of another EU member state. In absolute terms, the highest
number of non - resident citizens living in EU Member States were located in
Germany (9.2 million people), Great Britain (6.1 million), Italy (5.0 million),
France (4.6 million) and Spain (4.4 million). Foreign citizens from these five Member States
together accounted for 76% of the total number of foreign citizens living in all states
EU Member States, while the same five Member States accounted for 63% of the population
EU-28. In contrast, foreign citizens accounted for less than 1% of the population of Poland and a
Romania (0.6% each) and Lithuania (0.7%).
A percentage of 3.8% of EU citizens of working age (20-64 years) had
resident in a Member State other than their nationality in 2017. This share has increased since
2.5% ten years ago. The situation varies between Member States from 1.0% for
Older citizens able to work in Germany up to 19.7% for Romanian citizens.
High rates of migrant workers were registered by Lithuania (15.0%), Croatia
(14.0%), Portugal (13.9%), Latvia (12.9%) and Bulgaria (12.5%). EU Member States with
the lowest share of mobile nationals (of the total population of the country) is Germany
(1.0%), the UK (1.1%), Sweden and France (both 1.3%). Compared to 2007,
the share of Romanian nationals living in another Member State increased by 12.3 points
percentage. Latvia (10.0 pp), Lithuania (9.5 pp) and Bulgaria (8.0 pp)
such a significant increase (Figure 1). The employment rate of mobile EU citizens is
76.1%, being higher compared to the total employment rate at the Community level, which is
72.1% (Eurostat, 2018c).
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World Economy Review

Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018
Figure 1: EU labor migrant workers aged 20-64, by country of citizenship,

in 2017
(in% of the resident population in the country of origin, in the corresponding age group)
Source: Chart developed by the author on the basis of data provided by Eurostat (2018c).
4.1 Demographic projection at the horizon of 2080
Compared with other demographic phenomena (births, deaths), migration is a process with
multipurpose implications. Moreover, migration is seen by many experts in
demographic as a means of counteracting the decline in fertility and aging
population at the level of the European Union.
A more detailed analysis of the 2080 forecasts shows that European countries with
the largest populations will be Britain (82.4 million inhabitants), France (78.7
million inhabitants), Germany (77.8 million inhabitants), Italy (53.8 million inhabitants)
inhabitants) and Spain (51.0 million inhabitants) (Eurostat, 2018b). The population is
estimated to grow by more than 35% in three other European countries: Luxembourg (where
estimates a population increase of 85.1%), Sweden (by 46.1%) and Norway (by 37.4%).
The rapid increase in population anticipated for Luxembourg is based on the fact that levels
relatively high net migration observed over the last decade will continue in the coming years.
Slight increases in population, ranging from 25-35%, are estimated in Ireland and Belgium over time
the number of inhabitants is expected to increase by 15-20% in Denmark, Malta, Cyprus,
France, the Netherlands and Austria, and less than 10% in Spain and Finland.
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Table 2: The demographic balance of the EU, January 1, 2016 to January 2080
(in thousands)
countries The populationbirths
- deaths increase migration evolution The population
European January natural net population expected
2016 population - January
2080
EU-28 510 279 327 121 383 991 -56 870 65 521 8652 518 798
Belgium 11311 8866 8369 497 2405 2902 14189
Bulgaria 7154 3181 5622 -2441 -120 -2560 4593
Czech Republic 10554 6402 8101 -1 699 923 -776 9778
Denmark 5707 4324 4304 20 1131 1150 6858
Germany 82 176 46050 64 848 -18 798 14442 -4356 77 794
Estonia 1316 777 1014 -237 63 -174 1140
Ireland 4725 4054 3197 857 700 1557 6221
Greece 10784 4276 8058 -3780 260 -3519 7265
Spain 46 440 31360 35 194 -3834 8384 4550 50 998
France 66 760 54400 46 803 7596 4430 12027 78 689
Croatia 4191 2034 3169 -1 135 221 -914 3276
Italy 50 666 29 124 47 870 -18 746 11764 -5982 53 785
Cyprus 848 526 598 -72 228 157 1005
Latvia 1969 951 1502 -551 -134 -685 1284
Lithuania 2889 1246 2037 -791 -439 -1230 1658
Luxembourg 576 572 488 84 406 490 1066
Hungary 9830 5663 7777 -2113 9074 -1139 8692
Malta 434 305 341 -36 119 83 517
Netherlands 16 979 12615 12488 127 2621 2748 19726
Austria 8690 5783 6824 -1 041 2422 1381 10072
Poland 37 967 18 868 28 421 -9553 631 -8923 29045
Portugal 10341 4330 7908 -3579 817 -2762 7580
Romania 19760 10491 14634 -4144 -1 063 -5207 14530
Slovenia 2064 1220 1563 -345 220 -126 1938
Slovakia 5426 3070 4101 -1 031 319 -711 4715
Finland 5487 3547 4106 -560 651 90 5578
Sweden 9851 9291 7386 1905 2634 4539 14388
M. Britain 65 383 53 794 47265 6529 10513 17042 82 424
Norway 5214 4380 3797 584 1368 1952 7166
Source: Eurostat (2018b).
It is forecast that the number of inhabitants will decrease in 15 EU Member States in

the period 2016-2080. Of these, there will be a relatively modest decrease in the number
total inhabitants in Germany, Slovenia and the Czech Republic (where a reduction of
population by 5-7%). In the specified interval, the decrease in the number of inhabitants is estimated to be
will be between 11-13% in Italy, Hungary, Slovakia and Estonia, while in Croatia, Poland,
Romania will be 26% and Portugal between 22-27%. In Greece, Latvia and Bulgaria are
forecasts higher contractions - where the total number of inhabitants will decrease by
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about a third - while the largest reduction in the total number is foreseen in
Lithuania, as the population is expected to decline by 42.6% between 2016-2080 (Table 2).
5. Measures to stimulate the integration of migrants
According to OECD specialists (2018), integration of migrants is based on

implementation of sectoral support policies, which are presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Measures to stimulate the integration of migrants
PLACES
OF
THE WORK
ensuring facilitating
of houses integration in
appropriate and the system of
integration education
accessible migranţilor-
directions of
action
granting Access to
of assistance the system
social publicly by
specific health
Source: A figure made by the author based on the literature.
➢ Integration of migrants into the labor market . Demand for labor

(qualified / unqualified) that can be provided by migrants varies greatly in
geographic space, therefore a number of regions have developed mechanisms to their
evaluate demand and attract the necessary workforce from other areas. Local Agencies
employment can make the most effective link between skills and
the needs of the local labor market by managing databases containing information
on the skills of the newcomers. Creating new opportunities for migrants to
interact directly with the private and public sectors, ie go-
to-place ", where business associations, trade unions and the non-governmental sector can
exchanges information on employment opportunities and jobs
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available locally. Facilitating integration into the labor market requires insurance
language courses and in-service training and in-service training. Of
also, social economy organizations 3 , especially social enterprises, play one

an active role especially in promoting initiatives for young migrants. The economy
social role also plays an important role in overcoming the obstacles to integration through
improving employment outcomes and fostering social inclusion in
migrants' turn.
➢ Ensure adequate accommodation. The real estate sector, and especially housing
with small rents, are very demanding in major cities, and the social housing sector is
very limited in a number of states. For migrants, finding a home is a step
necessary for legality and a prerequisite for registering as a resident in a
village. Often, migrants are having difficulty accessing good housing in
the cause of regulations or discrimination. Migrants tend to seek housing solutions in
neighborhoods where large immigrant communities already exist, with potential
segregation phenomenon. Following the 2015 migrants' crisis, many local authorities have
found either short-term or permanent solutions to provide migrant housing
social. Social policies must be seen as fair, especially in the field
social housing; preferential treatments for different groups (status based
legal or ethnic) can increase social tensions and may lead to "discrimination
positive ".
➢ Provide social assistance and access to the public health system.
Local social authorities ensure the provision of basic social services (shelters,
showers, food) that often address the basic needs of migrants. In addition, some
cities supplement with social allowances (ie family support, indemnities for
children, unemployment benefits, etc.) and provide tailored health services
migrants (prevention, primary care, hospitals and health centers) thanks to funding
locally.
➢ Promoting access to the education system. In general, the purpose of the
education is to quickly transfer children among migrants in special classes
training to ordinary classes in public education, avoiding concentration
migrant students in certain schools. Another measure concerns the reduction
barriers for migrant students to vocational education. E.g,
in Berlin, the age group of 18-21 years among migrants, the share
people who participated in an apprenticeship program (dual education) is in
women's turn of only 5.4%, and among men 4.8%, compared to
the same age group within the indigenous population, where the percentage is
16.8% for women and 21.3% for men. Moreover, OECD specialists
recommends shortening the training time for people who do not
can allow them to live on apprentices' wages for a long time (OECD, 2018).
3 The social economy, also called "solidarity economy" or "third sector", includes various forms of organization,
such as cooperatives, mutual societies, associations, foundations, and so on.
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According to the same source, several countries (eg Australia, Denmark, Germany,
Switzerland) offers adult apprentices relevant work experience to end more
faster than the standard training time.
6. Conclusions
According to migration theories, in the context of formulating public policies on

this phenomenon in the EU, a clear distinction must be made between migrants for economic,
who are generally looking for better paid jobs and are in the sea
majority of young entrepreneurs, qualified, and political migrants or refugees, among whom
there are many people who can not be active on the labor market (children, old people), but also people with
a modest skill that is more vulnerable to discrimination both on the market
labor, and society, and requires additional social protection from the state.
In order to have a clearer picture of migration, many specialists have analyzed
the economic effects of this phenomenon on the Member States. Recent studies on
European integration and free movement of labor reveals that the Member States of destination
have benefited from EU enlargement by developing business opportunities and a
trade with migrant labor. On the other hand, it follows from these studies that
the income earned by immigrants does not burden the native population, because that income
are lower than their profits. Labor migration also has one
stimulating effect on investment and domestic consumption. As such, it offers host countries more
many net benefits than social costs.
Some researchers in the field show that the immigration process can only have an effect
on unemployment in the Member States. In this regard, a distinction should be made between
the distribution of existing jobs in the EU and the creation of new jobs (particularly in the EU)
home care services for the elderly, small-scale construction, poor work
qualified, etc.), which does not address the native population.
As far as the negative impact of migration on wages is concerned, it will be limited
by preventing wage cuts below the legal level admitted, avoiding the so-called phenomenon
of "social dumping". Also, the negative impact of migration on public finances
is negligible, influencing even positively the reduction of the burden on insurance budgets
social (in the context of aging population), by increasing the number of
taxpayers.
In our view, the impact of migration can be stronger only if
the level of immigration training is high, competing with the native population.
The structure of the population by field of activity shows that many people in the central and eastern-
Europeans can be competitive with the native population, which explains the employment rate
much higher among Community migrant workers than the average occupancy rate at
EU level. In order to avoid potential negative effects (social dumping, increased risk
the dismissal of workers among the indigenous population), both flexibility would be needed
94
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the work of institutions dealing with the labor market across the EU as well
strengthening social protection systems in all Member States.
With the integration of the Central and Eastern European states into the EU, a flow has been ensured
much more free of labor, which has led to a more efficient allocation of resources
human activity in the EU, has stimulated the efficiency of Community production and has led to growth
competitiveness of European products. Also, through the free movement of its people
increased overall welfare across the EU, both in Member States of destination through
increase in social security contributions and taxes paid by migrant workers, as well
and in home countries by increasing remittances.
Migration is influenced by a combination of economic factors (poverty, lack of places
), environmental (natural disasters), policies (armed conflicts) and social (discrimination)
in the country of origin of migrants. On the other hand, migration is also stimulated by factors
economic, social, and destination policies. Therefore, it is obvious that prosperity and
the political stability of the EU has exerted a considerable attraction on immigrants, but not
it must be neglected that they have contributed greatly to the growth and
economic development in the EU host states.
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Fries-Tersch, E., Tugran, T., Rossi, L. & Bradley, H. (2018). Annual report on intra-EU labor mobility 2017,
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Kurekova, L. (2017). Theories of migration: Conceptual review and empirical testing in the context of the EU
East West flows. Available at:
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OECD (2018). Working Together for Local Integration of Migrants and Refugees . OECD Publishing, Paris.
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Please quote this article as follows:

Dumitrescu, AL (2018). The phenomenon of migration in the European Union, Economic Review
World , 10 (2), pp. 82-96
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World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

THE PHENOMENON OF MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

THE PHENOMENON OF MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Alina Ligia Dumitrescu *

Keywords: European Union (EU), migration, impact, regulations

Key words: European Union (EU), migration, impact, regulations

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

The phenomenon of migration involves moving people (individuals, families or groups)

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

According to Hein de Haas (2014), migration theories are based on four

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

on the assumption that migration is primarily stimulated by economic considerations

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

3. The evolution of regulations on the free movement of persons in the EU

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

4. The demographic impact of migration

4.1 Migration waves in the EU

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

World Economy Review

Figure 1: EU labor migrant workers aged 20-64, by country of citizenship,

4.1 Demographic projection at the horizon of 2080

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

It is forecast that the number of inhabitants will decrease in 15 EU Member States in

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

5. Measures to stimulate the integration of migrants

According to OECD specialists (2018), integration of migrants is based on

Figure 2: Measures to stimulate the integration of migrants

Source: A figure made by the author based on the literature.

➢ Integration of migrants into the labor market . Demand for labor

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

also, social economy organizations 3 , especially social enterprises, play one

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

According to migration theories, in the context of formulating public policies on

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

World Economy Review Vol.10 ∎ Nr.2 ∎ 2018

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