4 1 2 Site Identification

Module 4.
1 Micro-
Micro-Hydro
4.1.2 Identification of Potential Sites

Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO)
Workshop on Renewable Energies

November 14-25, 2005
Nadi, Republic of the Fiji Islands
Micro-Hydro Development Flow

1-Nov-05 (13:39)
Potential
PotentialSite
SiteIdentification
Identification
Preliminary
PreliminarySite
SiteSurvey
Survey
Planning
Planning
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
Designing
Designing
Implementation
Implementation
Operation
Operationand
andMaintenance
Maintenance
1
Step of Potential Site Identification
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
Data
DataCollection
Collection
Target
TargetArea
AreaSelection
Selectionand
andStudy
StudyCriteria
CriteriaDetermination
Determination
Map
MapReading
Reading River
RiverFlow
FlowPrediction
Prediction
Potential
PotentialEstimation
Estimation
Listing
Listing&&Selecting
SelectingPotential
PotentialSites
Sites
Data Collection
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
¾ Topographic maps (Minimum Requirement)

9 Detailed maps with a scale of at least 1/50,000
9 Landform, location of villages, slope of river, catchment area of proposed
site, access road
¾ Hydrological data (Minimum Requirement)

9 River flow data from the adjacent areas
¾ Rainfall data
9 Monthly and annual rainfall data of adjacent areas

9 Isohyetal maps
¾ Socio-economic information
¾ Others
9 Climate map
9 Distribution line map
9 Existing proposal from local government and residents
Step of potential site identification
2
Target Area and Study Criteria
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
¾ Target area: Region, villages, facilities

9 Priority of regional development
9 Preferable rainfall conditions
¾ Range of development scale: kW, No of Households

9 Catchment area (Discharge)
9 Head
9 Length of waterway
¾ Accessibility:
9 Length of transmission line
9 Distance from existing road to sites
Map Reading
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
¾ River slope estimation
¾ Selection of potential weir & powerhouse site
¾ Catchment area estimation

3
Map Reading: River Slope Estimation
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
L3
L2 L4
L1
(m) L1 L2 L3 L4
1,220
1,200
1,180
1,160
1,140
Map Reading: Selection of Potential Site

1-Nov-05 (13:39)
River Slope Profile

Suitable section for power generation (Small L/H)
L
H
Elevation
Distance
4
Map Reading: Catchment Area Estimation
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
1. Trace mountain ridge from Mountain Ridge
the prospective dam site.
2. Measure the traced area

with a planimeter
Project Site
Access Road
nter
load ce
e from
Distanc
AE = 230 km2
E
Flow Duration Curve

1-Nov-05 (13:39)
140
River Flow (m3/s)
River Flow (m3/s)
100
60
0 100 200 300 365
Measured River Flow Flow Duration Curve
Measured river flow are arranged in their descending magnitude order
Hydro analysis
Days 10
5
Flow Duration Curve
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
Gauging Station: ABC (CA=30km2) Latitude：@@@

Period:1990.1 – 2000.1 Longitude：@@@
River Flow (m3/s)
15
10
5
Firm river flow (3.0ft3/s)
25%(95day) 50%(183day) 75%(274day)

90%(328day) 100%(365day
95%(364day))
Potential Estimation
11
Accuracy & Reliability of Flow Prediction

1-Nov-05 (13:39)
Reliable
¾ Direct Measure Method→Flow duration curve Accurate
9 Existing measuring station at the potential site
¾ Area-Portion Method →Flow duration curve

9 Existing gauging station along the same basin of the
potential site
¾ Area-Rainfall- Evaporation Method →Average river flow

9 Amount of annual runoff and evaporation
¾ Area-Rainfall Method →Average river flow

9 Annual rainfall at the potential site
9 Correlation between annual rainfall and annual runoff Unreliable
Inaccurate
12
6
Flow Prediction : Area-Proportion Method
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
【Necessary data】
River flow data at an existing measuring station
along the same basin of the potential sites
QA= AA/ AE×QE

= 140/230×3 A
AA= 140 km2
= 1.83 m3/s
AE = 230 km2
Where:
E QE = 3 m3/S
QA : River flow at site A (m3/s)
QE : River flow at measuring station E (m3/s)
AA : Catchment area of site A (km2)
AE : Catchment area of measuring station E Difference in Flow Duration Curve
Unit river flow (m3/s/km2)

(km2)
Large drainage area
Remarks
Small drainage area
Ao/A is desirable to be less than three (3).
Days
13
Flow Prediction : Area-Rainfall-Evaporation Method

1-Nov-05 (13:39)
Rainfall
Evaporation
Runoff
Annual Runoff (m3/year) = Annual Rainfall (m3/year) – Annual Evaporation (m3/year)
14
7
Flow Prediction : Area-Rainfall Method
1-Nov-05 (13:39) In the case that there is the data about the relationship between annual
rainfall and annual runoff, the average river flow can be predicted as
follows:
Annual average runoff
Annual Average
Runoff (mm)
Rrun = a × Rrain + b
Where,
Rrun : Annual average runoff (mm)
Rrain : Annual average Rainfall (mm)
a, b : Regional factors Rrun = a × Rrain + b
Annual Runoff from catchment A (km2) Annual Average Rainfall (mm)

= A × Rrun × 106 (m3/year)
Average annual Daily Flow (m3/s)

Runoff per year A × Rrun × 106
ADF = =
No of seconds in year 365 × 24 × 60 × 60
= 0.0317 × A × Rrun (m3/sec)
15
Potential Capacity Estimation

1-Nov-05 (13:39)
Potential Capacity
P = 9.8 Q H ηtg (kW)
Where:
P = Potential capacity (Electric output)
Q = design river flow (m3/s):Firm River Flow
H = Net head (ft) = 0.85∼0.9 × gross head (Hg)

ηtg = Combined efficiency of turbine and generator = 0.7
In the case that low-quality equipment (ηtg is lower) is introduced, the

potential should be estimated lower.
16
8
Listing Potential Sites
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
No Project Location Catchment Gross Discharge Capacity Household Access

Name Area Head (m3/s) (kW) (HH) Distance
(km2) (m) (km)
1 Babadi Kayapa 6.5 115 9.10 52 315 3.1
2 Bagu Bakun 7.7 148 10.5 78 190 0.6

3 Binalian Kayapa 3.8 66 5.25 17 200 2.5
4 Cambulo Dupax 25 99 13.3 66 440 5.0

5 Dacalan Tanudan 8.8 30 0.35 63 300 6.3

6 Liwo Mayoyao 9.6 82 13.3 55 150 1.9
7 Lusod Kabayan 6.9 165 9.45 78 180 5.0
8 Nanciakan Kayapa 15.4 66 21.0 69 230 0.6
9 Pula Ifugao 8.8 148 12.3 91 350 0.3

10 Talecabcab Kayapa 7.8 49 10.5 26 280 1.9
11 Tawang Balbalan 8.5 99 11.6 57 450 5.0
17
Advantageous Conditions
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
¾Topographical conditions
9High head
9Short waterway
¾Usable river flow

9Sufficient catchment area
¾Transmission/distribution
9Close to load center
¾Accessibility
9Close to existing road
¾Utilizing existing facilities & natural environment

9Small usable head
9Waterfalls
9Natural ponds
9Existing intake facilities for irrigation
18
9
Considerations for Site Identification
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
¾ Information from the local government and/or

local residents
¾ Third-party information
¾ Matching demand & supply
19
Sample Schemes
River
Intake weir
Headrace
Waterfalls
River
Power house
Spillway
Penstock
Irrigation channel Headtank Screen
10
Irrigation channel
Intake
Headtank
Head drop
structure
Penstock
Power house
Headrace
Intake weir
Intake weir River

Headtank
River Screen
Intake weir
Penstock
Headrace
Water fall River
Power house
River Tailrace
Irrigation channel Headtank
11
Rainfall Data
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
Station: DAET,CAMARINES NORTE Latitude: 14o 07' N

Period: 1961-2000 Longitude: 122o 59' E
MONTH RAINFALL (mm)

JAN 270.5
R A IN F A L L D EPT H (m m )
FEB 157 700
8
8.
59
4
6.
MAR 147 600
3
53
4.
48
APR 125.8 500
MAY 139.4
400
.8
0.
8
JUN 180.5
27
1.
300
25
1
5
23
8.
0.
4
18
8
18
7
9.
JUL 231.8
7
5.
200
15
14
13
12
AUG 188.1 100
SEP 258.8 0
OCT 484.3
JU N
JU L
JAN
M AY
NOV
M AR
AU G
F EB
SEP
APR
D EC
OCT
NOV 536.4
DEC 598.8
23
Isohyetal Map
1-Nov-05 (13:39)
9 The simplest method in

estimating the rainfall around the
project site
9 Isohyetal map shows contour

lines of the average rainfall, and
can be compared to the amount
of rainfall in the project site and
the gauging station
１5 ００
１
６０
１
０
7０
０
Average rain fall line
24
12

4 1 2 Site Identification

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4 1 2 Site Identification

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Module 4.

4.1.2 Identification of Potential Sites

Workshop on Renewable Energies

Micro-Hydro Development Flow

¾ Topographic maps (Minimum Requirement)

¾ Hydrological data (Minimum Requirement)

9 Monthly and annual rainfall data of adjacent areas

¾ Target area: Region, villages, facilities

¾ Range of development scale: kW, No of Households

Step of potential site identification

¾ River slope estimation

¾ Selection of potential weir & powerhouse site

¾ Catchment area estimation

Map Reading: Selection of Potential Site

River Slope Profile

2. Measure the traced area

Flow Duration Curve

River Flow (m3/s)

0 100 200 300 365

Measured River Flow Flow Duration Curve

Measured river flow are arranged in their descending magnitude order

Gauging Station: ABC (CA=30km2) Latitude：@@@

25%(95day) 50%(183day) 75%(274day)

Accuracy & Reliability of Flow Prediction

¾ Area-Portion Method →Flow duration curve

¾ Area-Rainfall- Evaporation Method →Average river flow

¾ Area-Rainfall Method →Average river flow

QA= AA/ AE×QE

Unit river flow (m3/s/km2)

Flow Prediction : Area-Rainfall-Evaporation Method

Annual Runoff (m3/year) = Annual Rainfall (m3/year) – Annual Evaporation (m3/year)

Annual average runoff

a, b : Regional factors Rrun = a × Rrain + b

Annual Runoff from catchment A (km2) Annual Average Rainfall (mm)

Average annual Daily Flow (m3/s)

Potential Capacity Estimation

H = Net head (ft) = 0.85∼0.9 × gross head (Hg)

In the case that low-quality equipment (ηtg is lower) is introduced, the

No Project Location Catchment Gross Discharge Capacity Household Access

2 Bagu Bakun 7.7 148 10.5 78 190 0.6

4 Cambulo Dupax 25 99 13.3 66 440 5.0

5 Dacalan Tanudan 8.8 30 0.35 63 300 6.3

9 Pula Ifugao 8.8 148 12.3 91 350 0.3

¾Usable river flow

¾Utilizing existing facilities & natural environment

¾ Information from the local government and/or

¾ Matching demand & supply

Irrigation channel Headtank Screen

Intake weir River

Irrigation channel Headtank

Station: DAET,CAMARINES NORTE Latitude: 14o 07' N

MONTH RAINFALL (mm)

9 The simplest method in

9 Isohyetal map shows contour

Average rain fall line

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