COMPARISON OF THE EIGHT GLASS OF WATER A DAY RULE WITH THE

WATER CONSUMPTION OF ACTIVE AND INACTIVE S.Y. 2018-2019

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN METRO MANILA

A RESEARCH PAPER PRESENTED TO THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

DEPARTMENT
SAINT JUDE CATHOLIC SCHOOL

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADE 11

HOWE W. YANG
JHENEEVEE L. KO
ANDREA G. TAN
RANI M. WONG
December 2018
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, we would like to give thanks to the Lord, the Almighty, for giving us the

opportunity to work and to complete this research successfully. I thank our alma mater,

Saint Jude Catholic School, for supporting and encouraging us to conduct this research.

We would like to express our gratitude to our research supervisors, Ms. Ysabel

Vernadette Cabreros and Sire Jayson Rollo for patiently and properly guiding us all

throughout the research. We are also very grateful for what they have taught to us. We

are utmost thankful to our parents for their love, sacrifice, understanding, and for

preparing us for our future. We would also like to give thanks to our friends and

classmates for their continuous encouragements. Most specially we would like to thank,

the respondents of the survey. We could not conduct the research without them. Finally,

our thanks go to all the people who have supported us to complete the research work

directly or indirectly.

i
 ABSTRACT

This research aims to determine whether or not SHS students in Manila follow the

famous "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule set by health professionals. Another objective is

to compare if being active or inactive in sports may affect the amount of water intake of a

SHS student. This study is mainly for the benefit of students to know if their water intake

is adequate for the day. Meanwhile, this research provides data and information on

whether or not it is important for everyone to follow this rule. The method of collecting

data used was through a survey wherein 30 out of 52 participants were randomly chosen

as a sample. The hypothesis test was then used to calculate and to analyze the data

collected in order to determine whether these participants were able to meet the water

intake required by health professionals. Based on the data collected and calculated,

majority of the SHS students do not follow the "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule. The

participants were divided into two categories, active and inactive with regards to their

participation in sports. The first category, active, means that the student is active and is an

athlete that exercises more than once a week. On the other hand, inactive means that the

student is not currently active in any sports or has a sport but does not practice it on a

habitual basis. After this, the researchers calculated the average amount of water intake of

students who are active and inactive respectively. The results show that both active and

inactive students have the same amount of water intake.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------ i
ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
LIST OF TABLES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND ------------------------------------ 1
Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Statement of the Problem ------------------------------------------------------------ 2
Scope and Limitations ---------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Significance of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Chapter 2: THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES -------------- 6
Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Foreign Literature --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Local Studies --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Synthesis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY -------------------------------------------------- 12
Research Design --------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Research Locale ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Participants/Respondents of the Study -------------------------------------------- 13
Instruments Used in the Study ----------------------------------------------------- 13
Statistical Treatment ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Chapter 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ---- 15
Presentation of Data ----------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Analysis of Data --------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Discussion of Data ------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Interpretation of Data ---------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Chapter 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS --------------- 20
Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20
Conclusions --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

iii
 Recommendations ------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1.1: Water Consumption of Active & Inactive SHS Students (in mL) --------------------- 15

1.2: Water Consumption of All SHS Students (in mL) -------------------------------------- 16

1.3: Mean & Standard Deviation of Active & Inactive SHS Students (in mL) ----------- 16

v
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

The researchers witness several Senior High School (SHS) Students of Saint Jude

Catholic School bringing water bottles to act as their main source of hydration for the

whole day. However, these bottles of water are rarely completely emptied. It is also

evident that many students get water from other people’s water bottle. This results to the

lack of water for the latter. Observing these behaviors, the researchers aimed to conduct a

research on whether the Senior High School Students intake ample amount of water or

not.

Water is vital to the human body. The human body needs water in order to

regulate the body temperature, excrete poisonous substances, produce cells and many

more. If the human body lacks water, the body would not function normally. According

to Matthew Bartlett (2017), lack of water can cause tiredness, low energy, headaches,

constipation, dry skin and many other issues.

It is said that the "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule is recommended to be followed

for all people. This rule is also called 8x8 rule. The origin of this idea can be traced back

in 1974. Dr. Frederick J. Stare wrote in a book that he recommends average adults to

drink 6 to 8 glasses of water each day. He also wrote that obtaining water for the body

can also be in the form of fruits, vegetables, milk, tea, coffee and many more. Although

there are no scientific evidences to support this idea, people living in hot countries, like

the Philippines, clearly needs more water intake.

1
 The main objective of the researchers is to determine whether the "8 Glasses of

Water a Day" rule is followed by the Senior High School Students in Metro Manila. This

study also aims to compare the Water Consumption of the Senior High School Students

and the ideal amount of water intake for an average person.

This research is mainly for the purpose of raising awareness to the students on the

negative side of drinking less water and promoting more water intake to prevent

widespread diseases. The students may have a little understanding of the negativity of

little water intake, but this does not make them realize the bigger impact it may affect

them. Moreover, most students neglect the advantages of drinking more water to the

body. Therefore we, the researchers, would like to promote the advantages of more water

intake to the human body.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule has proven to be the most popular saying

when it comes to the recommended amount for individual water needs. Depending on the

container, that is about 2 liters to 2.5 liters of water a day. According to the National

Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the determined amount of adequate

daily fluid intake is: 3.7 liters of fluids for men, and about 2.7 liters of fluids a day for

women.

In Manila, where temperatures can reach up to 36 Celsius, this proper amount of

water intake should be maintained to prevent dehydration and related problems. This

holds true especially for students who are constantly working with their brains.

2
 However, students bring only a single jug of water as their source of hydration for

the whole of the school day. And more often than not, this jug of water would not be fully

finished. The researchers have noticed the lack of water intake in SHS students and aim

to collect data on the amount of water intake each day from students of the SHS

department of Saint Jude Catholic School S.Y. 2018-2019 and compare the data with the

"8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule.

The research specifically aims to answer:

● What is the average daily water intake of the SHS students?

● What is the contrast of the average daily water intake of active and

inactive SHS students compared to the "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule?

● Are the SHS students properly hydrated with respect to the "8 Glasses of

Water a Day" rule?

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study will find out if the students of the Senior High School follow the 8-

Glass Rule (also equivalent to two liters of water). This study will help decrease

dehydration of students especially due to stress and school workload. According to the

World Health Organization (WHO), almost 9 million people die either because of

dehydration or drinking non-potable water. Data will be collected through a survey form

from Senior High School Students of School Year 2018 – 2019. Students will be asked

about the capacity of their water bottle and how much water they drink in that day.

Furthermore, they will also be asked whether or not they refill their bottles and if so, how

3
many times do they refill in a daily basis. Aside from ordinary students, we will question

if the student is an active athlete.

Since each student has a distinct Body Mass Index (BMI), each requires a

different amount of daily water intake. As researchers we aim to increase water intake of

students in whatever circumstance. We are going to compare and contrast the student’s

water intake with the "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule. The study will not consider other

liquids other than water. Sodas and other infused chemicals will not be included in the

study, for this will alter the results and may result to false accuracy.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study helps uncover whether drinking 8 glasses of water a day is applicable

to the students. Meanwhile, this study also aims to learn whether the amount of water has

affected their health in any way by looking at the factors present in the subject. The result

of this study may help provide knowledgeable information to the population while further

widening their understanding on this ruled learn whether late teens follow the "8 Glasses

of Water a Day" rule. Although this is a small-scale research, it also serves a significant

role in diving deeper in this topic that is rarely discussed and opposed.

The future researchers, this may reveal the answers of whether the rule is valid, or

if it must still be publicized and abided. This may serve as a reference data that may be

cross-referenced while providing a better background on the research. Furthermore, the

researchers may discover and conclude whether if the population must drink the ideal

amount of water a day or not.

4
 The students will be informed with the detailed research regarding their water

intake. Meanwhile, it may serve as a caution for the students who lack the ideal water

intake. While giving advice to the students so that they may maintain the nourishment

that the body needs from water. Other than that, it may also benefit the student athletes.

5
 CHAPTER 2

THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the review of related literature. The review of related

literature gives us an insight on the research and provides a background for the readers

about the literature or studies that were based for the research. The chapter will include

the introduction, foreign literature and local studies, conclusion, and the synthesis.

INTRODUCTION

The researchers observed that the origin of the "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule

can be traced to foreign countries; however, the targets of the researcher’s studies are

present here, in the Philippines. Therefore, foreign literature was collected and reviewed

in relation to the "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule. Furthermore, local studies on the

hydration of people in the Philippines were also collected and reviewed.

The collected materials aim to aid the researchers in their research in the

hydration of Senior High School students of S.Y. 2018-2019. The materials collected will

also be used to compare the water consumption of the Senior High School students and

the ideal amount of hydration needed.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

[Donald Hensrud, M.D.; Jennifer K. Nelson, R.D., L.D.; Katherine Zeratsky, R.D.,

L.D] stated that the required amount of water for men is 15.5 cups or 3.7 liters and 11.5

cups or 2.7 liters for women. The "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule also serves as a basis

6
for people to follow (Palsdottir MS, 2016). While Joe Boland suggest that drinking

between 25% to 50% of the body weight of a person is better than following the "8

Glasses of Water a Day" rule. Moreover, the body obtains water not only through the

water we drink but also through the foods we eat. For instance, milk, soft drinks, tea,

coffee, alcoholic beverages (Ozen, del Mar Bibiloni, Pons, & Tur, 2014), fruits,

vegetables (Boland, 2015) and seeds (Brody, 2018) all contain great amount of water.

Furthermore, each person’s water needs vary from each other because certain factors like

exercising, breastfeeding, pregnancy, the overall health or the environment a person lives

in can cause one to intake more water than the average (Hensrud M. D., Nelson R.D, &

Zeratsky R.D., 2017).

There are many great benefits in being properly hydrated. For instance, Joe Leech,

MS said it can maximize physical performance, may help prevent illness and headache,

relieve constipation and kidney stones and help a person lose weight. In the contrary,

there are also negative effects of being poorly hydrated. Dr. Josh Axe stated that poor

hydration can cause the deterioration of one’s physical health & mental health. Joe Leech,

MS also warned that low water intake can cause deteriorating of energy levels and brain

function. Other instances include fatigue, heat intolerance, dizziness, constipation, kidney

stones and a dangerous drop in blood pressure (Brody, 2018).

Different age groups have different preferences on beverages to maintain hydrated.

Children tend to consume more milk than water, while consumption of soft drinks is

higher among adolescents. Adults on the other hand consume more tea, coffee and

alcoholic beverages. During a research in Canada, 58.9 % of the respondents, which are

teenagers, said they had consumed bottled water in the past month (May 2015).

7
LOCAL STUDIES

A study was conducted in the year 2015 using the National Nutrition Survey 2008

provided by the Department of Science and Technology in the Philippines. They

surveyed Filipinos in different ages and sex. The study also specified the age and gave

certain levels. The labels and age line are as follows: preschool children (6 months to 5

years old), school-aged children (6 to 12 years old) and lastly, the adolescents (13 to 19

years old). Aside from the age and sex, it also classified the beverages into 10 different

groups namely, cereals and cereal products, starchy roots and tubers, meat, fish, poultry,

egg and products, beverages, dairy products, fruits and vegetables, beans, nuts and seeds,

sugars, fats, miscellaneous. The results of the study states both male and female

adolescents prefer milk as their beverage.

Similar survey was conducted in the year 2016. The study specifically classified

different kinds of beverages, namely, water, milk and dairy-based beverages, juices, soft

drinks, coffee, tea, alcoholic beverages. In comparison to the National Nutrition Survey

held 8 years ago, major improvement was seen. In fact, the average total water intake of

an individual is 1691 milliliters or almost seven full glasses of water. The results are as

follows: drinking water covered (65.3%) followed by water from food (9.1%), lastly,

coffee and tea (7.8%). Although the results are remarkably good, the Department of

Science and Technology recommends the Filipinos to follow the Pinggang Pinoy chart.

This chart shows the portions of food you are certain to eat in a day. The chart

recommends that an individual must drink at least 5 to 12 glasses and 1 glass of milk

every day to acquire a healthy well-being.

8
CONCLUSION

The purpose of this review is to inform the audience about the different factors of

drinking water and whether people drink the right amount of water every day. This is

significant for the progression of future studies regarding the water consumption and its

benefits. There have been many literary texts made by professionals on how much water

intake a human must need and the negative or positive side effects of consuming or not

consuming water. These foreign texts provided facts that have been discovered after a

long period of scientific research and it proves useful for this study. The studies made by

the locals are useful to determine what preferences does most people like in the country

and may be compared to the result of this study.

SYNTHESIS

"8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule, is it fact or fiction? As stated in multiple

different literatures, hydration is the amount of liquid intake of a person. Proper hydration

will benefit the body in different aspects, while the lack of hydration will affect the body

negatively. As one of the most popular recommendations to follow for proper hydration,

the “8 Glasses of Water a Day” rule was used as the basis for comparison with the

average water intake of Senior High School (SHS) students. The paper proves that the “8

Glasses of Water a Day” rule is enough hydration, however the majority of SHS students

fails to comply with it.

According to a research by D. Hensrud, J. Nelson, K. Zeratsky, men should drink

at least 3.7 liters of water a day, while women should have 2.7 liters of water a day, as

opposed to the 2 liters from the “8 Glasses of Water a Day” rule. However, E. Ozen

9
stated that there are alternative sources of hydration other than water, namely, but not

limited to, milk, carbonated drinks, tea, coffee, and alcoholic beverages. J. Boland also

stated that seeds, fruits, and vegetables are great sources of hydration. In fact, fruits such

as watermelons are almost made entirely of water. This is to say that the “8 Glasses of

Water a Day” rule is only applicable when other sources of water are taken into account.

To further prove the statement, E. Özen stated “the amount of water intake does not

necessarily represent the total amount of hydration” which means an individual can still

achieve the proper amount of hydration by following the “8 Glasses of Water a Day” rule.

Although this is the recommended amount, there are those who do not comply with it.

The majority of SHS students do not follow the “8 Glasses of Water a Day”. The

results of the surveys showed that majority of the students do not follow the said rule.

The cause of the failure to comply with it is that adolescents prefer other beverages over

water. The results were further substantiated by the National Nutrition Survey that was

conducted in the year 2015 by the Department of Science and Technology in the

Philippines. The survey included Filipinos of all ages and sex, with the results pointing

out that both female and male adolescents prefer milk as their main beverage.

Furthermore, based on a study conducted in Canada on the year 2015, it was concluded

that different age groups have different preferences for beverages. Children prefer milk,

adolescents prefer carbonated drinks, while adults prefer tea. Both surveys proved that

the failure to comply with the “8 Glasses of Water a Day” rule is due to the varying taste

in beverages. Moreover, these beverages are taking over as the main source of hydration

rather than water.

10
 Due to the varying tastes of people, the main source of hydration of adolescents

includes soft drinks, milks, and others. According to DOST-FNRI, consumption of soft

drinks in the Philippines is higher among adolescents. However, over intake of these

beverages would counteract the benefits provided by proper hydration. This would also

result to many harmful effects to the body. To solve the predicament, other beverages

such as soft drinks, milk, tea should only make up the remaining hydration after the “8

Glasses of Water a Day” rule is applied. Hrefna Palsdottir states, the required amount of

water intake of a person is 8 glasses or 8 ounces of water a day. This clearly states that

hydration for the human body is mainly based on water itself. Unlike water, other

beverages do not serve as a proper and beneficial hydration for the body.

With that said, the paper proves that the “8 Glasses of Water a Day” rule is

enough hydration, however the majority of SHS students fails to comply with it. To avoid

the adverse effects of dehydration and improper hydration, students from the SHS

Department must properly follow the “8 Glasses of Water a Day” rule.

11
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the question of how the problem will be investigated and

includes discussions on the following elements: research design, research locale, the

participants or respondents, sample and the sampling methods, the instrument/s used, and

the statistical treatment applied.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study utilized the descriptive survey method in order to achieve the results

needed for the research. The researchers decided to formulate a survey which is used to

access the socio-demographic profile of a respondent such as the Age, Sex, Preferences

with regards of Beverages, and the Amount of Water Consumption (in ounces or

milliliters) of Senior High School Students of S.Y. 2018-2019. According to Zurmuhelen

(1981), a descriptive survey attempts to establish the range and distribution of some

social characteristics, such as education or training, occupation, and location, and to

discover how these characteristics may be related to certain behavior patterns or attitudes.

The researchers specifically chose this to obtain collective amounts of data from different

schools as long as the respondents satisfy the condition that they are Senior High School

Students.

12
RESEARCH LOCALE

The study will be conducted in different schools of Manila who have the Senior

High School program. Both Grade 11 and Grade 12 will be part of the research. Since

like-minded individuals tend to give same answers, we then choose to conduct the study

in different schools to increase the accuracy of the research.

PARTICIPANTS/RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

The target population for this research is anyone that is part of the Senior High

School program, or in other words Grade 11 and Grade 12 students of the said program.

While the accessible population is the Senior High School Students studying in Metro

Manila, Philippines, since these students are the only ones within the reach of the

researchers. The target number of respondents for our study is 30.

INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE STUDY

The instrument in this study will make use of a survey. The researchers will

derive the average hydration and the compliance of SHS students to the “8 Glasses of

Water a Day” through the responses of the participants to the survey. Through the

answers to the survey, the researchers will be able to find out whether SHS students are

keeping proper hydration throughout a day.

13
STATISTICAL TREATMENT

In order to interpret the data accurately, the researchers will be using the

following statistical treatments, wherein the Mean and Standard Deviations are the tools

to interpret the data for both population and sample portions of the data.

1. Mean (Sample)

This method is used in order for the Average Water Consumption of the Active

and Inactive participants of the study.

∑𝑥
Formula: µ = 𝑁

µ is the Mean

∑ 𝑥 is the summation of the numerical variables

N is the sample size of the data given

2. Standard Deviation (Sample)

This method is used to find out how spread out the data is from the mean. Lower

standard deviation indicates that the values of the variables are close to the mean. On the

other hand, the higher the standard deviation means that the values of the variables are

very far from the mean.

∑(𝑥−µ)2
Formula: 𝑠 = √ 𝑛

𝑠 is the Standard Deviation

∑(𝑥 − µ)2 are the summations of the numerical variables minus the mean

quantity squared.

n is the sample population

14
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

PRESENTATION OF DATA

From the survey given to the respondents, the researchers chose a sample size of

15 each for both active and inactive Senior High students. Basing on the answers of the

respondents, the researchers computed for the mean or the average water they consume

and compared the values to 2000 mL which is the ideal amount of water students must

drink in a day. In addition, the researchers created tables in order to easily see the results

from the given survey. Based on Table 1.1, the mean for the active students is 1040.53

mL. While the mean for the inactive students resulted into 890.27 mL. Through the use of

a two tailed hypothesis test, where the 𝐻𝑜 is when the average amount of water the SHS

students drink is equal to 2000, and 𝐻𝑎 otherwise, it was found out that both active and

inactive students fail to follow the “8 Glasses of Water a Day”.

Table 1.1: Water Consumption of Active and Inactive SHS Students (in mL)

15
Table 1.2: Water Consumption of Both Active & Inactive SHS Students in (mL)

Table 1.3: Mean and Standard Deviation of Active & Inactive SHS Students in (mL)

ANALYSIS OF DATA

A mean of 890.267mL and a mean of 1040.53 mL was observed for the inactive

and active participants of the research (Table 1.3), respectively. Using the mean of 2000

mL taken from the "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule, with a confidence level of 90%, the

researchers were able to compute, and answer the hypothesis.

Using a standard deviation 536.49 mL for the sample of inactive students and

1054.96 mL for the sample of active students, z-scores of -11.33 and -4.98 were

computed for the inactive students and active students, respectively. The results fall

outside of the acceptance range; therefore, the researchers have rejected the 𝐻𝑜 or the null

hypothesis.
16
 Relative with the hypothesized 2000 mL of water intake a day— 8 glasses— the

participants of the research failed to realize the hypothesis. This can be interpreted as the

presence of dehydration in most of these participants.

DISCUSSION OF DATA

The table shown in the Presentation of Data showed the sample of active and

inactive students in regards of their sport and their water intake on a daily basis. The

statistical treatment used to determine the outcome of the data is through hypothesis

testing. The researchers used the statistical test to determine the probability that a given

hypothesis is true. The hypothesis test consists of the null hypothesis and alternative

hypothesis.

The null hypothesis for the data as a whole with the average capacity of water

intake of SHS students during SY 2018-2019 is 2000 ml. On the contrary, the alternative

hypothesis is that the average capacity of water intake of SHS students during SY 2018-

2019 is not equal to 2000 ml. The two-tailed test was then used given the null hypothesis

and the alternative hypothesis which is said to be not equal to the target amount. The

result proved and rejected the null hypothesis which means not all Senior High School

students have a water intake of 2000 mL regardless of their participation in sports or not.

The second test was used to determine whether active and inactive students

consume the same amount of water even with different physical fitness backgrounds. The

null hypothesis is that the water intake of both active and inactive are equal to each other.

On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis states that the active and inactive

participants are not equal to each other. Again, the two-tailed test is used given the

17
statement made by the alternative hypothesis. The result showed that the researchers

failed to reject the null hypothesis, thus the conclusion wherein the amount of water

consumed by active and inactive students are equal to each other and do not have

significant differences.

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The researchers expected that the students would not be drinking 8 glasses of

water a day. It is expected that students would drink less than 2000 mL of water because

just by observing at their water bottles, it is almost impossible to drink 2000 mL of water

out of them. Moreover, the literatures that the researchers had read and analyzed gave

them the idea that students aged 15 to 18 is less likely to drink 8 glasses of water a day.

The research does not have any maturation, selection biases and mortality that

may threaten its internal validity. However, the researchers individually ask the

participants whether or not they had encountered some experiences or events that could

lead to some changes in their daily amount of water intake. Hence, the participants’

history may be a threat to the internal validity of the research. The experiment was

conducted for about 1 to 2 weeks in the form of questionnaires, which would more or less

take 3 to 5 minutes to answer. The duration in answering the questionnaire is quite short

thus, would not result to any maturation. The participants were randomly chosen from

grades 11 and 12 so there would not be any biases. There were no participants who have

backed out nor have died while the experiment was ongoing.

A major factor that may strongly influence the results of the experiment in our

research is the dishonesty and uncertainty of answers from the participants. Students who

18
are unsure of the water capacity of their water bottles tend to just estimate or guess their

answers for that particular question. Since that question is the major point for our

research, the skeptical answers from the subjects may have greatly affect the results of

the experiment.

The research does not have much threats to its external validity. There were no

selection biases because the participants were chosen randomly. There were also no

pretests given to the respondents beforehand. The questionnaire was given to the

respondents only once and there were no changes made in the questionnaire. The sample

in the research is not composed of a homogenous population rather, the population

consists of different types of students.

The literatures that the researchers found supported the fact that teenagers do not

comply in drinking the required or suggested amount of water a day. Based on a local

study, Pinggang Pinoy, Filipinos are recommended to drink at least 5 to 12 glasses of

water per day. However, Table 1.2 shows that even an average active Senior High School

student only drinks an approximate of 4 glasses of water a day, which is still less than the

recommended amount of water intake per day. Although other beverages were not taken

into account, they only serve as a small portion of the subject’s source of water. Hence,

despite of other beverages as sources of water, the water consumption of an average

Senior High School student is still less than the recommended amount of water intake of

a person per day.

19
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The primary objective of the research as stated in our original hypothesis is that

the Senior High School students of S.Y. 2018-2019 will not be able to comply with the

suggested amount of water intake for an average person ("8 Glasses of Water a Day"

rule). The following questions stated in the statement of problem such as the average

daily intake of the Senior High students, whether if the results of the water intake of the

students satisfy the "8 Glasses of Water a Day" rule, and lastly, whether if the students

are well-hydrated or not are also answered in the paper. The questions were then

answered through the survey taken and analyzed through statistical interpretation.

A cross-sectional survey was used to collect the answers of each student regarding

the study. The collected population for the survey consists of 30 students, the students

were also divided into two samples which is the active and inactive. Hypothesis testing

was used to further determine the results of the data. The test was divided into two, the

first one being the interpretation of the water intake among the students as a whole. The

second test was used to determine whether the water intake among active or inactive

students are equal in terms of their physical activities. The first test proved that the total

30 students do not drink the recommended amount of water as suggested in the "8

Glasses of Water a Day" rule. The second test which consists of both active and inactive

students proved that the average water intake of active students is equal to the average

water intake of inactive students.

20
CONCLUSION

The results of the Water Intake of SHS students is relatively lesser compared to

the required amount. As a matter of fact, the difference of the values is close to the

required amount. Just like how the researchers anticipated the students did not meet the

expectations. Both active and inactive samples of the study did not meet the amount that

is required by a student to drink. Therefore, the students of the SHS department do not

drink enough water a student must consume. To stay hydrated, students must drink at

least 2000 mL of water every day to sustain the needs of the body and to prevent illnesses

due to school workload and the environment.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Future researchers that would like to make a similar research to this may take note

on the following recommendations from the current researchers. First, the researchers

should determine whether or not the participants have health problems, or in need of

medical assistance which may affect their water intake for a specific amount of time.

Likewise, some participants may lessen their water intake due to the intake of certain

medicines which restricts them to drink water in a specific amount of time. Hence, this

problem may influence the reliability of the experiment and the conclusion made. Second,

the participants who were randomly chosen should not be limited in one to two schools

only, rather the researchers should include participants from different schools. If the

participants in a specific school greatly outnumber the participants from other schools,

this may result in biased results because people who are in the same environment may

influence each other. Third, future researchers should consider the environment of the

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participants as an influence on their water consumption. Participants who live in a cold

environment may drink less water than participants who live in a hot environment. The

current researchers recommend future researchers to expand their borders in conducting

such experiments. The recommendations mentioned above are the things that the current

researchers have not thought of before, and during, the experiment. It is highly

encouraged that future researchers will take the above-mentioned recommendations in to

considerations.

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 REFERENCES

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https://draxe.com

Brody, J. E. (2018, July 9). Drink Up! Most of Us Could Benefit From More Water.

Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com

Golloso-Gubat, M., Magtibay, E. J., Gironella, G. P., Tajan, M. G., & Constantino, M. S.

(2015, June). Beverage Consumption of Filipino Children and Adolescents (7th

National Nutrition Survey): Nutritional Concerns and Potential Policy

Implications. Philippine Journal of Science, 40.

Hensrud M. D., D., Nelson R.D, L. J., & Zeratsky R.D., L. K. (2017, September 6).

Water: How much should you drink every day? Retrieved from Mayo Clinic:

www.mayoclinic.org

Ozen, A. E., del Mar Bibiloni, M., Pons, A., & Tur, J. A. (2014, June 17). Fluid intake

from beverages across age groups: a systematic review. Retrieved from Wiley

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Palsdottir MS, H. (2016, November 8). Drink 8 Glasses of Water a Day: Fact or Fiction?

Retrieved from Healthline: www.healthline.com

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