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Chapter 1
8-94372NH
SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC ........................................................................................... 35-3
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 35-3
Circuit Diagrams .................................................................................................................................................. 35-3
Symbol Systems .................................................................................................................................................. 35-3
Using Schematic Symbols ..................................................................................................................................... 35-3
Reservoirs ........................................................................................................................................................ 35-3
Lines, Tubes and Hoses ...................................................................................................................................... 35-4
Crossing or Joining Lines .................................................................................................................................... 35-5
Pump Symbols .................................................................................................................................................. 35-5
Hydraulic Motor Symbols ..................................................................................................................................... 35-6
Cylinder Symbols ............................................................................................................................................... 35-6
Pressure Control Symbols ..................................................................................................................................... 35-7
Normally Closed ................................................................................................................................................ 35-7
Normally Open ................................................................................................................................................... 35-7
Relief Valve ....................................................................................................................................................... 35-7
Pressure Reducing Valve .................................................................................................................................... 35-7
Sequence Valve ................................................................................................................................................. 35-8
Directional Control Symbols ................................................................................................................................... 35-8
Simplified Symbols ............................................................................................................................................. 35-8
One Way Valve .................................................................................................................................................. 35-8
By Pass Valve ................................................................................................................................................... 35-8
Composite Symbols ............................................................................................................................................. 35-8
One Way Valves ................................................................................................................................................ 35-8
Two Position Valves ........................................................................................................................................... 35-8
Three Position Valves ......................................................................................................................................... 35-9
Actuating Controls .............................................................................................................................................. 35-9
Flow Control Symbols ........................................................................................................................................... 35-9
Restrictors ........................................................................................................................................................ 35-9
Accessories ...................................................................................................................................................... 35-10
35-2
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SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
Symbol Systems
There are several systems of symbols used when making
schematic diagrams. They are as follows: RETURN LINE ABOVE
THE OIL LEVEL
710L8E
I. S. O. = International Standards Organization
Lines connected to the reservoir usually are drawn from the
A. N. S. I. = American National Standards Institute top, regardless of where the actual connection is.
A. S. A. = American Standards Association
J. I. C. = Joint Industry Conference
35-3
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SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
Lines, Tubes and Hoses
PUMP
710L8J
OIL FLOWS ONE WAY ONLY
710L8K
OIL CAN FLOW EITHER WAY
710L8C
710L8D
35-4
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SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
Crossing or Joining Lines
OUTLET
INLET
FIXED DISPLACEMENT PUMP WITH DRIVE SHAFT PUMP WITH DRIVE SHAFT
REVERSIBLE AND DIRECTIONAL ARROW
FIXED DISPLACEMENT 710L8W 711L8L
711L8J 711L8K
A drive shaft is shown as two short parallel lines extending
There are many basic pump designs. A simple fixed from the side of the pump. If a curved arrow is shown on the
displacement pump is shown as a circle with a black triangle drive shaft, it will indicate the direction of rotation.
that is pointing outwards. The black triangle is like an arrow
head and points in the direction that the oil will flow. If the
pump is reversible or designed to pump in either direction, it
will have two black triangles in it and they will be opposite
each other.
35-5
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SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
Hydraulic Motor Symbols
PORT
MOTOR
711L8F
A simple schematic diagram is shown with a hydraulic motor
connected to a hydraulic pump.
A double rod end cylinder has a rod extending from each end
RECTANGLE TEE of the rectangle.
Normally Closed
INLET
REDUCED OUTLET PRESSURE
PILOT 712L8H
SPRING LINE
A pressure reducing valve is shown as a normally open
symbol in a pressure line. This valve works opposite of a
relief valve, since it senses outlet pressure versus inlet
pressure. As the outlet pressure builds, it works against a
OUTLET predetermined spring force. As the spring force is overcome,
MENTALLY VISUALIZE SQUARE flow through the valve is modulated or shut off.
NORMALLY OPEN MOVING TOWARD SPRING
712L8D 712L8E
35-7
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SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
Sequence Valve Composite Symbols
One Way Valves
SUPPLY LINE
TO PRIMARY
CYLINDER
RELIEF
VALVE PUMP FREE
FLOW
NO
SEQUENCE
FLOW MENTALLY VISUALIZE A BUILD
VALVE
UP OF PRESSURE ON THE
TO SECONDARY RIGHT SIDE OF THE VALVE
CYLINDER ONE WAY VALVE SHOWN IN
712L8G THE CLOSED POSITION 714L8A
The normally closed symbol is also used for a sequence A more complex one way valve is now shown. This directional
valve. The inlet port is connected to a primary cylinder and control symbol uses a multiple envelope (square) system that
the outlet port to the secondary cylinder line. When the piston has a separate square for each position. Remember all of the
in the primary cylinder reaches the end of its stroke, the port connections are made to the envelope that shows the
pressure in the supply line increases. The sequence valve is neutral condition of the valve. Within each envelope are
also connected to the supply line and also feels the increase arrows showing the flow paths when the valve is shifted to
in pressure. A s pressure increases, the s quare and that position.
directional flow arrow moves over, connecting the inlet and
outlet ports allowing fluid to flow to the secondary cylinder. Two Position Valves
Directional Control Symbols CYLINDER
CONTROL ROD END
Simplified Symbols VALVE
PUMP
One Way Valve
NO FLOW
RELIEF
VALVE
SPRING
712L8K
A by pass valve is shown as a one way valve with a spring on
the ball end of the symbol. This shows that a pressurized flow
will be necessary to overcome the spring force and allow flow
around the ball
714L8C
35-8
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SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
Three Position Valves SOLENOID CONTROL WITH
INTERNAL PILOT PRESSURE
SPRING SPRING
THREE POSITION, SPRING CENTERED
713L8C
To show that a valve is spring centered, a spring symbol is
OPEN CENTER THREE POSITION VALVE placed at each end of the envelope. The above schematic
713L8A
shows that an electrical solenoid and pilot pressure assist are
required to overcome spring force to move the valve spool.
LEVER PEDAL
713L8G 713L8F
FILTER OR STRAINER
GAS CHARGED
716L8E
716L8G
COOLER
716L8F
HEATER
731L8G
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL UNIT
731L8H
As you can see, the black triangles point in the direction that
the heat is dissipated. Or in the case of the control unit, they
show that the heat can be regulated.
35-10
SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
NOTES
35-11
SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
SIMPLE SCHEMATIC
Now that you have completed hydraulic symbols, we have put some of the symbols together to form a simple hydraulic schematic.
See if you can find your way around the schematic without reading the text for each valve. The text explains the function of each valve
in the hydraulic system.
DETENT
D
FLOAT
D C B
715L8
35-12
SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
Valve A Valve C
This valve is a three position valve. The spool is lever operated
This valve is also similar to valve A but is designed to control a
and spring centered. It is an open center valve. Visually place
single acting cylinder. When you visualize placing the upper
the envelopes into the center position and you will see that the
envelope in the center position you will see that oil can drain
valve will direct oil into one end or the other of cylinder A. When
back to the reservoir from cylinder C.
the spool in valve A is moved out of the centered position, the
valves downstream will receive no oil.
At the same time, oil from the pump can flow through valve C to
the next valve.
Valve B
Valve D
Valve B is similar to valve A but it is a four position valve. The
fourth position is a float position and is held into that position
Valve D is a lever operated, spring centered valve and is
with a detent. With this valve the cylinder B can be extend,
designed to control a hydraulic motor. If a hydraulic motor was
retracted, or placed in the float position. Visualizes the envelope
turning a flywheel and the oil supply and return were shut off
for the float position in the inlet passageway.
abruptly, this would cause damage to the hydraulic lines, the
motor, or whatever it was powering. Therefore when the valve
You will see that oil can continue to flow to the next valve
supplying the motor is shut off, the motor should be able to slow
downstream and that the rod in cylinder B could be pushed back
down gradually. The center (neutral) position of valve D will
and forth. The oil could move from one end of the cylinder to the
allow that to happen by letting oil from the outlet of the motor
other via the valve. Both ends of the cylinder are also connected
return to the inlet side.
to the return line to the reservoir.
As you have seen, this brief information is all you need to read
hydraulic schematics. The more you use it, the more you will be
comfortable using hydraulic schematics as a troubleshooting
guide.
35-13
SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
COMMON SYMBOLS
Lines and Line Functions Mechanical Devices
DASHED LINE
PILOT LINE
711L8A
VARIABLE COMPONENT (RUN ARROW
THROUGH SYMBOL AT 45 DEGREES
DOTTED LINE
EXHAUST OR DRAIN
711L8B 730L8H
711L8E
LINES CROSSING HYDRAULIC PUMP
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
729L8D
710L8M
HYDRAULIC PUMP
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
LINES JOINING
729L8E
710L8P
LIQUID DIRECTION
OF FLOW
729L8N PRESSURE COMPENSATED
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
GASEOUS DIRECTION
OF FLOW
729L8F
729L8P
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
HYDRAULIC PUMP
FLEXIBLE LINE (TWO DIRECTIONAL FLOW)
711L8C
711L8K
35-14
SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
Cylinders
711L8M
DOUBLE ACTING
SINGLE ROD END
711L8P
HYDRAULIC MOTOR
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
DOUBLE ACTING
DOUBLE ROD END
730L8B
712L8A
Reservoirs
SINGLE ROD END
RESERVOIR ADJUSTABLE CUSHION
ROD END ONLY
OPEN TO ATMOSPERER
710L8B 730L8E
DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER
PRESSURIZED RESERVOIR
710L8A 730L8F
Valves
LINE TO RESERVOIR
BELOW FLUID LEVEL
CHECK VALVE
710L8F
712L8J
LINE TO RESERVOIR
ABOVE FLUID LEVEL PILOT OPERATED CHECK
710L8E
731L8A
ON - OFF
MANUAL SHUT OFF
731L8B
35-15
SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
REGULATING OR
SELECTOR VALVES
749L8A 749L8F PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE
712L8H
731L8C
NON - ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
716L8H
731L8D
ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
731L8E
ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
PRESSURE COMPENSATED
729L8K
ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
(TEMPERATURE AND
2 POSITION - 4 WAY PRESSURE COMPENSATED)
OPEN CENTER CROSS OVER
716L8D
729L8L
749L8C
712L8B
35-16
SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
Valve Actuators
PRESSURE COMPENSATED
SOLENOID
729L8H
G731L8L
PILOT PRESSURE
DETENT REMOTE SUPPLY
731L8F
729L8
LIQUID SUPPLY
SPRING
730L8J 731L8M
Accessories
MANUAL
FILTER
729L8A
716L8E
716L8F
729L8B
HEATER
729L8C
TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLER
731L8H
PEDAL
713L8F
ACCUMULATOR
HYDRO - PNEUMATIC
716L8G
MECHANICAL
729L8G
35-17
SECTION 35 - HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC - CHAPTER 1
730L8K 730L8P
731L8J
PRESSURE INDICATOR
QUICK DISCONNECTS
(CONNECTED)
730L8M
731L8K
TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
730L8N
35-18