Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems Part Seventeen Electrical Knowhow PDF

6/24/2016 Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part seventeen ~ Electrical Knowhow
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Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part seventeen
In Article " Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part Two ", I indicated the lightning
protection design process involves a number of design steps as in below Fig.
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Step#1: Characteristics of the Structure to Be Protected
Explained in Article " Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part
ELECTRICAL BOOKS
Two "

Electrical Books & Design Guides
Code of Practice for Energy
Efficiency of Electrical Installations
Step#2: Risk Assessment Study

Guide for electrical design engineers
Maintenance Manager's Guide to Also, In above Article, I indicated that the risk assessment study can be done by (4) different methods as
Power Quality follows:
Methods Of Calculations For

Power Quality & Utilization Guide Articles
Risk Assessment Study
Dwelling
Engine Application and Installation Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part
Guide
http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2014/05/RollingSphereMethodforLightningProtectionDesign.html 1/14
Guide Two
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part Dwelling U
Liquid Cooled Genset Application
First: Manual Method Three
Manual
(Equations And Tables Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part
Method) as per IEC 62305‐2 Four
MV Design & Technical Guide Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part
Five
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part
MV Application catalogue Six
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part GE Lightin
Electrical and Traffic Engineering Seven
First: Manual Method
Manual Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part
(Equations And Tables
Eight
Method) as per NFPA 780
Nine
ELECTRICAL SOFTWARE
Ten
Second: Software Method For
Electrical Software Programs Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part
Performing The Risk Selective
Eleven
Assessment Study
Riesgo Software For Performing The
Risk Assessment Study
Twelve
Third: Excel Sheets Method
For Performing The Risk Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part
StrikeRisk V5.0 for performing the
Risk Assessment Study Assessment Study thirteen
RAPAL Software for performing the Fourth: Online Calculators

Risk Assessment Study Method Used for Need for Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part
Lightning Protection Fourteen
EricoGEM Software Program for calculations
Earthing Calculations
Visual Professional Edition Software
(6) Print the Results by Using the
Print Editor
Step#3: Selection Of External LPS Type and Material
Visual Professional Edition Software Explained in Article " Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part
(5) Inserting Calculation Planes Fifteen "

(4) Inserting Luminaires
(3) Starting Steps

Step#4: Sizing of Air Termination System Components
(2) Checking the Default Settings
(1) – Understanding the Program
Interface In Article " Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part Sixteen ", I explained the following
points:
CalcuLux Software(1) Main Window
and Bar Menus
Types and forms of Strike Termination Subsystem,
CalcuLux Software(2) Checking The Sizing of Air Terminals Based on IEC 62305‐3 and Based on BS EN 62305‐3,
Default Settings
Sizing of Natural Air Terminals,
Positioning / Placement of Air Termination System Components.
CalcuLux Software(3) Example for
Ligthing design of an Office The Class of LPS/LPL influences on the (3) Positioning Methods.
CalcuLux Software Part Four Today, I will explain in detail the (3) Positioning Methods for Air Termination system which were:
1. The Rolling Sphere Method (RSM),

CalcuLux Software Part Five
2. The Protective Angle Method (PAM),
3. The Mesh Method.
CalcuLux Software Part Six
CalcuLux SoftwarePart Seven
For more information, please review the following Articles:
Design Process for Lightning Protection Systems
IDSpec Software
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part One
DIALux Lighting Software Program
Blue Version
(8) differen
DIALux Lighting Software Program
Red Version
DIALux Indoor Lighting Calculations Step#4: Sizing and Positioning of Air Termination System Components ‐ Continued Conducto
Menu Options
Conducto

HOW TO
1‐ The Rolling Sphere Method (RSM)

Write Technical Specifications for
Lightning Protection Systems
Determine The Number Of Down
:
Conductors of LPS
1.1 The striking distance approach

Perform Need for Lightning Protection
Calculations by (4) Different Methods
Sizing Ove
Perform Grounding Calculations by For lightning flashes to earth, a downward leader grows step‐by‐step in a series of jerks
(6) Different Methods from the cloud towards the earth. When the leader has got close to the earth within a
few tens, to a few hundreds of metres, the electrical insulating strength of the air near Calculatio
Size Earthing Conductors Using NEC the ground is exceeded.
Tables
A further “leader” discharge similar to the downward leader begins to grow towards the Electrical
head of the downward leader: the upward leader.
Size Earthing Conductors Using BS
7671 Upward leader will be launched at points of greatest electric field intensity (see Fig.1)
and can move in any direction towards the approaching downward leader. It is for this Electrical
reason that lightning can strike the side of tall structures rather than at their highest
Select the Best Earthing System
point.
Electrical
Calculate Voltage Drop as per U.S.
and European Methods
Use NEC Annex B Tables in
Conductor Ampacity Calculations
Perform Conductor Ampacity
Calculations Using NEC under
Engineering Supervision Method
Perform Conductor Ampacity
Calculations Using NEC Section
310.15 Tables
Size Overcurrent Protection Devices
Calculate the Total Demand Electrical
Load for NonDwelling Buildings
Calculate Electrical Demand Load for
Dwelling Buildings as per NEC
Optional Method
Calculate Electrical Demand Load for Fig.1:Development of downward leader striking distance

Dwelling Buildings as per NEC
Standard Method
The distance of the last step of a downward leader is termed the striking distance and
Calculate generaluse receptacles
load in a dwelling unit
is determined by the amplitude of the lightning current. This striking distance can be
represented by a sphere with a radius equal to the striking distance (see Fig.2). The
Calculate Maximum Permissible striking distance r is given by:
Number Of Lighting Fixtures On A
General Lighting Branch Circuit
r = 10 I 0.65
Calculate Track Lighting Load
Where I is the peak current of the resulting stroke.

Calculate The Minimum Number Of
General Lighting Branch Circuits For
Any Building
Calculate General Lighting Branch
Circuit Load For Any Building
Calculate Sign And Outline Branch
Circuits Load
Calculate Show Window Lighting
Load
Calculate The Minimum number of
receptacle branch circuits for bank or
office buildings
Calculate the Maximum allowable
number of receptacles on a branch
circuit in a dwelling unit
Estimate Preliminary Load By Using
Area Method
Checklist f
The Building Area Method
Checklists
SpaceBySpace Method (Functional
Area Method) Checklist
Commissi
Design Outdoor Lighting By Using
Isolux Diagram Method
The BeamLumen Method As Per IES
The BeamLumen Method As Per CIE
PointByPoint Method
Design Interior Lighting By Using By
Using Quick Estimate Charts
Fig.2: striking distance
Design Interior Lighting By Using
Watt Per Square Feet Method
Design Interior Lighting By Using Lightning
Point By Point Method Notes to the above formulas:
Design Interior Lighting By Using The The larger the amount of charge carried by the lightning leader, the larger the resulting
Zonal Cavity (Lumen) Method lightning current, the greater will be the distance at which this happens.
Course EE
The head of the downward leader approaches the objects on the ground, unaffected by
Build Preliminary Single Line Diagram
Like Professionals anything, until it reaches the final striking distance.
It is more difficult for an air‐terminal to intercept a smaller lightning flash than a larger Course EE
Make A Preliminary Design Like flash, as the smaller flash must approach closer to the air‐terminal before the upward
Professionals leader is launched.
Course EE
To protect the structure against smaller lightning flashes, air‐terminals must be spaced
Write Electrical Design Criteria Like
Professionals closer together. For smaller lightning flashes there is a risk that an air terminal may not
be close enough to intercept the down leader, thus a closer structural point releases an
Specify The Required Type Of upward leader which intercepts the flash (i.e. the building is struck).
GeneralUse Receptacles For Each
Area In A Dwelling Unit
Distribute GeneralUse Receptacle
Loads In A Dwelling Unit
Course Lig
Select Receptacle Rating For A
Branch Circuit In A Dwelling Unit
1.2 Relation between Lightning Protection Levels and Rolling Sphere Radius
The below Table#1 indicates the following:

CONTACT FORM
Name The Lightning Protection Levels LPL,

Minimum current level to be protected against,
Probability percentages that lightning may be greater than these levels,
Email * The rolling sphere radius used in the rolling sphere design method.
Course E
Message *
Send
Table#1
Also, The above Table#1 explains the relation between Lightning protection levels and rolling
sphere radius as in the following examples:
Example#1:
Suppose that a lightning protection system to provide LPL I such that 99% of all lightning flashes are
intercepted (all those of 3 kA or greater). There is only a 1% probability that lightning may be
smaller than the 3 kA minimum, and may not be close enough to an air‐terminal to be intercepted.
It should be noted that flashes of less than 3 kA are rare, and typically would not be expected to
cause damage to the structure. Protection greater than LPL I (99%) would require significantly more
material, is not covered by the standard and generally is not required for commercial construction.
Result:
The lower lightning protection levels (LPL II, III & IV) each increase the air‐terminal spacing,
reducing their ability to capture smaller lightning flashes, thus reducing overall the percentage of
lightning events they can protect against.
Example#2:
Suppose that a lightning protection system to provide LPL IV, designed using the rolling sphere
method, would use air‐terminals placed using a rolling sphere radius of 60 m.
These air‐terminals would be positioned such that they would capture all lightning flashes of 16 kA
or greater, thus offering protection to at least 84% of the lightning (the term “at least” is used to
indicate that the percentage of lightning captured might be greater, since smaller lightning flashes
could be captured if they were closer to the air‐terminal).
Result:
To offer a greater lightning protection level (e.g. LPL I, II or III) a smaller rolling sphere radius would
be used. This would result in a reduced spacing between air‐terminals (more air‐terminals), thus
positioning the air‐terminals to capture smaller lightning flashes, and increasing the total
percentage of lightning flashes captured.

1.3 The Rolling Sphere Method Protection Applications

The rolling sphere methods can be used for the following applications:
1. Rolling sphere method with rod air‐terminations,

2. Rolling sphere method and mesh/catenary conductors,
3. Rolling sphere method and Tall structures.
1.3.1 Rolling Sphere Method With Rod Air‐Terminations
When rods are to be used as the air‐termination for the protection of plane surfaces (see Fig.3),
the following formula can be used:
d = 2 √ (2rh – h2)
Where:
d = distance between two rods (m)

r = radius of the rolling sphere (m)
h = height of the rods (m)
Fig.3: Rolling Sphere Method With Rod Air‐Terminations
The following Table#2 shows some examples of rolling sphere protection distance (distance
between Air terminals) according to the Air terminals height and the Rolling Sphere Radius
according to lightning protection level LPL.
Table#2
When rods are to be used as the air‐termination for protection of roof top items/structures (see
Fig.4) and The arrangement of the air‐termination rods, over which no cable is normally spanned,
means that the sphere does not “roll on rails” but “sits deeper” instead, thus increasing the
penetration depth () of the sphere. In this case the following formula of sphere penetration distance
can be used:
p = r – √ (r2 –d2/4)
Where:
p = penetration distance (m)( part of the sphere below the horizontal lines between top of air
terminals)
r = radius of the rolling sphere (m)
d = Distance between two air‐termination rods or two parallel air‐termination conductors (m)
Fig.4: Penetration distance of rolling sphere
The following Table#3 shows Rolling sphere penetration distance according to the distance
between Air rods and the Rolling Sphere Radius according to lightning protection level LPL.
Table#3
Note:
The height of the air‐termination rods h should always be greater than the value of the penetration
depth p determined to ensure that the rolling sphere does not touch the structure to be protected.
1.3.2 Rolling Sphere Method And Mesh/Catenary Conductors
Where the rolling sphere method is to be used to evaluate the protection provided by
mesh conductors or network of catenary wires, the mesh must be mounted at some
distance above the roof (see Fig.5), to ensure the rolling sphere does not touch its
surface in a similar way to the catenary conductors.
Fig.5: Rolling Sphere Method And Mesh Conductors
Also, As with a free standing mast, catenary conductors can be used to keep the rolling
sphere away from the structure to be protected (see Fig.6). One or more catenary
conductors may be utilised to ensure that the sphere does not come into contact with
any part of the structure’s roof.
Fig.6: Rolling Sphere Method And Catenary Conductors
If the system is required to be isolated from the structure then a conductor suspended
between two free standing masts may be employed. This arrangement is suitable for
small sensitive structures such as explosive stores.
In a non isolated system, a catenary conductor may be used to protect larger items of
roof mounted equipment from a direct strike (see Fig.7).
Fig.7: catenary conductors used to protect larger

items of roof mounted equipment
The two formulas in the case of rod air‐terminations can be used also in case of using
mesh/catenary conductors. The distance/height of the mesh/catenary replaces the rod
distance/height. As in fig.4 Note that the distance for penetration or protection
distance is the diagonal of the grid (distance between points A & B).

1.3.3 Rolling Sphere Method And Tall Structures
Research shows that it is the upper 20% of the Tall structure that is most vulnerable
to side strikes and potential damage (see Fig.8).
Fig.8: Rolling Sphere Method And Tall Structures
Case#1: Buildings Above 60 m High
In the IEC standards, for buildings above 60 m, protection is required to the sides of
the upper 20% of height. The same placement rules used for roofs should apply to the
sides of the building. While the mesh method is preferable, particularly if using natural
components, protection is permitted using horizontal rods and rolling sphere method.
However, horizontal rods on most structures are impractical due to window washing
access equipment, etc.
Case#2: Buildings Less Than 60 m High
Note that for structures less than 60 m high the risk of flashes to the sides of the
building is low, and therefore protection is not required for the vertical sides directly
below protected areas.
Case#3: Buildings Taller Than 120 m High
For structures taller than 120 m, the standard recommends that all parts above 120 m
be protected. It is expected that due to the height and nature of such a structure, it
would require a design to LPL I or II (99% or 97% protection level). For tall buildings,
the actual risk of flashes to the side are estimated by the industry to be less than 2%,
and typically these would be the smaller lightning flashes, e.g., from branches of the
downward leader. Therefore, this recommendation would only be appropriate for high
risk locations or structures.
Note For Buildings Taller Than 30 m:
For buildings taller than 30 m, additional equipotential bonding of internal conductive

parts should occur at a height of 20 m and every further 20 m of height. Live circuits
should be bonded via SPDs.
1.4 How To Apply The Rolling Sphere Method for

Lightning Protection Design?
The basic concept of applying the rolling sphere to a structure is as follows:
Step#1: Scale The building / structure to be protected (e.g. on a scale of 1:100) (see Fig.9)
Depending on the location of the building under design, it is also necessary to include the
surrounding structures and objects with the same scale of the building, since these could act as
“natural protective measures” for the building under design.
Fig.9: Scaled Building and Scaled Rolling Sphere of LPL I
Step#2: calculate The radius of the sphere which must be equal to the striking distance associated
with the minimum current level for the chosen lightning protection level.
Step#3: Scale the radius r of the “rolling sphere” calculated from Step#2 with the same scale of the
building (see Fig.9). (For example, if the building with scale 1:100, from Table#1 for a lightning
protection levels I, the rolling sphere radius will be 20 cm and for LPL II will be 30 cm and for LPL III
will be 45 cm).
Step#4: Make a circular path around the building under design with distance apart equal to the
scaled rolling sphere radius (see Fig.10). This circular path will terminate on the corner of the
building.
Fig.10: Circular path around the building
Step#5: Roll an imaginary sphere over the surface of the structure in all directions (see Fig.11).
Fig.11: imaginary sphere rolled over the surface

of the structure in all directions
Note: the rolling process of the imaginary sphere is controlled by the distance between Air
terminals as given in part#3 in this Article i.e. each roll is far from the previous one by the allowable
distance between air terminals calculated from part#3.
Step#6: Where the sphere touches the building, A lightning protection would be needed by placing
Air Terminal. Using the same logic, the areas where the sphere does not touch the Building (see
shaded area in Fig.11) would be deemed to be protected and would not require protection.

Note: Generally a lightning protection system is designed such that the rolling sphere only touches
the lightning protection system and not the structure i.e. The air termination system is placed such
that the sphere only touches the air‐terminations, and not the structure.
In the next Article, I will explain other Positioning Methods for Air Termination system: The Protective
Angle Method (PAM) and The Mesh Method. Please, keep following.
Back To
Course Lightning‐2: Lightning Protection System Design and

Calculations
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6/24/2016 Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part seventeen ~ Electrical Knowhow

Home PDF Courses Electrical Courses Download Library Sizing MEP Equipment Inspection Courses Quiz and Answer

An Introduction to Lighting Design The Lightning Protection Design Process

Methods Of Calculations For

RAPAL Software for performing the Fourth: Online Calculators

1. The Rolling Sphere Method (RSM),

1.1 The striking distance approach

Calculate Electrical Demand Load for Fig.1:Development of downward leader striking distance

Where I is the peak current of the resulting stroke.

The below Table#1 indicates the following:

Name The Lightning Protection Levels LPL,

1. Rolling sphere method with rod air‐terminations,

1.3.1 Rolling Sphere Method With Rod Air‐Terminations

d = distance between two rods (m)

Fig.3: Rolling Sphere Method With Rod Air‐Terminations

Fig.4: Penetration distance of rolling sphere

1.3.2 Rolling Sphere Method And Mesh/Catenary Conductors

Fig.5: Rolling Sphere Method And Mesh Conductors

Fig.6: Rolling Sphere Method And Catenary Conductors

Fig.7: catenary conductors used to protect larger

Fig.8: Rolling Sphere Method And Tall Structures

Case#1: Buildings Above 60 m High

Case#2: Buildings Less Than 60 m High

Case#3: Buildings Taller Than 120 m High

Note For Buildings Taller Than 30 m:

For buildings taller than 30 m, additional equipotential bonding of internal conductive

1.4 How To Apply The Rolling Sphere Method for

The basic concept of applying the rolling sphere to a structure is as follows:

Fig.9: Scaled Building and Scaled Rolling Sphere of LPL I

Fig.10: Circular path around the building

Fig.11: imaginary sphere rolled over the surface

Course Lightning‐2: Lightning Protection System Design and

Design Design Design Design Design

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