Scientific Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 4.

14
e-ISSN (O): 2348-4470
p-ISSN (P): 2348-6406

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research

Development
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016

MODELLING AND CONTROLLING OF BLDC MOTOR

Akash Bhadani1, Dhruvin Koladiya2, Jaydip Devani3 , Prof. Archana Tahiliani4
1-4
Department of Electrical Engineering, MSCET (Surat)

Abstract — This project is about to understand construction of BLDC motor. The BLDC motors are very popular in a
wide array of applications. Compared to a DC motor, the BLDC motor uses an electronics commutator, replacing the
mechanical commutator and making it more reliable and durable than the DC motor. In BLDC motors, rotating
magnetic field is generated using stator three phase winding. According to rotating magnetic field rotor’s permanent
magnets, allowing out runner BLDC motors to drive. Also we control the speed of motor using Variable Frequency Drive
technique. We drive BLDC using ATMEGA328 microcontroller. We generate gate pulse using controller and according
to gate pulse N and S field is generated in three phase winding. The user can increase or decrease the speed as per the
requirement and the motor will run at that exact speed. The Hall sensor are use to indicate rotor position. The rotor
magnetic poles pass the Hall sensors, a high (for one pole) or low (for the opposite pole) signal is generated. Also use
contactless tachometer for measuring rpm using ATMEGA328 microcontroller.

Keywords-BLDC Motor, ATMEGA328, Hall Effect Sensors, Out Runner Motor, Contactless Tachometer.
I. INTRODUCTION
BLDC motor is becoming more popular and is widely used in wide range of applications from small, low power
applications like fan and disk drives to the large industrial automation and aerospace applications because of its
advantages such as better speed vs. torque characteristics, high efficiency, low noise, long operating life and high power
density.
BLDC motors are preferred as small horsepower control motors due to their high efficiency, silent operation,
compact form, reliability, and low maintenance. However, the problems are encountered in these motor for variable
speed operation over last decades continuing technology development in power semiconductors, microprocessors,
adjustable speed drivers control schemes and permanent-magnet brushless electric motor production have been combined
to enable reliable, cost-effective solution for a broad range of adjustable speed applications.

Figure 1. Basic block diagram

Figure 1.1 shows a typical arrangement for driving a BLDC motor with Hall-effect sensors. This system shows
the three coils of the motor arranged in a “Y” formation, an Arduino ATMEGA328 microcontroller, a MOSFET driver,
and a three-phase inverter comprising six metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) can also be used
for the high-power switching. The output from the microcontroller (mirrored by the MOSFET driver) comprises pulse
width modulated (PWM) signals that determine the average voltage and average current to the coils (and hence motor
speed and torque). The motor uses three Hall-effect sensors (A, B, and C) to indicate rotor position. The rotor itself uses
two pairs of permanent magnets to generate the magnetic flux.
BLDC motors are powered by a conventional 3Ø inverter which is controlled based on the rotor position
information so it requires rotor position information for electronic commutation. Position sensors such as Hall sensor,

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

position resolver and absolute position sensors are used to detect rotor position. Generally hall sensors are used to detect
position of rotor.
II. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM

Figure 2. System block diagram

The basic block diagram of of speed controlof PMBLDC motor is shown in figure 2. It consist of basically three
blocks: controller(ATMEGA328), Inverter, bldc motor and RPM measuring circuit. To drive BLDC motor, three phase
six inverter bridge is used. Switches of inverter bridge is turned on-off as per the sequence generated by the controller.
Output of inverter bridge is applied to three stator windings of bldc motor. Depending on switching sequence of inverter,
current in the stator windings keeps on changing and accordingly magnetic field is generated and rotor which is made up
of permenent magnet starts rotating in synchronism with the stator. The position of rotor is sensed by the hall sensor the
output of which is digital and further it is applied to the controller for generating switching sequence for the inverter. As
per the programming done the controller generates 6 PWM sequence which is given as inputs to the switches of the
inverters which converts dc supply to ac required for running the motor. For RPM measuring circuit ATMEGA328
controller are used which is work as contactless techometer. In this RPM measuring circuit interface with LCD who
shows the RPM of Brushless Direct Current Motor. In this circuit hall sensor are used for catch pulse of rotor magnet.

III. SPEED CONTROL OF BLDC MOTOR

An electronic Brushless DC Controller (also known as a Driver, or Electronic Speed Controller), replaces the mechanical
commutation system utilized by a Brush DC Motor, and is required by most Brushless DC Motors to operate. In a
Brushless DC Motor controller, either a Hall Effect Sensor or Back EMF (Electromotive Force) is used to identify the
position of the rotor. Understanding the orientation of the rotor is crucial to operating the Brushless DC Motor. The Hall
Effect uses three hall sensors within the Brushless DC Motor to help detect the position of the rotor. This method is
primarily used in speed detection, positioning, current sensing, and proximity switching. A Hall sensor can act as an
on/off switch in a digital mode when combined with circuitry. As a inverter circuit six MOSFET bridge is used.
Controller generates PWM sequences which drive the BLDC motor. For control a speed of motor variable register is used
which is work as variable frequency drive. To increase or decrease the frequency user can got the speed of motor exactly
they want. Optocouplers are used for isolating between controller side voltage and motor side voltage. Hall sensors sense
the position of rotor and gives digital output to controller at that time controller generate PWM for next stator winding
and operate inverter circuit to drive motor.

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

.
Figure 3. Speed control circuit of BLDC motor

IV. CONTACTLESS TACHOMETER (RPM MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT)

Figure 4. RPM measurement circuit

Figure 4 shows RPM measurement circuit which is worked as contactless tachometer. For this circuit
ATMEGA328 microcontroller are used. The unipolar hall effect sensor are catch the rotor magnet pulses for one
second and gives digital output to controller. Controller circuit multiplies this pluses with sixteen so we got
RPM which is shown by LCD which is connected with Arduino microcontroller. The unipolar hall sensors only
catch south pole of rotor magnet.
V. SIMULATION

Figure 5. MOSFET Bridge

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

Figure 6. 120 Degree waveform

Figure 7. 12V DC Output waveform

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

Figure 7. Optocoupler isolation

Figure 7. Hall sensor signal, back emf, and phase current

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

VI. CONCLUSION
This paper represents the working and controlling of BLDC motor are discussed. The speed control of BLDC
motor using Arduino ATmega328 microcontroller has been implemented. Also the design and implementation of
MOSFET bridge has been done in MATLAB. Simulation of RPM measurement circuit has been done in Proteus. Also
simulation of Optocoupler isolation carried out by Proteus. Hardware of power supply circuit, MOSFET bridge,
Optocoupler circuit and out runner motor are implemented.

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