Section 6

Aglipay vs. Ruiz

-There is no violation of the principle of the separation of church and state. The issuance and
sale of the stamps in question may be said to be linked with an event of a religious character,
but the resulting propaganda, if any, received by the Catholic Church, was not the aim and
purpose of the government. The idea behind the issuance of the postage stamps was to attract
tourists to our country and not primarily the religious event.
- What is guaranteed by our Constitution is religious liberty , not mere religious toleration.
However, religious freedom is not inhibition of profound reverence for religion and is not a
denial of its influence in human affairs.

Section 10

Calalang vs. Williams

-Social justice is neither communism, nor despotism, nor atomism, nor anarchy, but the
humanization of laws and the equalization of social and economic forces by the State so that
justice in its rational and objectively secular conception may at least be approximated.
Social justice means the promotion of the welfare of all the people, the adoption by
the Government of measures calculated to insure economic stability of all the competent
elements of society, through the maintenance of a proper economic and social equilibrium in
the interrelations of the members of the community, constitutionally, through the adoption of
measures legally justifiable, or extra-constitutionally, through the exercise of powers
underlying the existence of all governments on the time-honored principle of salus populi est
suprema lex. Social justice, therefore, must be founded on the recognition of the necessity of
interdependence among divers and diverse units of a society and of the protection that should
be equally and evenly extended to all groups as a combined force in our social and economic
life, consistent with the fundamental and paramount objective of the state of promoting the
health, comfort, and quiet of all persons, and of bringing about "the greatest good to the
greatest number.”

Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. vs. POEA

- Legislative discretion as to the substantive contents of the law cannot be delegated. What
can be delegated is the discretion to determine how the law may be enforced.
- Completeness test and Sufficient Standard Test:
Completeness Test = complete in all its terms and conditions when it leaves the legislature
such that what is left is merely its enforcement.
Sufficient Standard Test = adequate guidelines or limitations in the law to map out the
boundaries of the delegate’s authority and prevent the delegation from running riot.
- Subordinate Legislation = delegated power to issue rules to carry out the general provision
of the statute. (Administrative bodies implement the broad policies by promulgating their
supplementary regulations.)

Eastern Shipping Lines vs. POEA

The principle of non-delegation of powers is applicable to all three branches of government

specifically in the case of the legislative. What can be delegated is the discretion to
determine how the law may be enforced and not what the law shall be since the
ascertainment of the latter subject is within the prerogative and determination of the
legislature. Delegation of legislative power is permitted and valid provided that is passes the
two accepted tests- completeness test and the sufficient standard test. The reason for such
delegation is the increasing complexity of the task of the government and the growing
inability of the legislature to cope directly with the myriad problems demanding its attention.