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Literature
Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to long term participation by country A into
management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. There are two types of
of foreign direct investment. The largest flows of foreign investment occur between the
Western Europe and Japan). But flows to non-industrialized countries are increasing
sharply.
US International Direct Investment Flows:[1]
A foreign direct investor may be classified in any sector of the economy and could be any
needed
an individual;
a government body;
The foreign direct investor may acquire 10% or more of the voting power of an enterprise
following methods:
by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company
needed
tax holidays
preferential tariffs
example.In a country like India, the “walmartization” of the country could have
economy by reducing the number of people employed in the retail sector (currently the
nationally) and depressing the income of people involved in the agriculture sector
nationally).
country.
The “Invest in America” policy is focused on:
venture community.
Offering policy guidelines and helping getting access to the legal system.
The United States is the world’s largest recipient of FDI. More than $325.3 billion in FDI
which is a 37 percent increase from 2007. The $2.1 trillion stock of FDI in the United
Increased US exports through the use of multinational distribution networks. FDI has
the manufacturing sector, which accounts for 12% of all manufacturing jobs in the US.[5]
Affiliates of foreign corporations spent more than $34 billions on research and
many national projects. Inward FDI has led to higher productivity through increased
FDI in China has been one of the major successes of the past 3 decades. [citation needed]
than $19 billion just 20 years ago, FDI in China has grown to over $300 billion in the
massive growth and is the leader among all developing nations in terms of FDI. [citation
slight dip in FDI in 2009 as a result of the global slowdown, 2010 has again seen
Chinese continue to steam roll with expectations of an economic growth of a 10% this
year.
FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is any form of investment that earns interest in
enterprises which function outside of the
FDIs require a business relationship between a parent company and its foreign subsidiary.
have at least 10% of the ordinary shares of its foreign affiliates. The investing firm may
FDIs can be broadly classified into two types: outward FDIs and inward FDIs. This
of restrictions imposed, and the various prerequisites required for these investments.
An outward-bound FDI is backed by the government against all types of associated risks.
granted to the local firms stand in the way of outward FDIs, which are also known as
Different economic factors encourage inward FDIs. These include interest loans, tax
removal of restrictions and limitations. Factors detrimental to the growth of FDIs include
necessities of differential
Other categorizations of FDI exist as well. Vertical Foreign Direct Investment takes place
when a multinational
corporation owns some shares of a foreign enterprise, which supplies input for it or uses
MNC.
Horizontal foreign direct investments happen when a multinational company carries out a
different nations.
Foreign Direct Investment is guided by different motives. FDIs that are undertaken to
structure or explore the opportunities of new markets can be called 'market-seeking FDIs.'
aimed at factors of production which have more operational efficiency than those
investor.
Some foreign direct investments involve the transfer of strategic assets. FDI activities
optimization of available opportunities and economies of scale. In this case, the foreign
'efficiency-seeking.'
Introduction
Declaration. In the FDI Council, she led the governance task force from 2003 to 2004 and
Economics from UC Berkeley in 2000, as well as a M.Sc.(Econ) and a B.Sc. (Econ) both
from the London School of Economics. He was named in 2007 to the inaugural CIGI
Chair in International Public Policy by the Laurier School of Business and Economics. In
2008, CIGI, the Centre for International Governance Innovation, is jointly with
University of Waterloo and Wilfrid Laurier University launching the Balsillie School for
International Affairs, under the sponsorship of the entrepreneur and philanthropist Jim
Balsillie.In his work on spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI), Kugler has
shown that the presence of multinational corporation affiliates (MNC) can yield
when the MNC subsdiary is an exporter and the potential spillover recipient firm has
absorptive capacity to adopt new technology. When subsidiaries and local firms are
technological knowhow as input suppliers are the recipients of information from their
clients.
A study on the link between labor migration and FDI shows them to be complementary
rather than substitutes as standard trade theory would suggest. In a neoclassical model,
for the capital-labor ratios to equalize, in the presence of factor mobility, either jobs flow
to workers in the form of capital inflows or workers flow to jobs in the form of migration,
in countries with relatively low capital-labor ratios. In this context, migration and FDI
opportunities in the origin country of workers entering the labor force in their destination
FDI.
investment enterprises established for exploration of minerals and other natural resources
the text stipulates that "if the exploration proves unsuccessful and results in a shutdown
of the enterprise, no further balance of payments entries are recorded. Rather, a negative
stock adjustment is made in the direct investment position of the direct investor in the
host economy, and an equal reduction is made in the liability position of that economy to
that of the direct investor. (Both adjustments fall under the heading other adjustments in
However, some balance of payments compilers have argued that a stream of negative
reinvested earnings flows should be recorded in the current account of the host economy
over a number of years until the stock of fixed capital corresponding to the total
exploration expenditures of the direct investment enterprise has been fully amortised as
consumption of fixed capital, with corresponding entries recorded for the investing
economy. Such treatment would be consistent with the System of National Accounts 1993
recommends that the capitalized exploration costs should be amortized as consumption of
fixed capital over the average service lives of such exploration assets. According to that
argument, the direct investment enterprise continues to exist and the equity value remains
until it is fully amortized. Each year, the direct investment enterprise will have negative
It is important to note that this last recommendation overturns the practice described in
the BOP Textbook, which excludes from the FDI data transactions between nonfinancial
FDI enterprises and affiliated SPEs with the sole purpose of financial intermediation. The
effect of the recommendation is that there will no longer be any difference in the
treatment of SPEs that have the sole purpose of financial intermediation and SPEs that
have the primary purpose of financial intermediation—the FDI data are to include both
(i) transactions between nonfinancial FDI enterprises and affiliated SPEs with the sole
enterprises and affiliated SPEs with the primary purpose of financial intermediation.
The Committee also agreed that, in light of concerns expressed by some members of the
OECD and ECB groups, the decision about the inclusion in the FDI data of financial
transactions between units that are not financial intermediaries and affiliated financial
SPEs abroad would be re-examined in the context of the next revision of the Balance of
Payments Manual. In the meantime, countries that exclude such transactions from the
direct investment data are encouraged to explain their practices and if possible to publish
fixed amount of money by direct investors for the right to undertake a direct investment
in the host economy. Often, but not always, these operating or concession rights are
these payments as "bonuses". They are legal transactions and should not be associated
with poor governance. The issue was to determine whether or not such bonuses constitute
direct investment transactions and to recommend a common recording practice for such
transactions.
Data
Group, this application is mainly used for credit card transaction processing by
multinational banks and transaction processing companies. Banks use this application to
store and process credit card accounts and process transactions (Visa, Mastercard,
American Express, Europay, private label transactions). The rough estimate of number of
cards processed on different versions of this application software around the world is 350
million.
Modules
VisionPLUS is an account processing system. VisionPLUS consists of modules that work
Visionplus include:
VisionPLUS
transactions done.
* Direct Payment Utility (DPU) – Tool for recurring and one-time payment,
which provides different payment options and allows for processing and managing
balance transfer.
Litrature review
Visionplus offers banks the flexibility to have their own features and functionalities. Out
of the above modules CMS plays an important part, as all account related activities are
Literature review
The VisionPlus Software was introduced by Paysys International Inc. in 1996. In 2001,
[edit]Versions
1983 CardPac was released by CCS. Its main market was the bankcard industry (Visa and
1988 Vision21 was released for the private label card market by CCSI
1991 VisionPLUS for both private label and bankcard market by CCSI
A 1997 review of countries' practices for compiling data on foreign direct investment
(FDI) transactions indicated that the treatment of three types of FDI transactions cause
Methodology
Following consultations with the OECD and ECB groups, the Committee decided at its
October 2001 meeting that the recommended treatment of payments for the right to
income is included in the balance of payments manual. Rent would be paid by non-
resident enterprises when they make payments to exploit movable natural resources
such as in the case of tree cutting rights or fishing rights in a country's territorial
waters.
The New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) recorded that in the
1990s, regulatory and other reforms have been introduced by a number of governments to
make their economies more attractive to foreign investors. Today, these regulatory
conditions are on a par with those in other developing countries. For example, many more
countries now allow profits to be repatriated freely or offer tax incentives and similar
agencies (IPAs), to assist these investors. And yet, no FDI has come to Africa (in fact,
capital has flown out of Africa – see below). A former Minister of Finance of an African
country said: “We have removed our shirt and trousers to attract FDI; what more do they
expect us to do?”
As for South Africa that has rapidly liberalised its trade and investment regimes since
independence, capital has left the country rather than coming in. As the London
• And by the standards of other countries, South Africa has lured relatively little
foreign direct investment: $32 per head in 1994-99, compared with $106 for Brazil,
$252 for Argentina, $333 for Chile. At the same time, money has been leaving
South Africa: the $9.8 billion it invested abroad in 1994-99 exceeded the inward
flow by about $1.6 billion. … And its big companies, long confined by apartheid's
isolation, are now anxious to seek stock-exchange listings abroad. … So in the past
few years, Anglo American (mining), Billiton (mining), Old Mutual (insurance),
Results
he panel presentation titled “South-South FDI vs. North-South FDI: Southern
Perspectives” explored the hypothesis that South-South FDI differs from North-South
FDI in two main respects: (i) because the investing firms are less risk-averse given their
familiarity (in their home country) with similar operating environments to that of the
receiving country; and (ii) because the efficiency, technology, skill, product quality, etc.
'gaps' between investor and receiving country are smaller. IDRCproject participants in
the panel included Stephen Gelb (Edge Institute, South Africa), Nguyen Thang (Vietnam
Academy of Social Sciences), and Rajiv Kumar (Indian Council for Research on
The session, chaired by David Kaplan of University of Cape Town, focused on two
questions: are southern firms more willing to invest in other developing countries, and do
they provide more potential for positive spillovers and benefits to host countries? Dr.
Gelb noted that analysis of inward FDI inflows (investment coming into a country by
foreign firms) in Kenya, Uganda and South Africa does not support an affirmative
response to either question. Similarly, Dr. Thang’s analysis of inward FDI inflows into
Vietnam does not provide clear evidence on the technology spillover advantages,
although familiarity with the region and with the culture seem to have played a vital role
The session featured preliminary results of the following IDRC supported projects:
1) Foreign Direct Investment Behaviour in Low and Middle Income Countries, and
above).
The panel was held on June 10 in Cape Town as part of the Annual Bank Conference on
overarching theme of “People, Politics & Globalization” and combined plenary sessions
Conclusion
The reigning orthodoxy in neo-liberal economics on FDI boils down to five canonical
“truths”:
• Nobody is forcing the South to seek FDI; the governments themselves want it.
• The private sector is the engine of growth; hence countries in the South must deregulate
More than 90% of literature, and third world government policies, are dominated by this
view. In a brief paper, it is not necessary to repeat the arguments. The principal argument,
simply stated, is the following: Aid and loans in the 1960s and 70s created “aid
dependency” and the debt crisis in the 1980s and 90s. FDI is the best source of
development finance, on the grounds, among other, that it is self-liquidating since foreign
investors have to show profits for the host country as well as for themselves; and it does
b) FDI is neither good nor bad; it all depends on how you deal with it
A more qualified proposition is made (e.g. in the Oxfam Briefing paper) that “properly
ccess and development; that its negative effects must be balanced with its good effects; or
that FDI must be "sequenced", or be subject to some kind of Tobin Tax. FDI is neither
good nor bad; it all depends on how you deal with it. This view is now becoming popular
in many circles, including some reformed neo-liberal economists, especially after the
c) Aid Created Debt Crisis; FDI Will Create An Even Greater Crisis Of
Development
More recent empirical evidence suggests a completely different picture. Analysts like
David Woodard argue that if aid created the debt crisis, FDI will create an even greater
crisis of development, looming not in too distant future. This view challenges both the
reigning neo-liberal orthodoxy, and the above stated more qualified perspective. The
Developed Countries
A more radical alternative view is presented in a separate SEATINI Fact Sheet (What is
FDI? ). It argues that FDI, essentially, is a tool (one among many) in the economic
arsenal of the developed industrialised countries in their overall strategy to control the
resources and markets of the South. This control is necessary in order for Western
workers on Corporate profitability. FDI is a means to resolve the West’s own systemic
contradictions. Contrary to its claim, it is not a means to assist the developing countries.
However, FDI is well marketed by the West through “development” literature and
through institutions such as the IMF, the World Bank, the WTO, and even the UNCTAD.
2. Does FDI Bring Development ? The Experience of Mexico, East Asia and
Argentina
Mexico, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Argentina are among the
countries often cited by the World Bank, the IMF and mainstream economists as model
countries that opened their doors to free trade and free flow of capital on the assumption
that these would bring development to them. What has been their experience?
In 1995, Mexico faced a payments crisis, and there was a run on the banks. The economy
took a downward spin, and the middle classes took the brunt of the crisis. As for the
“distressed” American banks, they were baled out by the US Treasury. The “tequila
factor” reverberated disconcertingly for several months in the region. Since 1995, Mexico
liberalised further its trade and investment regimes. It is now facing massive
capital flows partly as a result of pressure from the IMF. Much of the funds came through
the banking system on short call (ranging from overnight calls to six months duration),
and were lent long to the private sector enterprises. The collaterals offered by the private
sector turned out to be extremely questionable in terms of value because they were
largely based on inflated property prices. So when the crunch came following a
speculative run on the Baht in August 1997, the foreign investors panicked and started
withdrawing their funds from Thailand; so the banks began calling back their loans, and
of course the private sector could not pay them. They defaulted. In trying to shore up the
Baht, the central bank depleted most of the country’s reserves. In the follow-up many of
the banks were liquidated, or consolidated, and the state decided to take over the burden
of repaying the loans. In other words, private debts were transformed into public debts.
Soon the Thai crisis rippled across to Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Korea.
For much of the region, the crisis destroyed wealth on a massive scale and sent absolute
poverty shooting up. In the banking system alone, corporate loans equivalent to around
half of one year's GDP went bad - a destruction of savings on a scale more usually
David Woodward, an erstwhile technical adviser to the British Executive Director at the
IMF and the World Bank, studied the Mexican and Asian crises in some depth and drew
the general conclusion that FDI has a tendency towards precipitating a crisis.
Financial crisis such as those of Mexico in 1994 and East Asia in 1997, like the 1980s
debt crisis, arise because of capital inflows are insufficient to cover current account
deficits. When this is reached, capital inflows fell sharply, compounding the problem....
turn add to the deficits), and a resulting acute dependence on foreign capital to finance
the deficits.
The truth about FDI is that, like drug addiction, it creates dependency – the more FDI a
developing country secures, the more it needs to service it and keep the system going.
Woodward writes:
16-18% p.a. for developing countries as a whole, and 24-30% in sub-Saharan Africa, so
that net outward resource transfers can only be avoided by allowing inward FDI stocks to
grow at this rate. This implies a rapid expansion relative to the ability to meet the foreign
exchange costs.
Drawing from the experience of Malaysia, Woodward reckons that when the FDI stocks
(as opposed to flow) in a developing country reaches 48% of GDP (which in many
African countries it has), then it is in the crisis zone. Indeed, “…the danger point for
Woodward, at the time of his study, had not considered the case of Argentina, which it
turns out, proves his point. Argentina has long been modelled by the IMF/WB experts as
the paragon of the Washington Consensus, an exemplary country that had abolished trade
barriers, had opened itself up to the free inflow and outflow of capital, had tied its
currency to the US dollar (the Currency Board Automatic Adjustment Mechanism), had
privatised practically everything, from banks to malls, to attract FDI. In December 2001
the “model” collapsed like a pack of cards. The country simply disintegrated in a morass
of economic, social and political chaos following the default on $155 billion of debt - the
largest in history.
If the developing countries do not take heed of the evidence before their very eyes, and
their leaders continue to peddle the idea that somehow FDI will get their countries out of
the poverty trap, then one of two conclusions follow. Either they are persuaded by the
among their own ranks, or they are too desperate, and cannot think of any alternative way
There is an argument that Africa has “fallen behind” other countries because it does not
The truth is that Africa has done more to oblige overseas investors than almost any other
continent, and yet investments have gone to other continents. In Africa, it has gone
primarily to countries like Angola - because of its oil and in spite of over three decades of
instability. Nothing has come to those countries, such as Zambia, that have almost fully
liberalised their investment regimes – far more than say China or India.
References
^ Sridhar, V., and Vijay Prashad. 2007. Wal-Mart with Indian Characteristics.
^ Sridhar, V., and Vijay Prashad. 2007. Wal-Mart with Indian Characteristics.
^ Foreign direct investment in China jumps 32% CBC Canada. Retrieved on 2010-
03-10
Aliber, R.Z:" A Theory of Direct Foreign Investment", in, Kindleberger C.P [ edit}
Anand, J & Kogut, B: " Technological Capabilities of Countries, Firm Rivalry and
Balassa, Bela: " American Direct Investment in the Common Market", Banca
Barrel, R & Pain, N: "The Growth of Foreign Direct Investment in Europe", in,
Bouma, E: " Foreign Direct Investment", in, Jepma, C.J & Rhoen, A.P. [ edit]:
Brewer, T.L: " Government Policies, Market Imperfections, and Foreign Direct
Appendix
1. Litrature
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review
4. Data
5. Methodology
6. Conclusion
7. References