Approved and Authorised as a Text-Book by the Government of Bengat ALGEBRA MADE EASY (MATRICULATION -ALGEBRA ) 7 FOR MATRICULATION STUDENTS OF THE INDIAN UNIVERSITIES, (IPith an appendix completing the syllabuses pres- erebed for the Mutmeulation Examination of the Calcutta and the piriet Indran Unwersv 1 —— By KALI PADA BASU, Ma, Late Professor of Mathematics, Dacea College, Fellow and Exanuner, Calcutta University asd Author of “Matriculation Geometry,” “Intermediate Algebra” = ‘Untermediate Solid Geometry’; &e Ec. TWENTY-SIXTH EDITION, | Bb LN ie Calcutta: D. N. SEN, B.A, Publisher, he EP. Busn’ Pibrury. 11, MOHENDRA GOSSAIN LANE January. 1018.2. By the same Author. For Matriculation Students. Matriculation Geometry (or Element= ary Modern Geometry, Part I.) Sixth Edation (Approved by the.Government of ongal as a Text, Prize & Library Book) Books I. to IV. (Complete) ... Re.1-4 Books! & II. . As. 10 Books Ill. & IV. (with Intermediate Solid Geometry) Re. Matriculation Algebra (or Algebra Made Easy, Vol. I.) 26th Hdztion (amproved & enlarged) . Re. 1-12 Key to Matriculation Algebra (with full solutions of all the examples in the book) = «+ ~~ Rs. 2-8 Matriculation Graphs with Pro- gressions 7 7 As. 5 Matriculation Arithmetic (an the press) For Intermediate Students. Intermediate Solid Geometry (or Elementary Modern Geometry Part ll.) As. 6 Intermediate Algebra (or Alerire Made Easy, Vol. 11.) Rs. 2 Intermediate Graphs .. As. 5 D N SEN,BA, Publisher 11, Mohendra Gossain Lane, Calcutta, Prinrep sy N EN ar "Samm, Press, 84, Mussorstatrans Lane} Cincypra. PREFACE. ‘The present work is intended as a text-book on Algebra for all classes of students in our schools It differs, how- ‘ever, in several respects from the existing text-books on the subject at present in use Algebra like every other branch of Mathematics should be studied more as a subject for mental discipline than for anything else. An intelligent grasp of principles therefore is to be chiefly aimed at and not the mere learning by rote of a certain number of rules with some readiness in their appheation Thigis the ideal I have ever kept im view in the preparation of this work 7 The elementary principles of the subject have been Awelt upon at considerable length in the earher chapters of the book. The full import of negative quantities hag been explained, 1t is beheved, with some degree of clear- ness, almost at the very outset, and rules for their addition and subtraction have subsequently been deduced there- from by a very simple mode of reasoning. The proposition of each article after beng clearly de- monstrated has been copiously illustrated by a number of select examples , a much larger number of other examples, arranged progressively, has then been added as an exercise for the student The last article of each chapter consists of anumber of muiscellaneous,examples folly worked out as interesting illustrations, of special? artifices , these again are followed by-mttii lar others for eRexgise,iv PREFAOK. The chapters on Formule and Factors will, 1t 18 hoped, be particularly acceptable to the young learner The sub- ject of factorisation has been treated exhaustively as far as the limits of this work would allow. The last chapter, on Ehmuination and Miscellaneous Arhfices, will, I hope, be of considerable use to the more advanced student Entrance Examination Papers of the Calcutta University from 1858 to 1890 will be found at the very end. The more important and difficult problems from these papers are fully worked out in the body of the work 1m ilustra- tion of the principles upon which thar solutions depend, whilst others, comparatively simpler, have been sutably introduced among the exercises just to give the student an opportunity of reassuring himself, when successful in working them out with unaided exertion, that his know- Jedge has, to some extent at least, come up to the Univer sity standard With the examination papers are also given references to the pages where these problems are to be found in the body of the work Instead of ending the book with a collection of mig- cellaneous examples pronuscuously arranged, I have added anumber of miscellaneous examples in the form of Sepaiate examination papers, any one of which may be regarded as a good exercise for the student at a mtting of about two hours and a half The entre book contams nearly 3000 examples in all, of which over 400 are fully worked out Many of these examples have been specially devised for this work whilst for tho rest I am indebted to several of the standard works of English authors as also to many of the examination papers of the Indian and English Universities T have attempted to make.the.work useful to the school student as a means of a¢quirnng algebraical slall along with a sound kmowledge- of principles, and Ihave spared noPREPACE. v pains for it, It is now for all eapemenced teachers of Mathematics to judge as to how far I have been successful in my endeavour. To gentlemen interested in the cause of education I shall be much obliged if they will kindly communicate to me any corrections or suggestions that they may consider necessary for the improvement of the work, Dacca , March, 1890. K. P, BASU. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. A few words of explanation seem to be necessary in connection with the publication of this edition The Furst Edition having been pubhshed rather unseasonably last year, I did not at all anticipate that a second edition would be in demand go soon. Accordingly the work of re-publi- eation was not taken in hand earher than January last Bat the book begmning to be received with increased favour in different educational circles with the commence- ment of the new academue session, the First Edition, con- sisting of 2250 copies, was found to be eahausted before the end of the last month Hence, im the interests of the students of all those schools in which the book has been adopted as a text-book, my publisher had no other alter- native than to hasten the work by all posable means, In consequence of ths, I am sorry, I have not been able to give the book as thorough a revision ag I tended, nor to effect such improvements as have been Inndly suggested by some friends, Dacca . Maret, 861 i rs K BP. BASsv.uu PREFACE. PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION In this Edition the bulk of the work has , increased by about 60 pages ‘The additions that have been made are ag follows —(1) An meresse in the number of examples of exercise in the earlier chapters of the book , (2) the inser- thon of examples with fractional indtces n the chapters on Multiplication and Division , (8) The introduction of three gets of Miscellaneous Exercises in surtable places 1n the body of the work , (4) an article on the method of finding the Cube Root of aCompound Algebraical Expression , and (5) achapter on Quadratec Equations For several of these amprovements I am mdebted to the Innd and repeated. suggestions of friends who are practical workers mn the held of education, It 23 therefore hoped that the present Editon will be found considerably more useful than its predecessors Dacoa January, 1894. K. P, BASU. PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION In this Edition the book has been thoroughly revised and answers to the examples in all the exercises have been carefully verified, Some additions and alterations have also been occasionally made, but they donot deserve any special mention. Iam indebted to several friends for ther kind- ness in pointing “out errors and misprints My special thatks are due to Babu Bipinbihary Ganguh, B a, Teacher, _ Jubilee School, Dacca and to Moule Abdullah Khan, Teacher, D B, School, Dipalpur (Montgomery), Dacoa . April, 1895, oon K. P BASU. a ™PREFACE. Vii PREFACE TO THE SEVENTEENTH. EDITION. The syllabuses for the compuldory and Additional Papers in Mathematics, preserbed for the Matnoulation Examination, under the new regulations of the Calcutia ‘University, respectively comprise the following subjects 1n Algebra a Computsory Paper: The Four Simple Rules ; Proportion , Sumple Equations , Greatest Common Mea- sore; Least Common Multiple, Graphs of Simple Equations. Additional Paper Quadratic Equations with one unknown quantity , Extrachon of Square root, Graphs of Pure Quadratic Equations (excluding construc- ‘tons with different gcales along two axes) , Anthmetical and Geometrical Progresmons , The Elementary Laws of Indices, _ With the addition of an appendix, contaming Chapters on Graphs, and Anithmetical and Geometrical Progressions this treatise now contains all that 1s included in the Algebraical Curriculum for the Matriculation Examination, It is hoped, therefore, that in its present form, the book ‘will completely serve the purpose of a “Matriculation Algebra.” Dacca April, 1908 kK P. BASU.vay PREFACE, PREFACE TO THE TWENTY-FOURTEH: EDITION. : In ths Edhtion, m place of old Umiversity Papers, recent up to-date Examination Papers of all the Indian Universities have been inserted, and to enhance the useful- ness of the book the syllabuses of all the Universities have been added. A Chapter on Variation hag also been given in the Appendix to complete the syllabus of the Bombay University The book im its present form satisfies the syllabuses of all the Indian Universities, CaLourra January, 191610. 12, 18, 14 15. 16. 17 18 19. er TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. How things are measured and represented by number ... one Different use of the word Quantity What is Algebra ? a wee Symbols we on . see CHAPTER I. DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF SIGNS The plus mgn 7 The mmus sign 7 : 7 The sign Ping or Minus “ . The sign of Difference . on The sign of Multiplication . * The sign of Division . oe aes Expression , Term . ae Sign of Equality - oe Examples aes . . Factor on ? + Co-efficrent . aes . Power, Index, Exponent . oe Examples ... ae . Roots ” : ' 7 Brackets . “ ” Examples 7 Like and Unhke terms Special meaning of the word Sign, Like and Unlike signs . Dunensions at and Dégiée of. a Product * Homogeneous .Hxpression ” Fancetions‘s"Vamables .. Thesigns >, <, + and ae Page. i 4 4 WOONAHARMAAST OPCONTENTS x OHAPTER II POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE QUANTITIES Ast Page, 1 Quantities of the same class, but of opposite character 16 2 The sgns plus and mmus under a new aspect... 17 8 Positive and Negative Quantities ~ 18 OHAPTER IIL. ADDITION ‘ 1 Defimtion . 19 2 The result when one Positive Quantity 1s added to another » 20 $ The result when one Negative Quantity 1s added to another . - 2 4, The result when a Negative Quantity 13 added to a Positive Quantity 22 -5. When any number of Quantities are added together the result will be the same in what- ever order the Quantities may be taken aL € Division of any number of Quantities into groups when added together, and the result expressed ag the sum of those groups 24 % The ordinary Rule for adding together Com- pound Expressions . 27 CHAPTER IV SUBTRACTION—REMOVAL OF BRACKETS } 1 Defimtions , 30 2 The result of subtracting a Pomtive ora Nega- - tive Quantity . 80 8, Illustration . «= 81 4, To prove that a~(b+e) = a—3—. and a@—(b-c) = a—b+e A 32 5 The ordmary Rule for subtracting one Com- pound Expression from another ss 88 6 Removal of Brackets . = 86 cellaneong Exercises (1) . 389 CHAPTER _y. MULpHELIcaTioN 4 Definition » The Law of SuSpon aape b& = “pl won oh iE 9. il 12 13 14 15. 16 - CONTENTS, * xi : Page. To prove that a@xb = bxa wwe «48 To prove that (abyxc=ax(be) . - 50 To prove that a™xa™ = g™" o ‘ 51 Appheations of the principles established in the preceding articles . we BD To fnd products of monomial Expressions mentally 53 To prove that a(b+-c) = ab+ac » 54 To prove that (a+5)(c+d) = ac+ad+oc+bd 58 Arrangement of an expression according to descend- ing or ascending powers of a letter ws = «59 CHAPTER VI. . FORMULA AND THEIR APPLICATION Defimtion ... ane aes . 65 Formula (a+0)* = a3+2ab+3? «.. we «6B Formula (a—b)? = a?—2ab+b2~ . we 67 Formula (¢+5)(a—3) = a?—}9.-. yee 70 Formula (a+b) = a°430°+8ab2 459% 1.7 Formula, (a—5)? = a3—329b+32)2 —b? 74 Formula (a-+b)(a2—ab+-b2) = a3 453 “7 76 Formula (a—6)(a2+ab+b2) = g3—J3 §-<- 77 Formula (#-+a)(2-+5) = 2° +(a-+b)e+-ab Pr (:) Formula (e+a)(e+d)(e+0) = 03 +(a-+b-+0)2? +-(ab+-ac-+be)a-+abe .. oe 79 Squares of Multinomials : aot - 81 ‘owers of Binomuals . = §=88 Formula (a-+6-+-¢)(a? +5? +c? —ab—ac— be) = 0 +63 +63—8abe . « 86 Formula (2—b\(a—c)(b—c) = a(b—c)+b7(c—a)+c2(a—~b) . ++ 88 Miscellaneous Examples 89 Recapitulation of the formule - . 95 7 , CHAPTER VII DIVISION Defmtion . aoe ” 96 Fundamental Proposition oes we «97 Law of signs 7 98 Division of one monomaal, expression by another 98 Diviaion of a multindmal bye,.monomial + 100 Division of one.muitinomial expression by another 101 A few important results “ee - 108CONTENTS mu OHAPTER VIII FACTORS Art. Page. 1, Defimtions “ > No 2 Simple cases ++ 10 8 Expression of the form a*—5* 11 4, Expression which by inspection can be put into the form @?—0? . 113- 5. Expression of the form a3 +5? or a3—08 118 6, Expression of the form z?+z-+g resolved into factors by inspection - 115- 7 Quantities of the form 27+pz2+-9 resolved into factors by expressing them as the difference of two squares . 119 8 actors found by suitable arrangement and grouping of terms + 123 9 Miscellaneous examples « 127 CHAPTER IX. HIGHEST COMMON FACTORS 1, Defimtions 184 2 Highest Common Factors of Simple eapressions 1385: 3. H.C F of Compound Expressions whose ele- mentary factors can be easily found 186 4 Ordimary method of finding the H C.F of two Multinomial expressions » 188 5 An important Prnaple 145- 6 TheH O F of three or more expressions whose factors cannot be eamly found . 146 OHAPTER X. LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE 1 Definrhons ‘ 15r 2 LC M of mmple expressions &c 1562 3 LC M of two expressiofis whose factors are not obvious by ispection = * . 154 4, ,L © M of threé or more expressions ... 156 Miscellaneous Exereises (2) + oop gee 15KCONTENTS. xni ‘'QOHAPTER XI. 7 FRACTIONS art. 7 Page. 1, Defimton . 164 2 Thevalue of a frachon 18 not altered if both its numerator and denominator are multiph- ed or divided by any the game quantity + 164 3 Reduction of a fraction to its lowest terms 165 4 Reduction of two or more fractions to a common denommmator 169 5 Addition of frachons .. eee 171 %. Multipleation of fractions . 175 7 Division of fractions .. ° + 178 -8. Mascellaneous Examples we + 181 CHAPTER XII. SIMPLE EQUATIONS 1 Defimtions .. 7 an . 1938 2. Axioms .- see 7 194 3 Simple Examples «» 195 .4 Equations volving decimals 201 "5, Solutions of fractional equations facilitated by suitable transposition and combmation of terms 202 4 Solution of fractional equations facihtated by the > division of each numerator by itsdenommmator 207 7. Miscellaneous Examples 210 8 a i Oi ” u ee and More than three terms, n Afulnomat1] DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF SIGNS. :7 . 8 Sign of Equality.” The sign = 1s read “equals” or “18 equal to” and when placed- between two czpressions “indicates that they are equal to oneanother. Thus b-+¢ =a (which 1s read 6 pilus ¢ equals a) means that the number denoted by b+-¢ 18 equal fo that denoted by a. : ~ Examples. NX B_ (t) A distinction must be observed betwoen a—b Xe and abe The Intter means that the numbe: denote by ais to be dnided by that denoted by Jr, whereas the former means that the number denoted by a 1s to be divided by that denoted by band by the result, thus obt uned,15 to bo multiphed the number denoted by ec ‘That 1s to say, when the sign of multiplication 1 omitted between any namber of quantities, the result obtamed by multiply ng them together 14 to be regarded as 2 siule quantity V B @) Jn finding the value of any erpresvon the values of the several derma which it contains must be first determmed by the process mentioned in the note of art 6 nnd afericards the value of the whole expression 18 to be found by the,process mentioned in. the note of art 2 Thus m finding the salue of the expression axb—e—dxe+rxq we rat, first of all find the values of the three terms, namely, «Xb, cad Xe, and 1Xg , theu subtract the value of the second term from that of the first, and to the result thus obtained, add the value of the tnrd - The above prmoiples will be sufficiently illustrated by “the following examples :— : Example 1. If a= 2,) = 8,¢ = 5, flnd the value of Sa+8b+-7 ba = 5xa=5x2=10, : 7 8b = 8xb=8x8 = 24, , t= 7xX¢= 7x5 = Bb “Therefore, 5&@4+80-++-7¢ = 104-244-865 = 344-35 z = 69. Example 2. If «= 8,b =§,¢ = 2, find the value of 62—5b+-46 7 ‘ Ga = Gxa = 6x8 = 48; t 5b = 5xb = 5X5 = 25; 7 fom 4xom4x2= 8 Therefore, ~ Ga—5b-+4e = 48-2548" : paw 2848 = 81, : Example 3. ‘If m = 8,0 =% t= 9, v= 4, find the value of 7m4-2i x 81-30, 78 ALGEBRA MADE EASY. (CHar. As the order of the operations 18 from lft fo right, we aust proceed as follows —Divide 7m by 27, multiply sf by the result, and then divide the result, thus obtained, by 8v — im 7x8 _ 8 Now, (1) 7m—2n =o =e (2) 3x8 =3x8x9 = Bx4x9, 8x4x9 =9 (8) 8x4x9-8v = 3x4 Hence, the reqmred value = 9 7 Example 4. Ife =1)=2¢=8,d=6c=5,f = 0, find the value of abe—d—bxa+def+b—axc—d-—be™ The given expression consists of 5 terms, namely, abe, d~—bxa, def, b—axe, and d—be Now, (1) abe = axbxe =1x2xB=6; (2) d~bxa=6—2x1=8x1l =38; (8) def = dxexf = 6xX5x0 = 03 (4) braxe = 2-1xK8 =2K8 =63 7 (3) dt =f% 2-6 23,’ bo 2x3 Hence, the required value = 6—340+6—1 =8+4+6-1=8 Exereise (2); If a=2,b = 4,¢ = 8, hnd the numerical values of the following expressiong ,— + atbxe 2. cmaxd, 3. c-bxa 4, combo, 5. c—Bxa 6. c—8a 7. cmb—a 8. a+c—b. 9 8c—-4b+4-20. 10 c—b-a+c—8, LL, c—b-2x0. 12, c—b—2me 13 5e~25 14, 5xc—2xd, 15. 4ab-—c—4xa+b—2¢,, 16. 80-3 xc0+80—BeXe, 17%, 64->¢xbxa—64—cba,I.] DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF SIGNS, 18. 8he+16a+5e+16 Xa—c+2bxbtaxd 19. 10c—ab x 24-82b+ 206+ 1hc—3 xe-r5 20. 48¢+b-—-ax G—4b—8¢—2b-+-4 x 8a x8 +6a+c-2 x b—8 x5. Tem =2,n=8,p =4,9 = 0,7 = 7,8 = 10, find the “numerical values of the following expressions — 21. 8n—38p mn+¢x8r+5s+2xp 22, sx6~5mxSptl6n 23, 24-3pxds~irxldm 24, mnr+5gs—8s-- m+ u-+-4r--Sp x Gm 25. 8xr+5x8—7Xp—8rs+m+3xXn—Tp+ 5m—IAr x7 9, Factor. If any number be equal to the product of two or more numbers, each of the latter is called a facfor of the former {Note Tho product of two or more numbors 15 the result obtained by multiplying them together J Thus 3, 5, and 7 are the factors of 105, because 105 = Bx5x7; similarly, 3,0, end zare the factors of Sabz, because Sabz = 8xaxdxe, 10. Co-efficient. The number expressed in figures or symbols, which stands before an algebraical quantity as a mnltiplier, is called ite co-efficrent, Thus, in 5abe, 5 is the co-efficient of abc, 5a is the co-efficient of dc, and 5ab 1s the- co-efficient of ¢. A co-efficient which is a purely numerical quantity is called a numerical co-cficient ; thus, in 5abe, the co-efficient of abc is numerical. - A co-efficient which ig not wholly numerical is called & ae co-efficient ; thus, in 5abc, co-efficients of dcand c are: nteral, {Note When no crithmetieal number stands before a quantity the number 1 is understood thus a 16 understood to mei 1a J 11. Power; Index ; Exponent. Ifa quantity be multiphed by itself any number of times, the product is called a power of that quantity, Thus axa, axaxa, axaxaxa, &, are posers of-a-, axa iscalled the” second power or square of a and ig written a? 5° *-10 ALGEBRA MADE BABY. (CHar. axaxd 18 called the turd power or cube of a and 18 written a° , axaxaxa 14 called the fourth power of a and is written a* , = axaxaxaxaxée ton factors 18 called the n*-power -of a and 1s wnitten a" The small figure or letter placed above a quantity and to the right of it to express its power 18 called the Index or exponent of that power Thus 2, 8, 5, m are respect- avely the «dices or exponents of a?, a°, a°, a” UNote a? is usually read “a squared” , a® 13 rend “a cubed” , at as reid ‘a to the fourth” or simply, “a fourth” , and so on Thus a* asiead a to the uth” or “a nth” - The quantity a itself 18 called the first power of a and thus ais understood to mean a? ] 2 Examples. 7 Example 1. Ifa = 8, find the numerical value of a—5a + Wehave a® = axaxaxaxa . = 8x8x8x8x8 = 248, and 5a=5xa = 5x8 = 15 Hence, the given expression = 248—15 = 228 _ Example 2, Ifa = 4, find the numencal Value of 2a° —5a? . E Wehave 2° = 2xaxaxaxaxa = 2X4X4K4X4K4 7 = 2048, and ba? = 5xXaxa | = 5x4xd = 80 ‘ene, the given expression = 2048-80 , = 1968" |i] ‘ DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF SIGNS, i “Bxample 3. If a=2, b= 3, o= 4, d=5, find the pi - smumenical value’ of > ‘The grven expression = - \ 1 @KAXAXAaXaXKSXEXEXA oxe ~ = QKOXBXBXPxBKIXBXS nal _ ake = 2xX8x8xX8xX5 =270. a Exercise, (8). Ifa=2, b= 8, cma Gnaten’ y= “find the value of .—. : 1. - 8a. 2, Fay" _ 8,207 7m, 4, .853c—ab®2.- 5. 5e5—829, 6, .7a38b29y mtn. 7. go - | 8. 9e!s%y2?—8a8b%m?—by?—a@ _ 9 2eyraty® 10. 8c7a"—2"69 - 7 11. Find the value of 404660" —212-+0"—652*, when o=8 . 12. Find the value of 82*+62°+112?+182429, when 7 w= 75 33. Find the value of 35m? “Am? +74 18m — Sh, 14, Find the value of. 25° 274+ 20n+78n! —1998°s 16. 16. 17. when m = 4, when n = 26. : Find the value of 50y? —Biy* + 35y—668y°—19, wheny=84, _ Find the value of 6482°—55%* 4. BDk° — 1918 4.642? ~4h5 4-79, when k = 1°875 Find the value of a? +09 +¢3 —3abe -— When a = 24, b= 27, c= 29, 3 25, ‘ be, = 4625, 6 = 5 625. =bi}, 6 = 583, fa = 1667,. ¢ = 1674,12 ALGEBRA MADH HAgyY. (CHap. 12. Roots. That quantity, whose square (or second power) is equal to any given quantity a, 15 called the sguare- root of a, and 18 denoted by the symbol 2/a, or, more simply, by /a, thas8 = ,/9, becanse 8? = 9. That quantity, whose eube (or third power) 18 equal to any given quantity a, 18 called the evbe root of a, and 18 de~ noted by the symbol 2/a , thus 2 = 3/8, because 2? = 8 Generally, that quantity, whose 2 power, where 7 18 any whole number, 1s equal to any given quantity @, 18 called the x" rot of a, andis denoted by the symbol 2/a Thus 2 = 4/32, because 2° = 82, 8 = 4/81, because 8* = 81, and s0 on The sign ./ 18 often called the Radical Sign Tt 18 amd to be a corruption of the letter r, the first letter of the word radix Note 7a, which means the square 100t of a, 15 often reid sumply ag “raat a” . 13. Brackets ach of the symbols(){ },end[ J 38 called a pavr of brackets , When an algebraical expression is enclosed within brackets it 18 to be regarded as a single quantity by itself Thus (¢+4)z means that the number denoted by ¢ 18 to be multiphed by that denoted by a+ + whereas a+-42 means that 218 to be multphed by } and the product added to a ‘ Hence, the expression d+(a4-b)2 must be regarded as a dnomal, the two terms being dand (a+b)r Similarly, c—{d+(a+-b)z} also must be regarded as a binomal, the terms being ¢ and {d+(a+2)r} whereas, if the brackets be taken off, c—d+a+bzis a multhomal consisting of four terms, namely, c,d, a and bz Sometimes instead of enclosing an expression within a pair of brackets a line called a Vinculum 1s drawn over 1t Thus a—b—=c and a—(b—c) have the same meaning “NB _ From the above xt 1s easy to understand the distinction be- tween Va-+b or (a+b) and a+b ether of tho first two expres- sions means the squme root of the number denoted by a+b, whereas ‘the Inst means that % 18 to be added to the squue root ofa. Sumiarly, “ad or 4/(ab), menns the square root of the number denoted by ab, whereas val means tho product of J and the square. root of a a ial = “Note The three different kinds of brackets, (), {}, [ J, are ofter- called respectively parentheses, braces and crotchcts| “|4.] DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF SIGNS, 18 - Examples. Example 1. If a@=2,b =4,¢ =9, find the values of seb+ Jo-+6, Ncb+ M45) and W2b-+ /4a G) feb fbe5 = JOKE JAE5 7 = 8x44+24+5 7 = 124245 = ~ Gi Vet +5) = VIx4+ VGH) = VB0 +9 ~ =6+38=9 Qi) V204 74a = VIXE+ Jix2 : = Y/8+2x2 =2+4=6 Example 2. If a= 4%, b= 5, c= 8, d = 12, o = 20, find the’ diflerence between the numerical values of afe+5? —ale—d)} and afe-+b+—ale—d)}o * Tho first expression = 8x{8+5°—3x(20—12)} = 8x {8+25—-3 x 8} ‘ = 3x {84+25—24} = 8x9 = 27, and the second expression = 8x {8+-(5?—8) x (20~12)} = 8X {84+22x 8} = 8x{8+176} ! , > = Bx 184 = 552, - ° Thus the required difference = 552-27 = 525. Example 3. If m= 10,2 = 8p =2, g=1,r = 15, “find the difference between the numerical values of the ex- . spressions [{rm—2q¢—n(pq—m)}—p] x (r—m—p) and 7 Hrm—2q—nt a= tpg} 7] xr —m—p The first expression ” = [16x 02812 -8x ax12-1O)}= 2] x ‘15 -10~2) ’14 ALGEBRA MADE EASY. [CHar. = [{150—24—8 x 14}—2] x8 == [{126—112}—2] x8 = [14-2] x8 = 7x8 = 21 and the second eapression = [{15 x 10—2x (12—8)(2 x 12—10)}—2] x 15—(10—2) == [{150—2y 4x 14]—2] x 15-8 = [{150—112}-2]x 15-8 = (88-2]x 15-8 = 19x15—8 = 285-8 = 277 Thus the required difference = 277-21 = 256 Exereise (4). Ifa=5, b=2c¢=1, d=4,c=9,f=0m=7, n= %, p = 8, find the values of — - 1. Vidp =. Nod 3. Ypn 4, 6 SM(end), 5. 4Vid 6, 4NE, 7 2Jip®% 8. 2./4p% 9 atbje 10 aybve Ll. 3Yc+p 12, 8verp 13, Vaetp) 14, 83/8n+3p) 15, 8V8(n+ap).: 16. f/mte 17. fJimFe 18, 3e—(27—2).. © 19, 3e-2—b) 20. 3(e—20)-b Bl. (3e—2)d—d. 22 (8e—-2)7-F 23, s{e—(2d—2)} BA. Ble—2)@—2).. 25. 7p—(n?—b*) 26. (7p—n)?—B°. 27. 7p—(n? 1)? 28, ip—n)?—)*, 29. {ic-@?-DP. 30. VptBerdile-tn)? Bl. Yp+8e+-4d(orn)®. 32. WYp+8e+de+n)? 33. Vp+(8et+4dje+n'. 34, Yo+ate+sde+n3}, _ : -- If c=2,y=38,2= 4,4 = 6, d= 8, o= 5, n= 9, p=1, find the values of..—.+~ 35. a(z+-y)?(a~e—2)°, i Te 36. Mn —a(d—a-Fp)} ~4{n—a(d—a) +p}.ij DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF SIGNS, 15 37, Bfe--at eyn—d— a} ~ 5jore +yjd—d—2} 38.- [ety {ap—slc—a—az)}] ~ [ety {(p—2ye—a}—2] 14, Like and Unlike Terms. Terms or simple expressions are raid to be (xke when they do not differ at all or differ only in their nnmerical co-elficients , otherwise they are called unite, Thus 8az°y° and 5az*y® are like terms, whereas 3az°y* and 5az°y* are unlike, similarly ate, Sarbd, 7a*b* and c°d3a are all wnizhe 15. Special meaning of the word Sign , Like and Unlike Signs. The word sign 18 often used to de- note exclusively the gns-+ and — Thus when we speak of the sigz of a term we mean the-plus or minus sign which stands before at : Two signs are called /:ke when they are loth + or doth —, otherwise they are called unite Thus in the expression az® +-be—cy +d? —f, the signs of the 8rd and 5th terms are ike as also those of the 2ad and 4th, whereas the signs of the boca veal 8rd terms as well as those of the 4th and 5th are unlehe. 16. Dimensionsand Degree ofa Product Each of the letters which occur as factors of an algebraical product 1s called a dimension of the product, and the num- ber of the letters 1s called the degree of the product Thus a’gty which is equivalentto exaxexzXx@xXexexy, is- said to be of erght diménsions, or of the erghth degree ; simi- larly ab?c*d® 18 sad to be of twelve dimensions 01 of the lwelfth degree A numerical co-efficient 13 not counted Thus 5ab2c> and ab®c? are both-said to be of sz dimensions or of the sath degree ‘When an algebraical expression contains terms of differ- ent dimensions, the degree of the term which ws of the lughest dimensions 16 algo called the degresof the expression. 17. Homogeneous Expression. An algebraical ex- pression 18 said to be homogencors when all its terms.are of the same dimensions Thus the eapression 5a°—7a"be-+- 8b°c? 13 homogeneous, for each of its terms 1s of four dimengions, ar be 18, Functions; ‘Variables. - Any expression in- volving a Jéfter“1s called a /uncion of that letter Thus.46 ALGEBRA MADE EASY [Onap. 2545248 18 a fanction of 2, a?+ab+b? isa fanction of a and Db, a°+b°+c5+2abe 18 a function of a, dandec, and 80 on 7 The letters of which a fanction consists are called its variables Thus 2*+5zy+y* 1s a function of which the variables are z and y, 19. The signs >, <, ‘* and - The eign > when placed between two quantities indi- cates that the quantity on the left of 118 greater than that onthe mght Thus a+ > c+d means that a+) 16 greater than c+d The sign < when placed between two quantities indi- -eates that the quantity on the left of 1t 18 less than that on the nght Thus ¢+2 < b+y means that a+ 15 less than b+y. The mgn 8 used as an abbreviation for theword” because or since ( The sign 18 used as an abbreviation for the word therefore or hence CHAPTER II POSITIVH AND NEGATIVE QUANTITINS, 1, Quantities of the Same Class but of Oppo- _ site Character. When we speak of a quantity of money, _ it may be either a gai or a loss, a receipt or a payment. Now 1t 18 quite clear that -whilst a gain adds to our stock, a loss lessens 1t , moreover, gain and loss are so related that af we gain as much as we lose the effect on our stock 4s no- thing Hence a quantity of money which forms a gan is ae to be opposiis tn character to a quantaty which forms a 085, 7 When we speak of a distance measured from a point, it may be in either of two opposite directions, either towards ithe north or towards the south of the point, either towards ‘the east or towards the west of the point, either towards the north-east or towards the south-west of the point, and g0 on. Tt 18 also clear that distances measitred towards the east are ‘eo related to those -méasured towards the’ west that if we —aqy POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE QUANTITIES, 17 ‘first wallx‘any distance towards the east and then walk an -equal distance towards the west there will be no change in our position with respect tothe starting pomt Hence, a -distance méasured in arty direction 1s said to be-oppostte 1 character to that measured in the opposite direction _ Thus, n the first illustration, in so far asa gain and a toss .are both looked upon as portions of money, they are ‘said to be quantities of the same class, but as they affect our stock mn directly opposite ways (a gain increasing and a loss diminishing it) they are said to be of opposite character. In the second illustration, a distance measured towards the -south of the point as well as one measured towards the north thay both be styled distance, and thus far they are said to be quantities df the same class > but when we consider the -directions n which they are measured they must be re- garded as oppostie wn character. 2. The Signs Plus and Minus under a new saspect. - It has been shown in the Introduction how con- -crete quantities ate represented by numbers, It-now re- mains to be seen how quantities of the same class but of Spjostte character are distinguished 1n their numerical re- presentation : When ‘we consider any pair of such quantaties, we prefix: the sign + before the numerical measures of one, and the Sign — before those of the other It 18 quite ammaterial which of the two quantities we select for representation by numbers preceded by the sign +, but when we have once made our choice, we must stick to it throughout any con- nected series of operations The following examples will sllustrate the pmneaple — . ‘ Gi) Income and debi are evidently quantities of opposte character _ If then we choose to represent incomes by num- bers preceded by the mgn +, we must represent debis by numbers preceded by the sign—, and vice versa - Hence, 1f m any problem we choose the sign + for in- comes and the sign — for debts, + 30, +45, +90 will res- “pectively represent incomes of £30, £45, and £90, whereas —30,-—45, —90 wall represent debts of £80, £45 and £90 respectavely, a £ beng the umt But if the contrary choice be made +10; +25, +86 will-respechvely represent debts of £10, £25, and £36, and —10, —25, —86 will represent incomes of £10,°£25, and £86 respectively.18 ALGEBRA MADE BASY [CaP Henee, generally, if @ represent a portion of any quant: ty, —a will represent an equal portion of the quantity opposite m character to it. c @ A D 0 o B . Suppose ABisaroad Ifa person starting from any point O on it dravels towards Bto any pomt O and then davels back to O, 16 18 evident that his position on the road 38 just the same at the end of his journey as at the com- mencement Thus it 1s clear that distances measured along the road from left to right are opposite 1n character to those measured from right to leff Accordingly, 1f distances méas~ ured from left to right be represented by numbers preceded by the sign +, those measured from right to left must be represented by numbers preceded by the sign —, and we versa Hence, if we choose the sign + for distances measured from right to left, a distance of —8 miles from any point 0 will mean a distance of 8 miles measured from O towards the right , again, if a mule be the unit of distance, and af Cc and D be two points on opposite sides of O at distances of 5 miles and 4 mules respectively then the distances OD, oC, CD and DC willbe respectively represented by +4, —5, +9 and —9 From the above matances it 1s quite clear that the mgns: + and —, besides being used as signs of the operations-of addition and subtraction, are algo used as segns of distinchon between quantities of opposite charactr The mgns when used in this sense are often called signs of affection N B Whe fixed t ber, the understood , thus a and ‘ta have the same meng = 8" +38 8. Positive and Negative Quantities, Numbers or symbols preceded by the sign + or no sign are called postive guaniiives, whilst those preceded by the sign — are called negattve quantihes Thus each of the expressions 4, +6, a, +2, +6 18 0 posritee quanitty, whilst each of 4, —6, —a, —b, —018 8 negative quantity - Hence, the signs + and — are often respectively called the postive and nogaisve signs 7 7 -. - Note1 In “poste and or ” th quantity 1s used in tho eortée OF nem cr fers ae nme Wwever im understanding 4 n¢ givenin Art 218 remembered aitmber, yhen the explanation: Nj > ADDITION. 19 Note 2 The absolute ralue of 1 positive or a negative quantity ~ isits valne considered part from its sign. Thusxfa stands for 5 andi b for 3, +(al) and —(ab) have the same absolute value, namely, 15 WN B Yt 1 wmporiunt to bear in mind the meanings of such ex- pressions as “a at oF —£20," “a rive of —8 inches,” “a distance of ~5 miles to the worth ° &c. The expressions respects ely mean fa Tose of £20," "a fell of 8 inches, “a distance of 5 mules to the south,” & ; - Exercise (5). “4, -If $2 be the unit, what 15 meant by “A’s gain = —~50” ? | “2, If-a trader’s loss of £60 be repreeented by 60, what will represent a gam of £70 ? ‘3, If an mcome of £80 be represented by 20, what will represent a debt of £100 ? - 4, Ifa debt of £200 be represented by 25, what will répresent an income of £800? _ 5 If a distance of 90 mules to the north of a point be represented by 18, what will represent a distance of 150 miles to the south of it ? . 6, Ifa river level mses 8 inches on any day, falls 6 inches the next day, and again rises 10 inches on the third, how would you represent the rzses on successive days, ~takaing 2 inchés as the unit of length ? 7. A-toan gains Rs 80 in one year, loses Rs 20 in the second year, loses Rs 40 in thethird year, and gains Rs, 60 _ in the fourth year - how would you represent his gowns wo thesuccessive years, taking Re 2 ag the unit ? 8, In the preceding question, how would the min’s ‘losses be represented ? CHAPTER III. "ADDITION, ; 1. Definition, When two or. more quantities are united together, the result 1s called their swm and the process of finding the result 18 called addition, Note, As negative numbers are not recognsed in Anthmetic there is clewl a difference-betweon the Arsthmetical and the Algebraical sigmficance of, thé word add:tton Hence, when we speak of an Algebrare sem, We mean that quantities added logeth not uocessanly all positive 7 ee : alicia20 ALGEBRA MADE HASY (Caar. The result when one positive quantity is added to another. Suppose B’8 1s a road and that dis. ~ Br A 0 A B tances measured from left to right are reckoned positive ‘whilst those measured in the opposite direction, negative. Suppose, O, 4 and B are three points on the road such that O4 1s 2 miles and AZ 1s 8 miles , thenif a mile be the anit of distance and if 4 and B be situated as shown in the figure, OA and 4B will be respectively represented by- +-2and +8 If then a man staring from 0 travels to A 1n the first hour and from A to B in the second honr, hig distance from * O at the end of two hours 1s evidently OB and will there- fore be represented by +5 Hence, since (the distance travelled in the Ist hour)+ (the distance travelled in the 2nd. hour) = (the distance travelled 17 io hours), we have (+-2)+-(+3) = +65. i: Hence, generally speaking, (+4) +(+2) = +(¢+0); or more simply (a)+-(b) = (a+) ‘ Thus, when two positive guanttes are added together, the sum 18 a positive guanitty whose absolute value rs equal to the artihmetcal sum of the absolute values of those quantities, 3 The result when one negative quantity 1s added to another Suppose in the above figure OA’ = 2 mules and 4’B’ = 3 miles, and that 4’ 1s on the left of 0 and B’ on the left of A’, as shown inthe figure Then the cane OA' and A'S’ are respectively represented by —2 and -3 If a man starting from_0 travels to A’ in the first hour and from 4’ to B' in the second hour, his distance from 0 at the end of the second hour, will evidently be OB’ and will therefore be represented by —5 Hence, since (the distance travelled in the first hi (the distance travelled im the 2nd hour) 7 (the daatne, travelled 17 two hours), we have (—2)+(—8) = —5, iy Hence, generally speaking, (—a)-+-(—2) =—(a+8). Thus, when two negatyequanttves are added together, the 1 sum 18 @ negakwe quantity whose absolute value rs equal to the rarihmetical sum of the absolute values of those quantities 7“TiL] - ADDITION. | 1 fizample 1.” Find the sum of” -a, —be, —0b, when a=2,b6=3,655 - - Wehavea= 2, be = 8x5 = 15, a3} = 2° x8 = 12, “ es (a) +(-be) +(— 48) = (—2)4+-(—15) +(—12) : . == (2415-412) et : = —29, Example 2. Fmd the value of (—80)+(—a?d)+(b+/+9)» when a.= 8,b = -2,¢=4,d=5,f= ~—6,9 = —8 ‘We have tft = = (—2)+(—6)+(—8) 7 ; - = —(2404+8)=—-16; | ‘also, = So = 12, ‘and - ad = 8°x5 = 27X5 = 185." Hence, the given expression 7 7 = (—12)+(—185)4(—16) eeeee ~ se (124-185-416) : 7 = —I[68 =H Exercise (6) 1 Find the sum of —8, —7 and —12. 2. Find the sam of a, —b and ~5e, when a =—5,b = 3, 7 = 3. Find the sum of —5,aand 3, and find the result of adding 1t-to — 10, when a = —6 and 6 = —20 4 Find the value of eee when ¢ = 5, b= —8, ¢=—6& 5. Find the value of “(ati e(— — 46°) +{ —(a?—22)}, wheia=4,b =2,¢=8 6. "Find the sum of —3°S°, d, e,—20c2and (d+e), when a=hb=2¢=8, d= 24,6 = 5 7. Fmd the sum of —a*(b—2), —e~2) and —c*(b—a), when 6 = 2,0'= Bema22 ALGEBRA MADE B4sY. (CHar. &. Find the value of {-(@?—y?)}} +{-@-y + , {-(@t-y*)}, whens =5,y = 3 9. Find the sum of —z25(y2—22), —y%(29—29) and —25(y?—2?), when t = 8, y = 6,2 =5. a 10. Find the sum of —{a*—b*—c*}, —{a*—(b*—c*)}, —{at—b* xc} and —{(a*—b*) xt}, ‘ ' wheng=60,b=4,6=2 ~ 4, The result when a Negative Quantity is added to a Positive Quantity. In the figure of Art 2 suppose a man starting from 0 travels to Bin the first hour and from B to A in the second hour, then the distances travelled in the first and second hours will be respéctively represented by +5 and —8, and therefore the distance from 0 at the end of the second hour will be represented by (+5)+(—8) But the distance of the man from 0 at the end of the second hour (tc, OA) 15 also evidently represented by +2, Hence we have (+5)+(—3) = +2, that is = +(5—38) . Again, if the man starting from O travels to B m the ist hour and from Bto A’in the second hour, then the distances travelled by him im the first and 2nd hours will be respectively represented by +5 and —7, and therefore dis distance from 0 at the end of the second hour will be represented by (+5)+(—7) But his distance froni 0 at the end of the second hour (¢ ¢, 0A’) 18 also represented by —2 Hence we have (+5)-+(—7) =—2, thatis =—(7—5) Thus, generally speakmg, we have (-+-a)+(—d) = -+(a@—b) or, —(b—a) according as 3 18 less or greater than a - ' In other words, tf a postive and a negative quantity be added together, the sign of the result rs positive or negalrwe accor ding as the absolute value of the negatwe quantity 18 less or greater than chat of the positive quantity and the absolute value of the resiili 23 aluays equal to the difference belwesn the absolute values of the quantities - 7 Cor. 1. Since a+(—b) = —(b—a) when 5 18 greater _than a, putting a = 0, ‘We-havd 4-(—5) = —3, that 1s, zo add a negative quantity 8 the same as to subtract tis absolute . value, and conversely, to subtract a postive guaniity 13 the sane «is io add a negative quantity having the same absolute value.TIL] “ADDITION 23 Note ence thore 15 no difficulty in finding tlie vdlue of a—b when 518 greater than «3 for a—d can alirays be taken to be equi- valent to a+(—2), and thus Intier 1s equal to —()—a) when 615 preaterthana Thu¢ 3—8 = 34-(—8) =—(8—3) =—5 Gor. 2. From Cor 1, 1t3s evident that the sum of any number of quantities can be expressed by writing down the quantities one after the other with their respettive signs Thus a—b4+c—d means the same as @-+-(—b)+¢+(—d) Example 1. Find the value of a-3b+4+2e—74, when “*@=26=4,¢=3,d=1 @—3b426—F7d = a+ (—8b)42e+(—7d) ik - d= 24-(—12)464+-(—7) : =—104+6+(—7) =—4+(-7) =. Example 2, Find the value of a26—bc4c7d—?a—be?, ~when a=1,8=2,¢=3,d=4 The given expression. = (12 x 2)—12? x 8)+(89 x 4) —(49 x 1) —(2 x 87) = 2-]24-36-—16—18 = —10436—16—-18 = 26-16-18 = 10-18 =—8 Exercise (7). 1. Find the sum of 7 and —4 ‘2, Find the sum of 8 and —18, <3. Find the value of d—c+-d, when & = 18, ¢ = 25, d=8. 4. Find the sum of 8a, —5d, c, Zand 4e, when a = 2, V=8,c= 4, d=-7,c=8 5. Find the value of 8m—5u+Gqg+2, when m= 4, n=6q9=2r=-8 6. Find the value of 22°y—8y9z—52°y?4+2%y*, when ways + *e "7, Find the sum of —a%, bil? ch? and —a?d*?, when a=2b=5,e=8, d= 6.24 ALGEBRA MADE BASY. [CHaP, 8, Find the valueof a°—3ab+8a6°—}°, when a = 8 and b= 5 7 9, Find the value of m*—4m3n46m°n* —4mn’ $n'; when m = 2anda=4 - 10. Find the value of 29—5zty+41025y? 102793 + dzyt—y®, whengz = 5andy = 7 . 5. When any number of quantities are added together, the result will be the same in whatever": order the quantities may be taken. -oaene Suppose a man staring from a place travels 6 miles to the north and then travels back along the same path 8 miles to the south Then his position at the end of the journey 18 2 miles to the south of that place. Again, if the man first travels 8 mules to the south and then travels 6 mules to the north, then also at the end of the journey he 3s still 2 miles to the south of the place Thus, we have 6+(—8) = (—8)+6, each being equal’ to — 2, or, more briefly, we have 6-8 =—8+46, and 2 simular result in every other case ii Henee, generally, a—b =—b+a Agam, sitce 2—10+6 =—8+46 = —2, 7 and also —10+ 642 =—A42 = —2, we have 2—10+6 =—10+6+42, and a similar result m every other case , hence, generally, a—3+¢ =—b+ce-+a, 1 Similarly, 1¢ may be shown that a 7 a—b+c~—d+e—f = atct+e—b—d—f = —b+e-d—f+e+a = de &e &e 7 r 6, When any number of quantities are added, together, they can be divided into groups and the result expressed as the sum of those groups, We have 8—7—8+6—44+2" = —4-846-44-2 -1246-d42 = —6-44-2 = -1042 = —8;WLJ,. 7 ADDITION. 25 (8-1)+(—840)4+(—442) . Seb (-2)4(-2) = -8; B+(—7—-8+6)+(—442) - | = 34(-9) +(-2) = -8, B-+-(—7—8)-+(6~4) +2 = 84(—15)+242 = —8 Thus we have 8—7—8+6—442 = (8—7)+(-8+6)+(—442) = 84+(—7—-8+6)+(—4+2) == 8-+(—-7-—8)4+(6—4)+2, and similar results mall other cases, Bence, generally, the expression @+b~—c~—d+e—f+¢ ean be put in any one of the following forms — 1) lat+D+(—1—-A)4+04(—f 49) ' “Q) atb—c)—d+(o-f+g) (8) (@+b—-o4(—d+e- fitg ‘ (4) at(b—c—d) tet+(—f+y) (5) @+b—-e—d)+(e—f+g) &o &e, &e -Cor. J. Conversely, we have (a+b) 4(—c—d)+0+ {(—f+9) = a+b—c—d+e—f+q Hence the following * vale:— Zo add together tivo or more algebrazcal exp essions terite down the terms in succession with ther proper signs Cor 2 Since -a-—b+e—d+e—f = atete—b—d—f Tart 5] = (e+e+0)+(—b—d—/), we have the following rue — When any number of quanittes are to be added some of” aehich ave positive and others neaative, collect the posilire terms an one group and the neqatwe terms in ancther, and express the result as the sum of these two groups Thug 3—7+8—9+ 5-6 = (84+8+5)4+(—7-9—6) = 16+(—22) = —6 Example 1. Simphfy 5a—33+2c—da+42)—7 The given expression = $a—4a—8b4+-2b-+20—7e [Art 5} = (54a) + (285-420, + (26—70) [Art 6}: = a+(—b)4(— 50)” - = a=b—5e,26 ALGHBRA MAD HASY. [CHar. Example 2. Simphfy 8a°b +5b2c—Co?a— 1007 —7b%64- 8c%a-+-4a°—b%e+0%a - The piven expression 7 = 84% —10a*) +40 +-5b%e— 70°C —b7¢ —Ge*a+8c7a+c%a (Ba*b—10a*D-+4070)+(Gb%s—70°6— 272) +(—6c2a+807a +6%a) = (—Ta°b-+40°B) +(—2b%e— B40) + (207-4 0%a) = (—3a%b)-+(— 85%) +(3¢7a) = —3a°b—3b%¢+802a Note In the process above, 1t must bo noticed that when lhe torms ue added together, the 1esult 1s obtained by annexing the common letters to the sum of the numerical co-ellicients For anstance, we find that 5b*c—7)%—b*e = —307e, and ov dently —318 the sum of the co-efficients 5, —7 and —1 Example 3, Add together 8a—2b+c and —5d+6e—f, and find the numerical value of the sum, when a= 2, S=le=8d=4e=7f=65 We have (8a—2b+c)+(—5d+6e—f) = 8a—2b+e—5d4+ Co—f = 6—-248—204+42—5 = (643+ 42)+-(—2—20—5) =51 +(—27)=24, Exercise (8)_ ay Simphfy the following — 1. atb—c—2a—8b +40 2. 5a®—7b* +8c2+5b?—7c? — 6a? 3. 8a—-ab—7a+5e—8a-+52b 4 5mnp*—Gabr —7c* —8mnp* + 9c* +-4abr—5e® 5 —Ta°b—5b%04 +-10a9b—8B%e + Bdf—a%b—b%e? —5df 6 82ty—bayz—172'y +202%y* —2aye—85a°y* + Baty —4deyst+5z%y® sf 7 = —18a%bc+15ab%c— 27abe® —5a*be +-13abe* —23ab*%6 +7a7be-+ Gabe? + 19ab%o -t 8. 202%mn—23m8nz+ 14n*am 872° mn —47ntom bdmen, — 825 mn + 1828am —15menz + 20n5em' 7“HI ADDITION. 27 Ye a= 2,b=8c=24 d =5,e = 6, f=7,9=8,h=9, -m = 10, n = 19, find the numerical value of the sum of -— Q —a+3b+5eand 5d—te—6f. 10 5b—2f, —7m—Sn and 8d-+-¢e—10/ Ll. 8a, —5°+7c°, —2e4+5m—n and 10d—7h 12. —2a+8b—4e, —d—5e+6f and 37—5) —3m +5". 13. -ab+qk, mn—dbdt+f, —e?—d?+mk and Gac—5f - —Te+-abe. 14 a®b—clle, f?m~abii—e2d, —mg+31.?—264d and 5c? —Tdmy+2a*h—3m'd 7 AB. 8bim—5h2e~4m2g, —130?m+4q%d—7d?2c, Sn : +8/fm? +9d3 and 572 —7m?n—4o 7m + 8edk 7,. The ordinary Rule for adding together ‘compound expressions, Put the expressions under one another so that the different sets of hke terms may stand in vertical columns and draw a hne below the last expres- ‘sion , then add up each vertical column and put the result delow it The following examples will illustrate the method — Example 1 Add together 8¢—53+7c—9d, —8e+5a —3d+ 7), 4d+2c~a and 2b—8646d The first expression = 32—5b+-7c—9d The 2nd expression = 374+7b—8¢—3d {Art. 5] , The $rd expresnon = —@ +2e+4d The 4th expression = 2b—Be+6d - ° The sum = Ta+4b—2-2d Example 2. Find the numerical value of the sum of 200759 ~25h%ct4+-d?, —2207b3 4+-19b%c*—8d7 and 20% ~+7b3¢4 ~2d7, when a = 498,b = 8,¢ = 2,d = 19, The first expression = - 200759 ~25h3c4 +d? The 2nd expression = —22a"3 +-19b%c4 —8q? ‘The 8rd eapression = 9a7h? +-- 76% ot 4-207 - The sum = “1 Bot F = 87x24 = 27x16 = 482.28 ALGEBRA MADE EASY. _ - LOHaP Exercise (9). Add together — : 1. a—2b+50 and —7a+3b—8¢ 7 2, —8e+5y—92, be—By+72 and —2y+2 -, 3. 224829 —b2+4, 205—627+72—8, —2® £722 —22+9 and 529+2 eI 4, 8a—-2b+7e—8d, 2+ 6d—5e, 8b+d—10c, c—4b+a0 and —7d-+5b : 2 5B at4oeyt3y2—eeys2, —da*t+y?+20—5, - —32y—7y? +8y +1 and 62% +ay—e—4yt2 - 6 2x8—bayty?, 4y?—T2*—bat+2y, Sey—Shy— by? and 3—4y+3z 7 7, abce+a2b—b%e%, 5a%b—12b%e? Babe, Sb%e? 4023 + 2abe and 2a7b+-5b%c? we, 8, m3n?—Smnp+2m2n> + 6min?, Tmnp=1om>n> +5m8n?+-men®, 2m2n%—Smnpt+8m2n® and —7mn® mint — Amn? _- 9, 12052-29529 + 872%a%+450°D%0%, 250%2%@ —1607b2a? — 18a5d°e—52°07d, 8207b%2* —282707b #26085 2868220 and —92°a2b—14a°b*2—60a%b%a? + 82b3a%a - : 10, —15a*d‘c! +7409" —2404c%a* +-27a4b%C", 19c*a5b® —16atb8c5 +2804b4c4 — 8540805, 295408 a5 + 11atbict 900% —16c4a2b> and —Batb*o5 —10cab° +-Bbtcba®- ~ 180434! am ' LL. 250°b® —8b%c% —280%09 4194957, 160%a® ~14n®b%0* 19095? — 125965, 270*5%e* +130°5° 4.17¢8a® —206°C°,. 291503 —6a7b7c? —2103}3 18052 = and 10) 35 Spd +-4c%a? 2709576? : See 12 5a°—180°—58e° —26ahe,. 880°—87a%—Tabo-+260",. 2abe~17c? +1189 4+-48a%,- 18° 18abe+4a°421e5 -and —14a5 +1263 +21 ahr 2443 7UL C1. - ADDITION, “Ze Te a=6, b=4 2=8, y=t, find the numerical - *value of — - 13, - (829 + By? — 2002 + 4903) + (170° 2759-2808) + (—y? +36? — 30") + (2809 ~4y% +70? +2027) 14, (10a*_~ 262% y* + 802°S° + 17a%y*) + (85z%y* . #16a%y? — 80429 — 28035)4(—80%y? — 92%y* — 72553) +(62°b° —25a°y? + 2894) 15. (2a°—7b? +929 —138y? + 15ab—2izy)+(5y? + 8b? _+172y— Ga? —8ab—2029) +-(182? —20ab+-5a? ~16zy—10y? — 2b?) +(18ab—22° 4-309 + 282y—a? +-18y?), - 16. (29abz—a9b2y + 49zya—59yab) + (29b2y+-49yab_ —19abz—89aya)+-(2abe— 1ea2ya + Gbzy + 24yab) + (Baya+4bzy —18abr—14yab), - | 7 17. (150°? — 486%2* + e2ety® — WBabzy) + (89abry 72822? —2502b?—420°y%) + (19°92? + 87075? — Qhatcy +352*y*) +(9abey— 290°? —550°y? —4b72?), “ 18,_ (46a*438b+—87abe? — 105y*) + (47ab2? + Sby* —5Ga*~58b4) + (57y* +754423a* + G3abe2) + (—88d¢ +8y!—27abz2? —89a*) + (26a —45y* —22b* 4 5abz?) 19 (85ay* + 207ab* — 98bz* — 62ya*— 83abu2y) + (68bz* “}102ya* —65zy* — 87ab* + d58ab27y) + (26abz2y — 75ab* ~~ 25ya* +4865" + 58zy*) + (28ya*—292y*—65abz?y+45ab* ~+26b2*) +-(—890b4 —48ya* + G9abe*y + 62y* —39bz*). 20. (57a*he + 25b%ry—1482*ya +879*ab—2530°b%2?) + (6324 ya—92y*ab— 68a*be + 730°b?2* —85b42y) + (Sby*ab +182bt2y 4- (8202622? + 362*ya + 962*bz) 4- (—5027b22? — Bathe + 27ytab—17etya—52b*2y) + (Glz*ya — 20b*ay ++ 14807b%29 —7y*ab—12atbe) -CHAPTER IV. SUBTRACTION-REMOVAL OF BRACKETS. 1. Definition Any quantity 0 18 said to be subtract--* ed from any other quantity a when a third quantty ow found such that the swm of 6andc¢isequaltoa In other words, ¢ = e—6 when cissuch.thatb+o=a ~~ The quantity from which another quantity 1s subtracted: 1s called the mnuend and the quantity subtracted 18 called the - subtiahend The result is called the difference or the re- mamda Thusif a—b = ¢, @is the minuend, d the subtra- hend, and ¢ the remainder a? 2 To subtract a positive quantity is the same as to add a negative quantity having the same absolute value, and to subtract a negative quian- tity is the same as to add a positive quantity having the same absolute value. ‘ > Since 3844 = 7, we have 7-8 =4= 7+4(—8), - _ again, since 6-+(—2) = 4, we have 4—( = —2 = 44(—6)-. Hence, generally 4—b = a+(~—2), 1¢,-t0 subtract a positive quantity rs the same as to add a negatwe quantly having , dhe same absolute value [See Art 4, Cor 1 Note, Chap TIT]; Since (—8)+5 = 2, we have 2—(—8) = 5 [ by defini tion] = 2+8, ° 9) ” Tby i aunilarly, snee (~6)+(—4)=—~10, ' we have (-10)—(—6) = ~4 = (-10)+6 7 Thus, generally, smce (— d)+G+8) =a, we have- @—(—d)=ath, re, tosublacta negative quantity rs the same as to add a positive quantity having_the same absolute value. _ Note One quantity a as said to be ter than mother 3 when a~b wa positive quantity ‘Thos —4 af greater ‘then 8 for.) ’ —(—5) =—345=1 Sumiarl: :w5 > —7, —10 > —20 and so on Heuco 1 the sennes 5 4 3.2.1.0, 1-9, 3 dB ge oe, &e ench number 1s less than the one beforext. 7 7 1?“Ivy - SUBTRACTION. 8K 3. Illustration. Suppose 4D 1s a Railway hnernn- A ‘oO " _ B Cc OD . ning from west to east, and A, O,.8, C, D, are stations on it such that AO = OB = 20 miles, BC = 30 miles and CD = 10 miles. Suppose a man travels from 0 to C in two days. Then evidently, (the distance travelled on the first day) +( the distance travelled on the second day) = 50 miles = und hence, by definition, 50 miles—(the distance travelled on the first day) = the distance travelled on the second day. Now, ()_ af on the first day the man travels from 0 to B,t¢. travels 20 miles towards the easf of O, then on the second day he has to travel from B to C,a distance of 30 miles more towards the east, thus we have (50 mules) — (20 miles) = 80 miles, 7 (in) If on the first day the man travels from 0 to A, ie, travels a distance of 20 miles towards the 1 csf, then on the second Gay he must travel from A to CG, a distance of 70 mules towards the east , thus we have (50 muiles)—(—20 miles) = 70 mules (in) Agam, if on the first day the man travels from O to J, ve, a distance of 60 miles towards the east, then on the second day he must travel from D'to G1¢, 2 distance of 10 miles tovcards the west ; thus we have (50 miles)~(60' mes). = — 10 miles Hence. takinig a mule as the unit of distance we get the following results :— ‘ ; 50- 20= 80 7 50~(—20) = 70 50- 6GO= —10 Bxemple 1, Find the value of a—3+c, when a = 5, =-2e=-3 > a—b+e = 5—(—2)-+(—8) = 542-8 = 4, Example 2 Find the value of —a—(—2)+c, when a =—-2,b=—3,6=—4 __ The given expression =—a+b+¢ =—(-2)4(—3)4(-4)~ 2-8-4 x, =—"32 ALGEBRA MADE ASY (Omar, Exercise (10). Ifa = 8, ) =—5, c= —6, d = —8, find the value of 1 -a+b—c+d 2. a—bt+e+d 3, c—d—(—b)—a a, o-(-d4+b—a 5, —(—a)tb—-(—d)—d_ It’ m = —47, n = 50,@ = —154,y = —284; find the value of — 7 6. n—m—(—2)+y 7 —(—m)+y—(—2)—2 8, —(-2)+m—y—-(-2). 9. —(-9)—m—2—(—n) 20, —(—2-y—(—2)—m 4, To prove that a—(6+c) = a—b—c, and a—(b—c) = a-—b+e, Since (6+¢)+(a—b—0) = a, aia . bydefmton, a—(b+c)=a-—b-o, ~ Again, since (b—c)+(a—b+c) =a, ‘ a—(b—c) = a—b+ce* Cor. Thus we arnve at the following rule for subtract- ang one algebraical expression from another —Change the ' sign of every term of the subtrahend from + to — or from— io +, as the case may be, and then wriie down those terms rn suco cession after the minuend Thus the result of subtracting 2a4+8b—5c from a—2b+¢ = a—2b+c—2a—3b+56 =~ —a—5b+6e Example 1. Subtract —8a+2b—5¢ from 2a+b—8¢~ - The required result = 24+b—8¢+-.8a—26+-5¢ y = (2a-482)-+(0—25)+-(—80-+50) = ba-+(—b)+(—80) = bat+(—))+(—380) c = 5a—b—86 7 * When a, b,c are all positive quantities and ais ter than, 5, and b as greatér than c,the followmg proof 18 ge) of this result in most treatises on “Algebra 7 ah th we subtract b from a,we get a—b, but we this subtrict- hi toga Fm afar we bare 2 sine apt > but agai yi =a-b+e1V.] - SUBTRACTION 38 Example 2, Subtract 2a*+3qb—5b? from —3a° +2ab—4°, “The required result = —8a? +-2ab—4b? —2a? ~8ab +56? - - =(~—8a* — 24") +(20b—3ab) +(—46? +50?) . "ba? ~ab+0?. i _ Exercise (11. ‘Subtract .— 7 1. a-b+e ' from 2a+3b—c, ~ 2. Qa-bbt4e 27 from —a—2b+-8e, 3. -z+y-<, from 2z-++8y—4z.- - A. —3m?+2mn+5 from —5m?—mn+4 5. 2? —2y2 +827. from 8z?—y? 4-227. 6. 8a2—day+5y? _ from 2az+z7y—6y*. J. —82?4-2ab—7b? from a?—5ab—8b?. 8. —2be+-6e?—Szy from 5te—c?4-2zy. Q, 2299-427 +72+5 from 2° ~327+62+7 10. at 4 223y—32%y9 +-Gzy? -y3 . - from 2a*—2z25y—82%y? +4zy? —y? LL, 8m*—Tm2n+8mn? —18n* 7 A from 2m*—18m°n+-15mn? ~37n*. - 12, 8p*—7p%9+10p%9? —18p9° + 59* ‘ : from §p*—12p°q-+7p2¢? —23p9? +-3¢*. 13. —72546zty—825y2 —1827y? + 9y1 from 82°~—52zty+225y?—722y + 6y*. 14. 8m°nz—10n32m 4+ 1423mn—20m9n2g—27n22*m from §m?nt—17n*zm-+26z? mn ~18m2n*e—19n22?m, 15. 872° —282%y +4824? —54z3y? —G67e2y! + S4ry* ~oBy' 2 from 482°~—812°y—7z4y? —392°y? —41z°y* + Gdzy® ~53y°, 5. The Ordinary Rule for subtracting one compound Expression from another. Pat the sub- _ trahend below the minuend in sucha way that the different sets of like terms-may stand in verbal columns and draw a hne below the subtrahend ; then supposing the sign of every term of the subtrahend to be changed, write down ‘the sum of each vertical column underneath it. 1-884 ALGEBRA M&DH BASY. [Onay, Example 1. Subtract —22°+-8ry—y? from 2*— Qey + By%, The minuend = 27—-2ey+38y? The subtrahend =—2z2*+S8zy— y? * Theremainder = 82°—52y+4y? Note It must be noticed that the signs of the terms of the subtrohend are not actually altered in the process, but they are. supposed to be altered and the operation of combining each pair of hike terms 1s performed mentally Example 2. Subtract a*—8ab+5z?—y? 7 ar from 82? +2y?—7a?. The mmuend = 82°+2y2—7a? 7 The subtrahend = 5a?’— y?+ a?—2ab © Theremainder =—2z*+3y°—8a?+38ab Exercise (i2). Subtract — L 8a—4b+5¢ from 2a+8)—5c 2. —8m+5n—Tr from 7m—2n+5r_ >” 3. -2? +ay—y? from 227—Bay-44y?, “~ 4, 28—22°+52+6 from 22°+82°—82+5.. - 5. a? —5ab+2l9+7be from 2a?—Sab+8be . 6. 529 + Ga®9y—day? 4-749 EE . from 829 —2e%y-+8zy?—5y?- 7 —2+8e—5294705 from 4—62-+729—92°, : 8. e*—722+9 from 82*—223-—827+4-7, 2 5x5 422423 4 62249248 m4 - from 2-624 49945 _ 10. 249 —8a5y +4 77y9 —8y94.@3—3ab from 2° ~42*y— 82y? —5ab, 1le Baye? —2aty— 7224299742 a. from 1224y—5e°y? 4 Saye? —9a%ye 12, 2be~8.2 +004 52 —45?— 70h aS ; from 2a9—8594 5? — Gab-+7bc— Sass , 1B. ~5r- B29 4 12427y—Ty44y? 2, from “ 2e°—Say-+ 5y?— 62—8y +9. *1¥] : ~ SUBTRACTION. : 85 “14, —5a* +209 -4459—Tab® 2093 —70° + 5ab from a® —8a2b+ 5ab? — 963 +809 —2ab-+-b2, ; 15. — 2yabe® + 492*be—2az' —9y2zbe+ 8252 from 8az4—5a?x? + Gyzbe* —7y%z2be-+ 8y2%bc _ 16, 192°2°y—1525y524-97-4+1lay2* —122°9722" —192y825 from 25—162°y52—17ey°s5 + 212525y—62°y2? + 8zyz*, “17, -4829y429 —2829y224 495044329 — 66224423 - $:262%y9244 852y%23 from 2924y%29 — 87a5yt2? + Bday eet —452%y%24 — 6724y223 4 8922442? , 18, — 2924325 + 7525y*z2+ 13a3y%2t + 58a5yt25 —940°y3z* — 8624y%2? from 412%y*25 — 87x23 y52t —28zty52F + 6824y225 — 55z°y 324 43705423, 19, “What must be added to 82°—Say+6y?+ 7yz in orde: that the sum may be —z?—y?—yz ? > 20, What must be added to —529+18z9y?—a%be +5ozy? + 7eyab in order that the sum may be 2°-+42%y? a°be—2bry* —2Qryab ? 21. What must be added to 524—Gz°y+72%y? —8zy? —19y‘ in order. that the sum may be 824+ 52°y?—12y4 ? _ 22. What must be added to —52°—82ty+625y2+ 1ia*y5 +-132y* —21y> in’ order that_the sum may be —7z° Ady? + 1329y? 4+ 294° P ~ - 23, What must be subtracted from 2¢7+5ab—652 in order that the remainder may be a24+2b2? =~ 24, What must be subtracted from 52*—6zy-+4y? —8z —10y-+15 m order that the remainder may be 274224 By9 + 42+ byt 6? - 25. Whatmust be subtracted from 3¢°—407}+5ab? —8}° in order that the remainder may be a3 —2ab2 4-763 ? 26. What must be subtracted from —8z5y+4¢%y2 —llay? +1229 —1By+27 in order that the remainder may be 42°y—82?y —1lzy? +2029 —S0y+56 ? 27, From what expression must 8a?—7ab—8be—9b? be subtracted in order that the remainder may be 2a?+3ab 850-425? ?. : 28. From what expression must —382° + 5y?—7a2y-+8e —9 be subtracted in order that the remainder may be w= 8y24 2Qry—1e+7P36 ALGHBRA MADE HABY. (Caap, 29. From what expression must —7a°—8b%¢—18ac* +80 be subtracted in order that the remamder may be “4a® —8b%¢+-7ac? —8b° ? 7 : 7 30. From what expression must 2123 —37ay? +42y —18z*+192y—89 be subtracted in order that the remain- der may be —2523 +-152y? —87y° +72? —482y +24 ? 6. Removal of Brackets, The laws for the re- moval of brackets are — (1) If any number of terms be enclosed _within a pair. of brackets preceded by the sigan +, the brackets may be struck out as of no value 2 (2) Ifany number of terms be enclosed within a pair of brackets preceded by the sign —, the brackets may be removed provided that the signof every term within the brackets be changed, namely, + to — and — to +. - The reason 1s obvious, for, any expression, included within brackets preceded by the sign +, has to be added to, whilst one, enclosed within brackets preceded by the ggn —, has to be subtracted from what goes before, Thus a—b4(c—d+e) = a—b+c—d-+e, whilst, a@—-b—(c—d+e) = a—b—c+d—e Conversely, Q@) Any number of terms in an expression may be en- closed within a pair of brackets, with thesign + prefixed ; (u) Auy number of terms in an expression may be en- closed within a pair of brackets with the sign — prefixed, 1f the sign of every term put within the brackets be altered. Thus a—b4+c—d+e—f = a—b—(—c+d—0+f) x Note ‘We often find brackets withm brackets as in the ex~ pression 2a—[3b—{4c—(6d—6e)}] , here 1 1s meant that the expression ‘within the braces { }18 to be subtracted from 3b and the result thus’ obtained 1s to be subtracted from 2a , whilst the expression within. the braces is to be found by subtracting the expression within the. parentheses ( ) from 4c ~ - ; ‘When an expression of this kind 1s to be cleared of brackets, 16 1s best for a beginner to remove first the mnermost par, then the innermost of those that remain, and so on , and lastly the outermost par 7 Example 1 -Simphfy a—{s—(@¢—d}. : ~ a={b—(6—d)} = a—{b—c4 dG} = a-b+e—d.Ivy - SUBLEAULION. ou Example 2. Smphfy a—[b—f{e—(d—-)}-/]. _ a—[6—-(0-(d—-)}-f) = a—[0-fo- d+ Jf] eae = a—[b—c+d—e—f] 7 = a-btc—dtetf Example 3. Simplify a+[-b—{c—(@-e—f)—g} 2}. afl -b-fe-(d-2=f)=91- 2] te at[—b-fer@-et fh]. = a+[—b—{c—d+e—/—g}—4] at+[—b—-cet+d—e+f+g—h] a-b—ctd—ctftg—-h - Example 4, Simphfy 2e—[804{4b—(22—B)+52}—70]. . The given expression = 2a—[8a-+{4b—2a-+-+ 5a}—76] ‘ = Pa—[3a+-{5b+-3a}—76} - = 2a—[8a+55+3a—78] 7 - == 2a-[6a—28) - - = 2a—6a425 = —4a425 Example 5, Simphfy) «—[~b~{e~@—e-F)}], first rémoving [ -j, then { }, then( ), and last of all the vinenlam. 7 7 a—[-b-fe(-8-F . at b4fe—(d—o=F)} "= abb-+-e~—(d—e—f) 7 : = atbte-dpo—f = atbt+e—dte—f . Note The expression with [ ] consists of two terms, namely, —b and —{e—(d—e—F)} , hence, when this par of brackets, which ix preceded by the sign —, ed tb fo—(d—e—F Asmuilar Testoiumng applies tothe removal. “of the atone predate It must be noticed carefully that-ouly one paw of brackets 28 io be Femoved at a time my ‘ 7 Sxample 6. Simphfy 7 oe 7 [a—{0—(c~d)}] — [2a— {80+ (2e—40)} J. We have a—[b—(C—dy} = a~{b—c+q} - ‘= a-b+e-d, haw 138 ALGEBRA MADE EASY. {Caar. and 2a—{8b-+(2c—4d)} = 2a—{8b-+-2c—4d}. \ == 2a—8b—26+4d, Hence the given expression [a—b-+c—d]—[2a—8b—2¢+4d] a—b+c—d—2a+8b+20—4¢ 7 = —a+2)43c—5a, Example 7. Of the expression a+b—c+d—e—f enclose the first three terms within a pair of brackets and the last three in another, each preceded by the sign —, and then put the last two terms of each of these bracketed expres- sions within an inner pair of brackets preceded by the sign — According to the given directions, a+b—c+d-e—f = —{-a—b4}o}—{—d+etf} = -{-0-@-2}—{-d-(-e-f)}. ” Exercise (43). Simphfy — 7 4. 2a~8b—(4a—6b)+-(—20-+-55). : 2. 2+(—y+42)—(—22+8y). 3. —(5z—y)+(—32+y)—(2y—62). 4. 8a~{6a—(2)—2)} 5. ~a—{2b—(6a+-4B)}. 6 20~{5b—7)—2a} ~ 7. 8-{5—(6-7—J}}. 8. —2-[-8-{-4—(—5—6)}] ; - 9 -a—[—3b—{-2a—(—a—4d)}] “ 10 a—[2b—{8e—(a—26—80)}} LL. 82- (6y—{102—(52— 10y—82)}] 12 —a—[—b—{-c~(-a—-5—0)}]. Simphfy the followmg expressions removing the brackets 1n the reverse order, 1 ¢ ,‘the outermost first and the innermost last — 13. 2z—[5y—{92—(10y —42)}] 14, —5a—[8b—{6a—(5d>7a)})}~- 15. —7m—[8n—{8m—(4n—10m)}].GV. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 39 16. —20—[~4b—{—6c—(—80— —105—120)}]. UW. —82—[—5y—{—7e—(—92— — Lly—182)}]. -18. —2¢—-[—4y—{—62—(—82——by—72)}1. 19, —2-[—8y+{—be—(—20-+—4y—6a)} I. 20, —204[—5b—{—8¢4-(—8a——6b+96)}]. 21, —2+[—by—{—924-(—32——7y Fle fT. Simplify — 22. {2a—(8b—5e)} —[a—{2b—(c—4a)}—7e]. 7 23, -[e—-{y—(e—2)}-y— 2) —[2— {2-2} 24, [2a—(b—¢)—{8b—(2a—c)}—{ — 22 +-(c—4b)}] —[—88—(2a—40)+-{6e—(2b—3a)} —{—56-+ (6a—70)}]. Ih the eapression -a—b—e+d—m+n—e+y—2 — 25. Include the 2nd, 8rd and 4th terms im a parr of ‘brackets preceded by the sign —, and the 5th, 6th and 7th an 4 pair of brackets preceded by the sign +. 26. Include all the terms after the Ist, in a pair of brackets preceded by the sign —, and of the expression thus enclosed put the last four terms within a pair of brackets preceded by the mgn +. 2'7. Enclose the first five terms within a pair of brackets preceded by no mgn and the last four within a par of ‘brackets preceded by the magn —, and then put the last three terms of each of these bracketed expresmons within a par -of brackets preceded by the sign —. 28. Bnclose every “three terms from the first in a par of brackets preceded by the sign —, and,then put the last two terms of each of these bracketed expressions mm a pair of brackets preceded by the sign — Miscellaneous Exercises (I). 4 1, What number will represent an interval of 5 hours @) if the unit of time be half an hour, (a1) 1£ the unit of aime be 10 honra ? toe tt 2, If watandsfor 17 and y for 25 what does e~y denote ?40 ALGHBRA MADE EASY. _ (CHar. 3. Define “Oo-efficient” Distinguish between a nu merical co-efficient and a Inéeral co-efficient What are the co-efficients of 2° in 152° , 2ax°, 7ab*a> and 16m*pqz° ? %4,_Distingmsh between Vab-and Jab Find the value of VJab~ fab, when a = 9,0 = 4, cok 5. If a distance of half a mile to the north of a place be represented by 40, what will represent a distance of 11 yards to the south of 1t ? 6. State the result when a negative quantity is added to a positive quantity Hence deduce that + (—2) =—2 7. Define subtraction. Hence deduce that 4—-6 =—2 and that 5-—(—8) = 8 8. Arrange the following numbers in degcending order of magnitude —2, 5, —8, 7, —8, —1, 9, —4, —12 IL. 7 1, Ifa=4, 5b = 5, find the value of — Q) ab—axd, (u) 74-7a, 2 (m) 45-ab, Qv) 85—83. 7 2, What does a" mean? Distinguish between a" and ne Find the value of a*—4a°b+6a°b2—4ab?+5*, whén a=%, b= 3. What 215 the relation between a@ and each of the followmg —%/a, S/a, 8/a, and Ya? - - Find the value of /a*—8dx Vbe—c—20, when a=83=%7,¢c=6, d=5ande=1, 4, What is meant by thé absoluie value of a positive or a negative quantity ? Illustrate this by an example 5. Add together 8z°y, —827y, —192zy and 172°y , and find the numerical value Of the sum, when o=4, pe 5 6. Wnite down the sum of 162, —Szy3, 240°, y* and ——52z°y , and find its numerical value, when 2 = 4, y = 5. 7. Subtract 4a—18b—25¢ from 175—12c—19a, - 8, Simphfy 82—[4y+-(22—(e—By+-82)}] — (82-74).Iv. MISCELLANEOUS EXEROISES, 4r : Iu. 1. Express algebraically the following statements — (i) The result of multiplying the stim of a and b by ¢ is the same as the result of dividing z by the product of y and 2. (1) The square of the sum of 2 and y 1s the same as the result of adding together the square of 2, the square of y, and twice the product of z and y (an) If the enbe root of the result of subtracting nfrom m be divided by the product of the cubes of m and x, we geta quantty which 16s less than the sum of the square roots of z and y (iv) Since @1s greater than 5, therafore three times ais greater than three times 2 A, B,C, D,#, F,G, are a number of successive points on a straight line such thatthe distances 4B, BC, CD DE, RF, FG are respectively 8, 4, 6, 8, 5 and 7 ches If DC be represented by 8, what numbers will represent DB, DE, DF, DA ond DG respectively ? z ‘ 3 State the resnit when one negative quantty 1s added toanother Find the sum of —a>, —327b, —8ab2, —b°,. when a = 6,5 = 4, 4, Shew by a numeneal example_that when any num- ber of quantities are added together, the result 1s the game an whatever order the quantihes may be taken, 5 Ifa= 16,3 =10,c = 5,4 = 1, find the value of (a—b)(5 Ja—1)+ Jia-eota ’6 Ika=4,b = %, prove that ~ + aF4hs - a+b %. Add together 32? +4be—2r°+10, 22? ~5a* —15 + 6be and 21—%hce—4a?—1027, 7 8 Simplify a—[5b—{a~(8e—85)+2e—(a~2b—6)}] 7 7 iv x ; 7 1. Ifa = 9, find the value of -— Q) VE9~ fea; | tn) 49 = = at ~a3b 40°F? ~ab3 +54,a2 ALGEBRA MADH BASY. [CHar. 2 Shew by a numerical example that when any num- ber of quantites are added together, they can be divided inté groups and the result expressed as the sum of these groups - 8 Ifa=2,b = 8,¢ = 4, find the value of a—b+o,b—c +a cmatb a+b—c' b+c~-a'cta—b 4 Definean Algebrawcal Ecpression Distinguish be- ‘tween a semple expression and a compound expression Is 42abz* a simple or acompound expression ? Give the mames with illustrations of thec different classes of com- pound expressions 5 Ife=2, y=3, a=6, b= 5, find the value of Vitetyy + Vie+ao—2z) + Vao—yy- 6 A certain sum 1s divided between A, Band O, B receives @ pounds more than A,and C recerves b pounds more than B , 1f A receives z pounds, find an expression for the whole sum divided : ‘7 Add together a3—8ab—34b*, 262-253 4-69, ab—1b* +6? and 2ab—403 a 8. Reduce to its simplest form 7 {202 —(y? —2y)}— {y? — (429 —y")} + (24? —(8zy—2°)}. Vv 1 What 1s meant by the dimensions and_degree of a ‘product ? What 1s a Homogencous Expression ? Write down two trinomial homogeneous expressions, one of six-dimen- ‘sions and the other of seven - 2, Ifyou were asked to find the value of the expression axb—c—d xe+f—gh, how would you proceed ? 3 Define factor, What are the simple factors of 2ab(a +-b) ? 4 State the proposition from the converse of which 13 deduced the following role —7o add together tivo or more al- -gobraxcal exp essiona, write down the terms in succession with thewr “proper signs 7 - 5. If a=4and@ = 2, find the numenical value of 2az* 6a. 2927 — (@—2* 08 Jia+de Gla”