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Table 1 (taken from Tarleton and Wakeman, 2007) shows the general
guideline for classifications of different filter mediums. In another source, McCabe
et. al, 2005, it states that. “The septum in any filter must meet the following
requirements:
Canvas cloths are common filter mediums but when corrosive liquids are used, it
requires the use of other filter media, such as woolen cloth, metal cloth of monel or
stainless steel, glass cloth, or paper”.
For both different type of cakes, McCabe et. al, 2005, states that
“Compressible cakes are cakes where the flocs are deposited from the slurry on the
upstream face of the cake and form a complicated network of channels. The
resistance of such a cake is sensitive to the method used in preparing the slurry
and to the age and temperature of the material. In addition, the flocs are distorted
and broken down by the forces existing in the cake and vary from layer to layer.
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filtration on a small floor space. The capacity can also be adjusted simply by
inserting or removing plates and frames. Lastly, internal inspection can easily be
conducted as leakage is easily detected. With all the characteristics mentioned and
its simplicity in operability, it makes filter press one of the most frequently used
filters in the industries.
However, there are also disadvantages for a plate and frame filter press. As
cake densities are varying, it leads to imperfect washing. According to Perry and
Green, 1997, “filter-cloth life is relatively short due to the mechanical wear of
emptying and cleaning the press (often involving scraping the cloth). It needs a
high labour requirements as well. Presses frequently drip or leak and thereby create
housekeeping problems, but the biggest problem arises from the requirement to
open the filter for cake discharge. This is due to the fact that operators are thus
exposed routinely to the contents of the filter, and this is becoming an increasingly
severe disadvantage as more and more materials once believed safe are given
restricted exposure limits”. Another disadvantage mentioned in the specifications.”
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EXPERIME
NTAL
13
Based on figure 3, the tank is where the feed is put into and the feed is then
pumped into the plate and frames filter. Before it is operated, appropriate filter
paper or filter cloth is to be placed within the plate and frames. Turn the stem to
ensure the plates and frames are fully tighten up so no leakage would occur. This
equipment contains 2 valves, 1 controlling pressure and another controlling flow
rate. Make sure both valves are appropriately open to ensure the machine is
working fine. As the feed passes through the plate and frames, it will then be
discharged back as filtrate into the tank through the upper hose and the process is
continued until the feed in tank is crystal clear. Tank is stirred throughout the whole
experiment to ensure everything gets filtered. This machine has a tray with a hole
for water to run off to the pail when leakage occurred or when cleaning is in
progress.
Preparation of mixture:
Paper sludge: Shredded paper (approx: 250g, 350g, 450g) is then blended together
with 20 liter of waters.
Filter papers are used in this experiment as this is the only available selection in
laboratory.
Results:
concentrations.
Weight of cake = initial weight of solids before filtration – dry weight of cake
obtain
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12.5g/L 17.5g/L 22.5g/L
% Reduction of solids
Paper Sludge (g/L) Wi Wf in mixture
17
Figure 4: Shows the relationship for flux against time for 12.5g/L, 17.5g/L and
22.5g/L of paper sludge.
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Figure 5: Shows the relationship between pressure against time for 12.5g/L,
17.5g/L and 22.5g/L of paper sludge.
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Figure 6: Shows the relationship between % reductions of solids in mixture versus
concentration of mixture.
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DISCUSSIO
NS
Plate and frame filtration is a well-known solid liquid separation equipment
within industries which include chemical producers, pharmaceutical and also as well
as food and beverages industry. This is mainly due to the easy operability and
efficiency of this equipment. An experiment has been conducted using this
equipment and preparations are made in order to conduct the experiment.
Newspaper sludge has been agreed to be the feed used in this experiment
and it can definitely be used to represent pulp and paper wastewater treatment
industry. Preparations made were to shred a total of 5kg newspapers. Shredded
newspapers are then separated into 250g, 350g and 450g before each of it is
individually blended to create newspaper sludge.
JO=VOA . to
Area, A and time, to are constant values and volume is the is only factor affecting
flux. As volume increase, flux tends to increase as well. The factor that affects
volume is the concentration of newspaper sludge. A higher concentration of
newspaper sludge will tend to increase the cake thickness as it is filtered and this
will affect the flow rate as a thicker cake will reduce the flow rate of the outlet. This
is the case seen in this experiment as with reference to figure 4, an increased in
concentration of newspaper sludge will give a decreasing volumetric flux value
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which is expected to happen. Thus, a relationship between concentration of mixture
and the volumetric flux can be formed whereby a higher concentration of mixture
leads to a decreasing volumetric flux.
The last objective for this experiment is to actually determine the percentage
reduction of solid in mixture and the efficiency of the plate and frame filter press.
This can be done by removing cake and it is then dried up in an oven. After drying,
it is then weighed to get the mass remaining, which is the amount of solids
removed from filtrate and this value then leads to the final objective of this
experiment. As shown in figure 6, percentage reduction of solid in mixture is
decreasing as concentration of newspaper sludge is increased. This is mainly due to
the concentration issue. As concentration is increased, more and more solids within
the filtrate failed to be filtered out because the plate and frame has reached its
maximum capacity which leads to the decreased in the percentage reduction of
solid in mixture which is also the efficiency.
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which is a very important variable in this experiment. In order to do this,
newspaper sludge has to be heated until it is over its melting point in order to
measure using a viscometer. Since equipments in laboratory is limited, it is
impossible to measure the viscosity since there isn’t any equipment to heat
newspaper sludge to its melting point. Without viscosity readings, most of the
equations cannot be used as it will leave an unsolved variable in calculations.
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CONCLUSI
ON
In conclusion, increased in concentration of mixture will lead to a decrease in
volumetric flow. In addition, increased in concentration of mixture will also lead to
the increase in pressure of the filter pump. Lastly, the percentage reduction of
solids in mixture and efficiency decreases as concentration increases.
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NOMENCLAT
URE
S ym b o l Unit Definition
t s Time
V mL Volume
P MPa Pressure
JO m l / m 2s Volumetric flux
Wi g Initial weight of cake before drying
Wf g Final weight of cake after drying
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REFERENCE
S
1) Gaur, R.C. 2008, Basic Environmental Engineering, New Age International (P)
Limited, Publishers, New Delhi.
2) Richardson, J. F., Harker,J. H. 2002, Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical
Engineering Volume 2: Particle Technology and Separation Processes, Fifth
Edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.
3) Tarleton, S., Wakeman, R. 2003, Solid/Liquid Separation: Equipment
Selection and Process Design, First Edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.
4) McCabe, W. L. et al. 2005, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, Seventh
Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
5) Perry, R. H. 1999, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Seventh Edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York.
6) Konieczny, K, Rafa J. 2000, Modeling of the Membrane Filtration Process of
Natural Waters, Polsh Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 9, No. 1 (2000),
57-63.
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APPENDIX
Raw Data
T(min) P(MPa)
0 0.10
2 0.12
4 0.13
6 0.14
8 0.14
10 0.14
12 0.14
14 0.14
16 0.14
18 0.14
20 0.14
Table 6: Shows the Pressure change for 12.5g/L of paper sludge.
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T(s) V(ml) (MPa)
20 680 0.160
40 660 0.160
60 630 0.160
80 600 0.155
100 600 0.140
120 590 0.150
140 560 0.160
160 520 0.160
180 490 0.160
200 470 0.160
220 460 0.160
240 440 0.160
260 440 0.160
280 440 0.160
300 430 0.160
320 420 0.160
340 420 0.160
360 420 0.160
Table 7: Shows the Volume collected and pressure change for 17.5g/L of paper
sludge.
T(min) P(MPa)
0 0.10
2 0.14
4 0.15
6 0.158
8 0.16
10 0.16
12 0.16
14 0.16
16 0.16
18 0.16
20 0.16
Table 8: Shows the Pressure change for 12.5g/L of paper sludge.
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20 340 0.165
40 330 0.165
60 320 0.160
80 310 0.160
100 300 0.155
120 270 0.155
140 240 0.155
160 210 0.155
180 220 0.160
200 190 0.155
220 190 0.150
240 180 0.150
260 170 0.150
280 160 0.160
300 150 0.168
320 150 0.160
340 150 0.140
360 150 0.160
Table 9: Shows the Volume collected and pressure change for 22.5g/L of paper
sludge.
T(min) P(MPa)
0 0.16
2 0.168
4 0.17
6 0.17
8 0.17
10 0.17
12 0.17
14 0.17
16 0.17
18 0.17
20 0.17
Table 10: Shows the Pressure change for 22.5g/L of paper sludge.
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Calculations
Concentration,
C O = 2 5 0 g2 0 L = 1 2 . 5 g L
Since there are 6 cakes involved, area of 6 filter cakes is 0.03 X 6 = 0.18m2
3) Volumetric flux
JO=7500.18×20
J O = 2 0 8 . 3 3 ml m 2 . s
% Reduction=24012.5×20×100=96%
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