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I1 I2
+ +
V1 Two port V2
- network -
No inter-port connection
INTRODUCTION:TRANSISTOR MODELING
• Re model
• Fails to account the output impedance level of device and
feedback effect from output to input
• Hybrid equivalent model
• Limited to specified operating condition in order to obtain
accurate result
VCC
R1 RC
C1
C2 +
RS + Vo
Vi R2 RE C3
VS - Voltage-divider configuration
- under AC analysis
R1 RC
Ii Transistor small- Io
B signal ac C
R1 RC + equivalent cct
Zi +
E
RS Rc
+ Vi R1 R2
Zo Vo
RS + Vo
Vi R2
VS
- - -
VS
-
• Input impedance, Zi
• Output impedance, Zo
• Voltage gain, Av
• Current gain, Ai
Rsense
i
Vi
+
Ii
+ Zi
VS Zi Vi Two-port Ii
- system
- Vs Vi
Ii
Determining Zi
Ri
+ 600 Ω +
Zi
VS=10mV 1.2 k Ω
Vi Two-port
- system
-
Ideal source,Rsource 0Ω
Full 10mV applied to the system
1k Ω
+ Rsense +
Zi
VS=2mV Two-port
Vi=1.2mV
- system
-
Solution:
Vs Vi 2m 1.2m 0.8m
Ii 0.8A
Rsense 1k 1k
Vi 1.2m
Zi 1.5k
Ii 0.8
Output Impedance, Zo (few ohms 2M)
The output impedance of an amplifier is determined at the output
terminals looking back into the system with the applied signal set
to zero.
Rsense
Rsource V Vo
+
Io +
Io
Vo V
Rsense
Vs=0V Two-port Zo
system -
-
Vo
Zo
Determining Zo
Io
Iamplifier
IL
IRo For Ro RL
Zo RL Zo become open cct
Zo=Ro
RL
IL IRo
Example 2: determine the level of output impedance
Rsense
Two-port + 20 k Ω
system +
Zo
V=1 V
Vs=0V Vo=680mV -
-
Solution:
V Vo 1 680 m 320 m
Io 16A
Rsense 20 k 20 k
Vo 680 m
Zo 42.5k
Io 16
Example 3: determine Zo if V=600 mV, Rsense=10 k and
Io=10 A
Rsense
Rsource
+
Io +
Vs=0V Two-port Vo V
Zo
system -
-
Solution
:
V Vo
Io
Rsense Vo 500 m
Zo 50 k
Vo V IoRsense Io 10
600 m 10 10 k
500 mV
Example 4: Using the Zo =50 kΩ obtained in example 3,
determine IL for the configuration of Fig below if
RL=2.2 k and Iamplifier=6 mA.
Solution :
Iamplifier
IL Current divider rule :
IRo Zo(Iamplifier)
IL
Zo=Ro
RL
Zo RL
50 k (6m)
50 k 2.2k
5.747 mA
Voltage Gain, AV
Vo
Av
Vi
By referring the network below the analysis are:
no load
Rsource
Vo
+ + + AvNL RL Ω (open cct)
VS Zi
AvNL Vo
Vi
Vi
-
- -
Vs - Vi 40m 24m
b) Ii 13.33A
Rs 1.2k
Rs Rsource
Vi 24m
c) Zi 1.8k
Ii 13.33
Zi 1.8k
d) Avs AvNL (320 ) 192
Zi Rs 1.8k 1.2k
Current Gain, Ai
Vo
+
+
BJT
Io
Zi
amplifier RL Vo
Vi
-
-
RL
Determining the loaded current gain
Io Vo / RL VoZi Zi
Ai Ai Av
Ii Vi / Zi ViRL RL
re TRANSISTOR MODEL
Common-Base Configuration
Ie Ic
e c
For the output impedance, it will be as
Ic α Ie
follows;
b b Ie=0A Ic
re model for the pnp common-base e c
configuration
Vs=0V re Ic 0A
b b
Ie Ic
e c
isolation Determining Zo for common-base
re Ic α Ie part,
b b Zi=re Zo
common-base re equivalent cct
The common-base characteristics
Ie BJT common-base
e transistor amplifier c Ic α Ie Io
+
+
Vi re Zo RL
Zi Vo
-
- b b
Io Ic Ie
Ai
Ii Ie Ie
Current gain,
Ai 1
Example 6: For a common-base configuration in figure
below with IE=4mA, =0.98 and AC signal of 2mV is
applied between the base and emitter terminal:
a) Determine the Zi
b) b) Calculate Av if RL=0.56k
c) Find Zo and Ai
Ie Ic
e c
re Ic α Ie
b b
RL 0.98(0.56k)
b) Av 84.43
re 6.5
c) Zo Ω
Io
Ai 0.98
Ii
Ii Ie Ic
e c
re Ic α Ie
b b
Solution :
d) Ai 0.98
Vi 10m
a) Zi 20
Ie 0.5m e) Ib Ie - Ic
Ie - Ie
b) Vo IcRL IeRL
0.5m(1 )
0.98(0.5m)(1.2k)
0.5m(1 0.98)
588mV 10A
Vo 588 m
c) Av 58.8
Vi 10m
Common-Emitter Configuration
Input Output
Base & Emitter terminal Collector & Emitter terminal
c
C
Ic
Ic
Ic Ib
Ib
b
Ib
B
E E
e e
common-emitter BJT transistor
re model npn common-emitter configuration
Vi
Zi (1)
Ii
c
Vi Vbe I ere I bre and
Ic
s ubt it ut e
int o( 1)gives Ic Ib
Ii=Ib
b
Vbe Ibre
Zi + + Ie
Ib Ib Vi Vbe re
Zi re -
e - e
36
Output impedance Zo
Ii=Ib
b c
Ib
re ro
e e
re model for the C-E transistor configuration
Ii=Ib = 0A
b c
Vs=0V Ib 0A
re ro Zo
e e
Zo ro
if ro is ignored thus the
Zo Ω (open cct, high impedance)
Ii=Ib BJT common-emitter Io Ic Ib
transistor amplifier Io
e c
+
+
Vi re Zo RL
Zi re Vo
-
- b b
RL
Av
re
Example 8: Given =120 and IE(dc)=3.2mA for a common-
emitter configuration with ro= , determine:
RL 2k
b)Av 246 .15
re 8.125
Io
c) Ai 120
Ii
Example 9: Using the npn common-emitter configuration,
determine the following if =80, IE(dc)=2 mA and ro=40 k
a) Zi b) Ai if RL =1.2k c) Av if RL=1.2k
Ii=Ib
b c Solution :
Io
26m 26 m
Ib a) re 13
re ro RL IE 2m
Zi re 80(13) 1.04 k
e
re model for the C-E transistor configuration
Solution (cont)
Io IL
b)Ai
Ii Ib
ro( Ib)
IL
ro RL
ro(Ib)
ro RL ro 40 k
Ai (80)
Ib ro RL 40 k 1.2k
77.67
RL ro 1.2k 40 k
c)Av 89.6
re 13
Hybrid Equivalent Model
The hybrid parameters: hie, hre, hfe, hoe are developed and used to model the transistor.
These parameters can be found in a specification sheet for a transistor.
43
Determination of parameter
Vi h11Ii h12 Vo
Vi
h11
Ii Vo 0V
Vi
h12
Vo Vo 0V
IO h21Ii h22 Vo
Solving Vo 0V ,
Ii
h21
Io Vo 0V
Io
h22
Vo Io 0A
H22 is a conductance! 44
General h-Parameters for any
Transistor Configuration
hi = input resistance
hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo)
hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)
ho = output conductance
Common emitter hybrid equivalent circuit
Common base hybrid equivalent circuit
Simplified General h-Parameter Model
The model can be simplified based on these approximations:
Simplified
Common-Emitter re vs. h-Parameter Model
hie = re
hfe =
hoe = 1/ro
Common-Emitter h-Parameters
h fe ac [3]
Common-Base re vs. h-Parameter Model
hib = re
hfb = -
Common-Base h-Parameters
hib re [4]
h fb 1 [5]