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I II
Smt. B. Seshu Kumari Dr. N. Upender Reddy Sri. B. Sudhakar Thought process is a unique boon given to human kind by Nature. Man
Director, Professor, Director creates and reconstructs knowledge through the process of thinking and analysis.
S.C.E.R.T., C & T Dept., S.C.E.R.T., Govt. Textbook Printing Press,
A.P., Hyderbad. A.P., Hyderbad. A.P. Hyderbad.
Man generates knowledge by way of doing, imagining, redoing works in a different
way. These may be called the processes of Science.
Science is a systematic logical thought oriented process and a path to truth.
AUTHORS
Science and Technology have improved human life by way of scientific inventions,
Dr. T.V.S. Ramesh, S.A. Sri M. Ramabrahmam, Lecturer discoveries and their applications in various fields.
U.P.S., Potlapudi, Nellore. Govt. I.A.S.E., Masabtank, Hyd.
Human beings understand Nature through Science and use Nature for their
Dr. K. Suresh, S.A. Dr. P. Shankar, Lecturer
benefit while at the same time respecting and protecting Nature. However it is
Z.P.H.S., Pasaragonda, Warangal. D.I.E.T., Warangal.
evident that we give importance to the first i.e., harnessing Nature and forgetting to
Dr. S. Vishnu Vardhan Reddy, S.A. Sri J. Vivekavardhan, S.A. protect and sustain Nature in its pristine form. As a result we experience several
Z.P.H.S., Kadthal, Mahaboobnagar S.C.E.R.T., A.P., Hyderabad.
calamities leading to destruction of Nature, climate, Earth and finally life on Earth.
Sri Noel Joseph, H.M. Sri Y. Venkata Reddy, S.A.
St. Joseph’s HS, Ramagundam, Karimnagar. Z.P.H.S., Kudakuda, Nalgonda. The future of the country is being shaped in the classrooms and science
learning can never be limited to learning of principles, theories and introduction of
Sri Sanjeev Kumar, S.A. Sri D. Madhusudhan Reddy, S.A. experiments. Scientific attitude and thought shapes human beings in such a way so
Z.P.H.S., Amdapur, Nizamabad. Z.P.H.S., Munagala, Nalgonda.
as to make them sensitive to Nature and strive to uphold and maintain bio-diversity.
Sri L.V. Chalapathi Rao, S.A. Sri A. Nagaraju Sekhar, S.A. Science learning means commitment towards the good and welfare of society and
A.P.R. School, Nizampatnam, Guntur. Z.P.H.S., Chatakonda, Khammam.
all life forms including human kind.
ILLUSTRATORS Children should learn that science is not only in textbooks but also in the
Sri Kurella Srinivas, S.A. Sri B. Kishore Kumar, S.G.T Sri Ch. Venkata Ramana, S.G.T works of peasants, the artisanship of potters, food prepared by mother etc., The local
ZPHS, Pochampalli, U.P.S., Alwala, P.S. Viryanaik Tanda, knowledge should enter into science textbooks and must be discussed in the
Nalgonda Nalgonda. Nalgonda. classrooms. Specific observations and logical thinking is required in order to inculcate
values and develop life skills. This is possible through study of science. The
D.T.P. & DESIGNING
inquisitiveness and creativity should be developed through science learning. The
Sri. Md. Ayyub Ahmed, Sri. Kishan Thatoju, skill of asking questions, critical observations and developing the spirit of
Computer Operator, S.C.E.R.T., A.P., Hydrabad. Computer Operator, S.C.E.R.T., A.P., Hydrabad. investigations and enquiry shall be facilitated through science teaching and learning.
Sri. R. Madhusudhana Rao, Sri. G.V. Gopala Krishna,
Cover Page Designer, Nellore
Science teaching should promote the spirit of knowing and experimenting
Computer Operator, S.C.E.R.T., A.P., Hydrabad.
rather than keep these abilities dormant. The traditional attitude of treating science
as a body of facts, theories, principles and information needs to be transformed. The
What is done to children they will do to society re-learning of the true nature of science must happen as recommended by the National
Dr. Karl Menninger Curriculum Frame Work-2005.
III IV
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BEFORE STEP INTO TEXTBOOK ….
The textbook is designed duly considering th e Inquiry Nature of childhood and their
The textbooks are developed based on State Curriculum Framework and its power of imagination. Children’s world is creative and they are more inquisitive and want to find
Position Paper on Science and also reflect the spirit of Right to Education Act. Science out everything they come across and ask several questions until they satisfy on any incomprehensive
textbooks are developed to facilitate construction of knowledge jointly by the teacher issue / objects. This nature of the child is the basis for an enquiry mind and for pursuing the
and the pupil but never as merely an information provider. scientific knowledge in a systematic way. Let us discuss some of the issues before preparing the
children for the learning of science in a scientific way.
The textbook facilitates learning through activities, discovery, exploration in a child The National Curriculum Frame Work – 2005 and State Curriculum Frame Work – 2011
defined science as questioning, and observing the nature and also trying to understand the nature.
centered manner. The activities i.e., group, individual and whole class, experiments, field
For this purpose one should question Why? What? How? When? on the observed phenomenon.
investigations, information collection, questioning, analysis, synthesis, projects etc., must The children imagine and expect what happens? and what will be the outcomes? Children must
become a part of learning and as well as assessment in the context of science education. experiment and observe by utilizing the available resources in the local environment to find out
The pupil assessment procedures facilitate thinking in critical and multiple ways. Critical answers to their questions.
pedagogy and social construction become a part of classroom pedagogies in search of It must be theorized and generalized based on repeated observations. The natural
phenomenon and resources which influence our life viz., day and nights, water, air, earth, heat,
truth. The spirit of continuous and comprehensive evaluation is reflected in the assessment light, food, flora and fauna must be understood primarily from our life experiences. For this
procedures. Certainly the revised textbooks facilitate the teachers in effective transaction purpose one should reflect on our daily experiences and impact of human interventions in various
of science duly reflecting the nature and spirit of science. natural activities / processes. Children must be made to appreciate the applications of science for
the betterment of human life, natural phenomenon such as rain, wind, day and nights and growth
We are very grateful for the kind of support from the National and State level of life on the earth, bio diversity etc.,
experts in designing a textbook of science that transforms the very nature of science teaching Teachers must think and design strategies for appropriate science education and its
learning in the state classrooms. We are also thankful to the Textbook Writers, Editors, classroom transaction to realize the constitutional values, goals and aims of science education and
the philosophical perspectives of science education at school level. The transformation of young
Illustrators, Graphic Designers for their dedicated work for the cause of children’s science minds as potential scientists must be explored and afforded. This requires lot of planning on the
education. part of teacher and professional preparation, referencing, collaborative work with the children
and encourages bringing children’s knowledge into the classrooms.
We humbly request the educationists, parents, NGOs and children for appropriate About Academic Standards….
suggestions to improve the science textbooks. We also expect that the teachers and The National and State Curriculum Frame Works, the Right to Education Act clearly
teacher educators will welcome the proposed reforms in science teaching learning process envisaged on the role of the school in achieving the expected academic standards which are subject
and implement them with appropriate professional preparation and referencing. It is also specific and grade specific. Learning of science does not include learning of information alone,
but it includes doing projects to understand the science concepts, undertaking observations and
expected that a habit of scientific enquiry and nature of questioning would be developed experiments, collection of information, analysis of information and finally arriving to conclusions
among children within the contextual transaction set out in the revised science curriculum and generalizations.
and textbooks. Children must draw the illustrations on the observed things and appreciate the
interdependence of the living beings in the nature. Appropriate attitudes on keeping the bio
diversity and sustaining it is also one of the objectives of science learning in schools. Teachers
must play a vital role and take the responsibility in developing such scientific spirit and academic
standards.
Smt. B. Seshu Kumari
Director Teaching Learning Strategies ….
S.C.E.R.T., A.P., Hyderabad. Teaching does not mean transferring information from the textbooks. Teachers must
understand the philosophical base of science i.e., why science is as a subject in school curriculum?
And what are the expected goals and objectives of science teaching? What is the expected behavioral
change in children through science teaching? How to motivate the children to peruse science with
increased interest and dedication. The teacher shall plan strategies for science teaching. Following
are the expected strategies of the science teaching.
V VI
x Textbooks must include various learning strategies to construct knowledge on various developed as per the goals and objectives of science teaching in schools. Teachers must understand
x It is expected that every child must understand the concept and try for his own answer
science concepts through observations, discussions, experimentation, collection of the continuity and appropriateness of varieties of assessment.
x Using mind mapping as one of the initial whole class activity and develop debate and
information.
x Teachers shall not try for uniformity in the answers across the students in the class but
rather than repeating the text given in the textbooks without any value addition.
x Prepare children for discussions by posing appropriate questions. The questions given in
discussion on the given concepts.
x Some of the exercises for display in the wall magazine, bulletin board, school community
encourage them for a variety of responses.
x Textbook reading is a must to understand and to get an overall idea on the concepts
the textbook exercises make along with planning additional questions must be used.
meeting are not only for the sake of assessment but it reflects the nature of academic
x Textbook may be appropriately used while teaching the lesson both by children and as
introduced in the lessons. activities to be performed in the schools.
The revised science textbook is all together an improved design reflecting the nature and
x Teachers must prepare / collect appropriate equipment, plan and well in advance for a
well as teachers. spirit of science learning and certainly make the children to think and contribute his / her ideas
creatively and facilitate the construction of concepts based on the child’s prior ideas / experiences.
meaningful transaction of the science lessons and plan for children participation through There is no doubt that children would develop creatively while following and performing the
x Teacher preparation includes collection and reading of appropriate reference books, sources
group / individual / whole class work. activities and exercises given in the science textbooks. It is a challenge for teachers to make
children as constructors / creators of knowledge rather than receivers of information.
in the internet, library books, children exercises, appropriate questions to children to think
x The observations, information collection, field investigations etc., must be taken up under
around etc., participate in field investigation and making reports on them.
x Local resources may be used as alternative equipment for designing and undertaking
the teacher guidance / presence. Some of the work may be given as homework also. 4. Inforamtion skills and Projects Children are able to collect information (by using interviews,
internet etc.) and analyses systematically. They are able to
x Teacher must develop a year plan duly distributing the projects, assignments, field trips
activities / experiments. conduct their own project works.
x Teachers are advised to collect information about recent studies of the areas discussed in
given in the textbooks so as to complete with in the available 180 working days. 5. Communication through Children are able to explain their conceptual understanding
drawing and model making by drawing figures and making models.
x The information given in the bottom line boxes of every page is only for extensive reading.
the textbook for every year.
6. Appriciation and aesthetic Children are able to appreciate man power and nature, and
About assessment …. sence and values have aesthetic sense towards nature. They are also able to
The present practice of testing children to what extent they learnt the information must be follow constitutional values.
replaced by understanding how children are learning. What are the learning problems? What is
difficult for children? etc., This may be possible by observing children notebooks, assignments 7. Application to daily life and Children are able to utilize scientific concept to face their
and sitting besides them while doing the work / problem solving. Therefore, importance must be concern to bio diversity. daily life situations. They are able to show concern towards
given for the Assessment For Learning than Assessment Of Learning. An effort was made to bio diversity.
provide variety of assessment exercises in the textbooks, assess the different competencies to be
VII VIII
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CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Preamble
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having
solemnly resolved to constitute India into
a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to
all its citizens:
IX X
16 LIVING AND NON LIVING 164 10 March To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion.
XI XII
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1 2
Activity-1: Finding variety in our with your friends and collect
1 Our Food
food
Every day we eat different types of food
from morning to night. What did you
information about what food they had
eaten yesterday.
Record the information in table 1.
eat yesterday? Make a list. Also discuss
If any one asks you about your favorite material we need to prepare brinjal curry
food item, what will you answer? The or borugulu? How can idly be made soft? Table 1 - What did I eat
list may include several things like laddu, We take food for our health and energy.
biryani, idly - sambhar, vussulu-borugulu, But we should know the sources of the Name of student Food eaten
cheese, dal, brinjal curry and so on. But materials required for preparing the food
Ashok Rice, dal, milk, vegetables, , jam, idly, bread
if you are asked about their components, we eat. This type of information is very
sources of ingredients and how they important. So, we will discuss about the Neelam Biryani, Chilli Chatni, Roti
have been cooked, then, it may be ingredients, processing and sources of
difficult for you to answer. Generally we food in detail in this chapter. Observe
take interest in eating food and don't the following food items and name
bother about other things, like what them.
3 4
Name the plant or animal also. You can take the help of your friends or elders.
Table 3 : Who gives us food
Cooking Oil
Honey
Chips
Turmeric powder
Fig. 2 Salt
raw rice and water. But for making List out some food items you like to Dough
biryani we need many materials. eat and try to find out what materials
are used to prepare them. Meat
Eggs
S.No. Food items you like Required ingredients
1. Payasam Sugar
3. Pallikaram Try to enrich this list as much as you coriander plant, flower of cauliflower
can. You will find that from animals we plant, fruit of tomato and drumstick
To make different kinds of food we need it will be easy for you to say that we get get milk, eggs and meat. If you observe plant. Table salt is confusing. Actually it
different materials. These materials which vegetables and fruits from plants; eggs, carefully you will notice that there are a is a mineral and obtained from the sea.
are required to prepare food are known milk, meat from animals. Is there any number of animals from which we get In later classes you will learn about the
as ingredients. When you purchase other source you can think of ? Some different kinds of food. Goats and components of food. Can you identify
packed food, biscuits or any cold drink, ingredients have been listed below. Find sheep give us meat. Hens and roosters which part of the plant is eaten by us in
you will find their ingredients written on out the source of each ingredient; if it are used as meat (chicken). Can you the given table? You can also discuss
their packets. Have you ever thought is a plant mark (P) or an animal (A), or elaborate this list? In plants we eat with your friends.
from where these ingredients come? Yes, something else (E). different parts, like leaf of spinach and
Chicory is beneficial for digestion, the circulatory system and the blood Beet roots are high in carbohydrate levels and should therefore be used sparingly
Peanuts contain beneficial protein, but many people are allergic to them and find Onions are an excellent antioxidant, and they contain anti-allergy, antiviral and
them hard to digest antihistamine properties
Science VI Class OUR FOOD Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
7 8
Method of preparing food Food items Preservation of food coastal areas it's a common sight to see
The discussion about food will be fish being smoked for preservation.
Shallow frying
incomplete unless we talk about food • Try to find out more about this
Chopping and mixing preservation. How do farmers protect process.
rice from pests and store it after it is
Cutting and mixing harvested? How is rice stored in your
• What are the other food material
preserved by this process?
home? Why does curry get spoiled
In table 5, you can also add any other Joseph knows how to make tomato
when kept out for a couple of days but Do you know?
methods of cooking which you know. curry. Listen to him.
pickle stays fresh for so long? It is only
Don't forget to add the food items Sugar syrup or honey is a good
“I like tomato curry. I learnt how because of preservation. For preserving
prepared by this method. preser vative. Fr uits are often
to make it from my father. To prepare certain food-items, they are salted and
Tasty Food:- it, we need two tomatoes, one dried. In certain areas dried fish is preserved in sugar syrup or honey.
onion, two green chillies, one red commonly used. Vegetables and meat Jams and fr uit juices are g ood
We usually say food is tasty. But how examples of preser vation with
does food get its taste? The taste of chilly, turmeric powder, salt, oil, are also dried and pickled.
mustard seeds, black gram and sugar.
food depends on its ingredients, method
jeera.
• Try to find out how vegetables
of preparation and our cultural habits. are pickled at home.
Activity-4: Let us store food
Do you know the method of First of all, clean all the vegetables
preparation of any food item? in water, and chop them into pieces.
• Find out the ingredients that help Discuss in groups and identify examples
to preserve vegetables. of different preservatives. Ask your
place a pan on the flame. Pour three
spoons of oil. When oil becomes hot, Salt and turmeric powder are used for parents other ways of preservation that
put one spoon-full of mustard, black preservation while making pickles. In they follow.
gram and jeera. Then add green
and red chilli pieces and put a pinch Table 6 - How to preserve food
of turmeric powder. Half a minute Types of preservatives Examples
later add pieces of onion and
tomato. Then add some salt and Adding salt, chilli powder and oil pickles, ...
close the lid. After five minutes the Adding only salt
tasty curry is ready.”
Drying
Activity-3: Let us cook
Sugar syrup
What is your favorite food? Find out
how it is prepared. Write the recipe in
your note book. For preserving food we use different items which are available in the market
Fig. 4 types of preservatives. But some food have harmful preservatives. So we must
11 12
names of food we get from the animals - milk, eggs or meat.
(b) Sort the slips into groups. Write the names of the animals in the correct
portions of the circles shown below.
(c) Are there any portions where none of the animals fit? Explain why?
2 Playing with Magnets
All of you would Activity-1: Finding objects that get
have seen a pin stuck to the cap of the pin holder.
holder in your Take a pin holder from your school
school office (see office. Drop some pins, jump-clips, iron
Fig. 1 (a)). You may nails into it. What do you observe? Do
milk meat
have seen that in the same with a piece of paper, a pencil
giving giving this pin holder, and an eraser. What do you observe?
some pins are
You would notice that some of these
attached to the top Fig. 1 (a) objects (pins, jump-clips, nails) get stuck
or cap.
to the top of the pin holder while the
• Why do the pins get attached to other objects (paper, pencil, eraser) fall
the cap of the pin holder? into the pin holder.
• What could be there in that cap? Why does it happen so?
egg • Does it attract objects other than The cap of the pin holder contains a
pins? material known as magnet which
giving
You might have seen attracts substances like iron pins, iron
some metal stickers nails etc.
stuck to the door of Similarly, the metal stickers also have a
an iron almirah or a magnet at their back so that they can
refrigerator (see Fig 1 stick to iron doors.
(b)). • What material is needed for
• What is there in making magnets?
those stickers which Fig. 1 (b) • How were these magnets
makes them stick to discovered?
the iron doors?
Let us try to find the answers to these
• Do they stick to wooden doors questions.
**** or plastic doors too?
There is more fiber in an orange than in most other fruits and veggies Right now, the Neodymium is the strongest magnet currently known
The magnets we discussed are not natural magnets. These magnets are man-made Scale Plastic No
magnets.
Magnets of different shapes
The magnets we see and use in our daily life possess different shapes. Some of the
• Which materials are attracted by property of magnets they can be used
usual shapes of magnets are shown in Fig. 2.
a magnet? to separate some mixtures.
• Which materials are not attracted Activity-3: Can we separate iron
by a magnet? filings from soil?
Bar Magnet The materials that are attracted by Take a bar magnet and roll it in the soil
magnets are called magnetic materials. in your school ground for some time.
The materials that are not attracted by Pull out the magnet. What do you find?
Horse Shoe magnets are called non-magnetic Does anything get attached to the
Magnet materials. magnet?
• Give your own examples for You may find some dark particles of
magnetic materials. soil sticking to the magnet.
Ring Magnet Disc Magnet Now gently remove these dark particles
• Give your own examples for non-
magnetic materials. from the magnet and collect them in a
Fig. 2
sheet of paper. These are iron filings.
Magnets have the property of attracting
Think: Can we make a magnet in a required shape? materials like Iron. Based on this
Usually, magnets are made of steel or iron. However, special alloys of iron, nickel, Once the Greek scientist Archimedes of the “Eureka” used lodestone to win enemies
copper, cobalt, and aluminum can be made into powerful magnets. in battles by using lodestone to get the nails from the ship. So the ship would sink.
Science VI Class PLAYING WITH MAGNETS Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
15 16
(Keep these iron filings in a box to use distance you will find some scattered You will notice that the magnet finally needle, it is usually painted in a different
in further activities.) iron filings between these two points. takes a position in the North-South colour (see Fig. 5). Then we identify
• Which part of magnet attracts (see Fig. 3) direction. Mark the end that points north and south at that place. After that
more iron filings? This change in the spread of iron filings towards the North with some colour. we can also identify the East and West
• From which part of the magnet on the sheet of paper is due to the Now disturb the magnet and again wait between them.
do you feel more difficulty in magnet present below it. The iron filings for some time.
removing iron filings ? move towards its ends because of this • Where does the coloured portion
Poles of a Bar Magnet magnet. Thus the ends of the bar come to rest?
Does the property of attracting iron magnet attract more iron filings than the • Repeat this experiment at another
filings remain same for all parts of a bar middle part of the magnet. place. What do you observe?
Fig. 5
magnet? By this activity we can conclude that Magnets always come to rest in the
North-South direction. In each case the A compass is used to find directions.
Activity-4: every bar magnet always has two ends
marked end points towards North. This It is mostly used in ships and airplanes.
whose attracting capacity is more than
Spread some iron filings uniformly on a end is known as North pole of the Mountaineers and army people also
its other parts. These ends are called
sheet of paper. Place a bar magnet magnet. The other end, which points carry a compass with them so that they
poles of the magnet .
below this sheet. towards the South is known as South do not lose their way in an unknown
Activity-5: Finding directions with pole of the magnet. This property of place.
• What do you observe?
a bar magnet. magnets is called directional property. Note: Don't place compass and
• Do you observe any change in Suspend the bar magnet freely with the It is exhibited only by magnets. We use magnets together.
the pattern of iron filings spread help of a thread tied around its center this property to make the magetic compass.
over the sheet? as shown in Fig. 4. Does the magnet Activity-6: Attraction and Repulsion
Magnetic Compass
You will observe that the uniformly remain stationary? Wait for some time. Between Two Magnets
A compass is usually a small box with a
spread iron filings concentrate at two What do you find now? Take two similar magnets, place them
glass covering it. A magnetized needle
points of the paper sheet. At some is pivoted inside the box in such a way in four different ways as shown in Fig.
that it can rotate freely. The compass 6 and record your observations.
also has a dial with directions marked
on it. The compass is kept at the place
where we wish to know the direction.
Its needle indicates the North-South
direction when it comes to rest. The
compass is then rotated until the north
and south marked on the dial are exactly
below the two ends of the needle. To
Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 6
identify the North pole of the magnetic
Electromagnets are made up of an arrangement of wire coils; often, the wire is wound
Some vets use magnets to retrieve wire and metal from animals stomachs
around a ferromagnetic substance such as steel.
Science VI Class PLAYING WITH MAGNETS Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
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17 18
• What do you observe? • Is there a change in the direction it Activity-8: Finding out whether Bring three objects one after the other
• When do the magnets attract comes to rest? What is that change? the given object is a magnet or not. close to one pole of the bar magnet
each other? The suspended bar magnet always You have been given three objects of and observe whether they get attracted,
• When do the magnets repel each comes to rest in the direction of the same size, shape and colour and a bar repelled or not attracted. Record your
other? bar magnet placed on the table. But magnet. You have to decide which one observation in table 2. After that bring
You notice that like poles repel each the north pole of the suspended bar among them is a magnet, which is not those objects close to the other pole of
other and unlike poles attract each magnet points towards the south pole a magnet but made up of a magnetic the bar magnet in the same way and
other. of the bar magnet placed on the table material or a non-magnetic material. record your observations.
and south pole of the suspended bar Table 2
Earth as a Magnet:
magnet points towards the north pole Observation Object - 1 Object - 2 Object - 3
We saw that a suspended bar magnet
of the bar magnet placed on the table. Attracted / Repelled / Attracted / Repelled / Attracted / Repelled /
always comes to rest in the North-South
Not Attracted Not Attracted Not Attracted
direction. • What happens if you remove the
bar magnet placed on the table? Changes observed when
• Why does it come to rest in that brought close to one pole
particular direction only? In this case the suspended magnet of the bar magnet.
• What force is acting on it? comes to rest in the North-South
direction. We can say that there is some Changes observed when
Activity-7: brought close to other
magnet below the suspended bar magnet
Place a bar magnet on which compels it to come to rest in that pole of the bar magnet.
a table in any particular direction (as in above two
direction. Suspend cases). Where does this invisible magnet What do you conclude by comparing the Activity-9: Make your own magnet
another bar magnet come from? The earth possesses recorded observations?
Take an iron nail and place it on a table.
over it as shown in magnetic property which acts upon the By the above observations we conclude Make sure that the nail neither attracts
Fig. 7. The suspended suspended bar magnet (see Fig. 8). the following:
nor repels iron pins or iron filings. Take a
bar magnet should be Fig. 7 If an object is attracted by one pole of bar magnet and place one of its poles
fairly close to the one kept the bar magnet and repelled by the its other
near one edge of the nail. Without lifting
pole, then you can say that it is a magnet.
on the table. Observe in which the bar magnet, move it along the length
If an object is attracted by both the
direction the suspended bar magnet of the iron nail till you reach the other
poles of a bar magnet and not repelled
comes to rest. by any pole, then you can say that it is end. Then lift the bar magnet, bring it to
Change the direction of the bar magnet not a magnet but a magnetic substance. the first end of the nail and move along
placed on the table. If an object is neither attracted by the length again as shown in Fig. 9.
• Do you find any change in the magnet nor repelled by it, then you can Repeat this process 20-30 times. Always
direction of suspended bar magnet? say that it is neither a magnet nor a move the magnet in one direction, don't
Fig. 8 magnetic substance. drag the magnet back and forth.
Magnets attracts only magnetic objects The compass was used hundreds of years ago by chinese sailors
19 20
Activity-11: Magnetic induction other but not in contact as shown in poles of the magnet lie at these
Fig. 11 (b). ends.
Take a safety pin and bring it close to
an alpin. Does it attract the alpin? Why? Ask your friend to bring • Each magnet has two magnetic
an alpin and touch the poles : North and South.
Bring the safety pin close to one pole safety pin. You will notice
of a bar magnet and see • A freely suspended magnet
that the alpin will stick to
how it gets attached to the always aligns in the North-South
the safety pin. This
magnet. Now bring an direction.
shows that due to
alpin and touch it to the magnetic induction Unlike poles of two magnets
Fig. 9 •
safety pin as shown in Fig. safety pin acts as a attract each other; whereas like
Now remove the bar magnet and bring 11 (a). Does safety pin magnet. poles repel each other.
some iron filings or alpins close to the attract the alpin? Why?
Fig. 11 (b) • Magnetic property possessed by
nail. What do you notice? In the above two cases, we Keywords
a magnetic substance due to the
The iron filings or alpins get attracted notice that the safety pin Magnet, magnetic material, non- presence of a magnet near to it,
by the nail. Thus you have succeeded acts as a magnet when it Fig. 11 (a) magnetic material, North Pole, South is called magnetic induction.
in making your own magnet by is in contact with another Pole, Magnetic compass, like poles,
magnetizing the nail. What will happen magnet. Magnetic property is induced unlike poles, attraction, repulsion, Improve your learning
if the nail is now suspended freely? in safety pin due to the bar magnet. magnetic induction 1. Predict which of the following
Magnetic property possessed by a material are magnetic and non-
Activity-10: Make your What we have learnt
magnetic substance due to the presence magnetic material. Test with a bar
own magnetic compass Lode stone is a natural magnet.
of a magnet near it, is called magnetic • magnet and check your
Take a magnetized needle. Tape the induction. predictions. What do you say
• Magnets are of different shapes
needle to a light cork. Float the cork in after testing all materials?
• If the safety pin is not in contact i.e. bar magnets, horse shoe
a glass of water as shown in Fig. 10.
with the bar magnet, can it attract the magnets, ring type magnets, etc. Plastic, Iron, Stainless steel,
Add a little detergent to water to help alpin? Wood, Aluminium, Gold, Silver,
• The materials that are attracted
the cork float freely. In Copper, Paper, Cloth.
• What happens if we place the bar by magnets are called magnetic
what direction does
magnet very close to the safety pin but materials. The materials that are 2. List out the magnetic and non
your magnetized
not touching it? not attracted by magnets are magnetic materials in your class
needle point?
Let us find out. called non-magnetic materials. room.
It points in North-
Take a bar magnet in one hand and a • A bar magnet always has two 3. For which purposes do people
South direction.
safety pin in the other hand, hold them ends whose attracting capacity is use magnets in their daily life? Ask
Thus it acts as a
in such a way that they are close to each more than other parts of it. The your family members and other
magnetic compass. Fig. 10
The earths magnetic field is like a bar magnet at the center Earth magnets can be 20 times more powerful than a fridge magnet
4.
and prepare a list of uses of
magnets.
Draw a bar magnet and locate
the poles.
10. Sometimes people use magnets to
keep the doors open and some
times to close the doors firmly.
Think and say how is it possible
3 Rain : Where Does It Come From?
and how we should arrange the Rain is a common phenomenon like air
5. Observe and locate North and magnets in each case. and sunlight in our daily life. We generally
South poles for the second bar 11. Does the Earth behave as a get more rains in rainy season. Our
magnet shown in the figure given magnet? How do you prove it? general observation is that if the sky is
below. 12. If you have two similar bars, one cloudy then there is a possibility of rain.
a magnet and another a piece of But clouds do not lead to rains every
iron. can you findout which one time. Some times we witness sudden
of these is a magnet? Explain the rains.
6. Think and say, in which direction process.
13. Teacher said that Earth is a • Why do clouds cause rain?
your house is facing? Use the
magnet. But Sreevidya has some Fig. 1 • What is the relation between
compass and findout the exact Ramya and Sowmya were getting ready
doubts and she asked her teacher rains and clouds?
direction of your house and to go to school. Their mother advised
compare it with your prediction. some questions. What may be the • Why don’t all clouds cause rain?
questions? them to keep an umbrella with them.
Similarly predict and findout in To understand about clouds and rains
14. Surya was wonderstruck to know Ramya asked her mother why the
which direction you keep your we need to first know something about
that Earth is a big magnet and umbrella was needed as it was not
head while sleeping at night, the water.
appreciated efforts of scientistis raining. After looking at the sky, mother
directions you face while you are told them that it was likley to rain as it
reading, eating etc. to discover this. Do you notice Forms of Water
any such things in magnets to was cloudy and windy weather. They
7. Prepare a toy using magnets and All of us know that water is available in
appreciate? Explain. started to school wondering about how
write the procedure of nature in three forms.
15. Kiran wants to prepare a toy using their mother was able to predict when
preparation briefly. it could rain. Solid Form
8. Think and say where the poles some magnets to make people
understand the slogan "Reject We call soild form of water ice.
will be located in a ring magnet? • Why do we get rains?
Try to find out its poles using a bad food and accept only good • Where do the rains come from?
bar magnet and check your food". Can you help him to
• How did mother know that it was
prediction. prepare the toy? If yes, how?
likely to rain?
9. Magnetize a needle using a bar • Do all the clouds formed in the Fig. 2 : Ice
magnet. Make a compass with **** sky cause rain?
that needle by following the Snow occurs naturally.
It is believed that the earths magnet power comes from a current in the liquid Rain drops are not shaped like this , they are shaped like this as they fall. Raindrops
center of the Earth causing it to become a gigantic electromagnet! vary in size from 0.02 inch to about .031 inch diameter.
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23 24
Can we convert water into ice? water. If water is cooled further we will what happens to the water in wet we observe smoke-like vapour coming
Explain what we should do? get ice. clothes also. out of our mouths(Fig 6).
Liquid Form • Why does smoke-like vapour
The process of water changing into come out of our mouth in winter?
What happens if ice is kept in the open water vapour is called “evaporation”
So, we understand that these three • Do we experience this in summer
air? If water is gently heated it will become as well?
If we heat ice, it will change into water. forms of water are interchangeable. warm. Some vapour is produced. If it is In winter, the air in our atmosphere is
Water in liquid form is present in oceans, Evaporation and formation of clouds heated more, it starts boiling. If we heat very cool as compared to the air coming
seas, lakes, rivers and even underground. it further , it evaporates and converts out from our mouth. Water vapour
completely into water vapour. present in the air coming out from our
We know that the amount of heat mouth gets cooled suddenly to form
absorbed by water affects its very tiny droplets. These tiny droplets
evaporation. If water is heated more, it concentrated in a limited area, appear
will evaporate faster.
like smoke or a small cloud near our
Fig. 5 • You might have observed
mouth.
evaporation in many situations in day-
What happens to the water in wet to-day life. Discuss them with your
clothes when they are kept in sunlight? friends and prepare a list.
When we want to dry clothes quickly Evaporation is a natural process which
Fig. 3 : Water - Liquid form we wave them about or keep them takes place on the Earth. Water
under a fan. evaporates continuously from the
Gaseous Form surfaces of water bodies like seas,
• Does the water in wet cloths dry oceans, rivers, ponds etc. and changes Fig. 6
What happens when water is heated? up only due to sunlight or due to into water vapour due to the heat You might have observed that during
The gaseous form of water is water other reasons? supplied by sunlight. mornings in winter, some fog is formed
vapour which is present in the air around • Where does this water vapour go and small dew drops appear on grass,
You must have seen that water on wet
us. after evaporation? leaves of plants etc.
roads, roof tops and some other places
The water vapour formed due to
We know that when ice is heated it dries up after some time though there • From where do these water
evaporation becomes a part of air and
converts into is no sunlight. cannot usually be seen. The water vapour drops come on the leaves and
water and if which enters into air through the grass?
• Where does this water go after
water is heated it process of evaporation forms clouds in
drying up?
turns into water the sky.
vapour. Similarly If you heat water kept in a bowl by using • What is a cloud?
when water a stove, you may notice water vapour • How are clouds formed?
vapour is cooled coming from the bowl. Thus, when Condensation
Fig. 4 : Vapour - water is heated, it gets converted to It is our common experience that on
we can get back
Gaseous form vapour and mixes with the air. This is cold winter mornings when we speak, Fig. 7 : Dew on grass
The umbrella was originally intended for shade from the hot Egyptian sun. Some monkeys are omnivores which eat other animals.
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25 26
Activity-1: Condensation The process of conversion of water couple of minutes • What changes do you notice in
vapour into water is called (Fig 10). Do you see the sky and in the atmosphere
Take some water in a glass. Add some
“condensation”. any changes on the before it rains?
pieces of ice to it. Observe for few
inner surface of the • What changes take place in
minutes. Clouds and rain plate? clouds before raining?
On a warm day, the sun heats up the Pour some cool water
ground as well as the water in seas, on the plate and
oceans, rivers, ponds etc. This water Fig. 10
obser ve what
converts into water vapour by the happens?
(Fig. 8) process of evaporation.
What similarities do you find between
• What changes do you observe on
evaporation of water from surface of
the outer surface of the glass?
water bodies and evaporation of water
You would observe formation of small from a bowl heated in the kitchen?
drops of water on the outer surface of From both cases discussed above, we
the glass. know that water vapour helps to form
• Why are these drops formed? clouds.
• Do they get formed if there is Fig. 9 The clouds formed on the surface of
no ice in the glass? the different water bodies do not stay
This water vapour rises up into the there. They start to move from one place
Ice-cold water in the glass cools its atmosphere. As we move away from the to another in the direction of winds.
surface. Air around the glass contains surface of the earth, the air becomes Fig. 11
As more clouds come together they
water vapour which is warmer than the cooler. Hence, when water vapour reaches The clouds moving in air are generally
become laden with water vapour. Winds
surface of the glass. Due to the cold higher levels it condenses due to contact at higher levels. Sometimes the cool
bring the clouds from the sea to the
glass, air close to its surface will also with cool air and forms small drops or breeze coming along with air makes the
land. The colder air in the upper layers
become cooler. This changes the water water droplets. These tiny droplets remain clouds cooler. This leads to water
of the atmosphere cools the clouds.
vapour in the air around the surface of floating in air at higher levels of the droplets present in the clouds to
the glass into water and forms small • Have you observed the colour of
atmosphere and appear as clouds. condense and form large water drops.
drops on the outer surface of glass. a cloud before rain?
Activity-2: Clouds in kitchen Further cooling of clouds increases the
• How are clouds converted into rain? size of their water drops and clouds
Have you ever observed in your daily
life where water vapour changes into Take a vessel filled with water. Keep it We all know that without clouds, it will not become heavy and descend towards the
water? List them out. on a stove and heat it slowly. Observe be possible to get rains and that all clouds earth. The colour of such clouds changes
for some time. Now cover the vessel do not cause rains. Some changes take from white to gray giving us the feeling
with a plate. Remove the plate after a place in the clouds before they cause rain.
Acid rain is the combination of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide from polluting
In some rainforests there are flying animals such as squirrels and snakes. clouds from nuclear reactor and other fossil fuels.
Science VI Class RAIN: Where Does It Come From? Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
27 28
of dark clouds gathering. When the size Water cycle Deforestation and pollution from • All clouds do not always cause
of the water drops increases further it When it rains ponds, lakes etc are filled factories are now causing global rain.
becomes difficult for the cloud to hold with water. Water from rainfall runs war ming. So, the atmospheric
• As we move up from the surface
them and water drops begin to fall. This down as small streams. These small conditions are not favourable for clouds
of the Earth, air becomes cooler.
is called “rain”.(Fig 11) streams join together and make bigger to get cooled. Consequently, there is a
In our daily life, we observe that before streams. These bigger streams join the decrease in rainfall. This disturbs the • The process of conversion of
raining, clouds descend towards the rivers. The rivers flow down to seas and water cycle and causes either floods or water vapour into water is called
earth’s surface and we experience a cool oceans. Some of this rain water seeps droughts. condensation.
breeze before rainfall. into the ground and becomes ground • The cycle of evaporation and
****
In very cold conditions, the drops of water. condensation of water, present
water turn into crystals of ice and fall As it is very hot during summer, large Keywords
on the Earth's surface, causes rain.
as snow. Sometimes big drops of water quantity of water evaporates from seas, Evaporation, condensation, water
solidify into ice and fall as pieces of ice lakes, rivers etc. and converts into water cycle, cloud, water vapour, atmosphere, • The conversion of water into
known as hailstones. vapour. This goes up into the air to stream, droplets, dew, rain, hails, water vapour, water vapour to
Do you know: form clouds. These clouds again cool breeze, wind clouds and clouds to rain is known
Generally, we get rains in some and produce rain. as water cycle.
particular months during the year. In What we have learnt Improve your learning
our state, rains occur normally from • Water on the Earth can exist in 3 1. How are clouds formed? Explain?
June to September . During that forms: ice (solid form), water
season you might have observed in (liquid form) and water vapour 2. How does the rain water reach
the sky that clouds are moving along (gaseous form). from clouds to rivers or oceans?
with the winds blowing from western 3. When do clouds become cool?
direction (South West side). These • The process of changing of water
winds are called “South West into water vapour is called 4. Explain the relationship between
monsoon”. Similarly, we observe in evaporation. the heat of sun and evaporation.
the months of November and Fig. 12 5. Why do we experience cloud like
• If water receives more heat, it
December rains occur due to The circulation of water into water smoke near our mouth while we
movements of clouds in the direction evaporates faster.
vapour by evaporation, water vapour to speak during the winter season?
of winds blowing from Eastern side clouds and clouds to rain by • Clouds are formed from tiny
6. Correct the given sentence if
(North East side). These winds are condensation is known as “water cycle” droplets of water vapour.
called “North East Monsoon”. Now necessary.
This cycle of evaporation and • Evaporation of water from the “If the size of water drops
a days we are not getting timely rains
condensation takes place continuously surface of seas, lakes, ponds etc.
and seasons are also changing slightly. decreases in the clouds, they can
in nature.(Fig 12) is part of cloud formation.
Think, why is it happening so? no longer hold the water drops.”
If the rain drops are very small, they are collectively termed drizzle. Raindrops fall between 7 and 18 miles per hour (3 and 8 meters per second)
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29
7. Which of the following days is 13. How do you appreciate the
more suitable for drying of contribution of water cycle in
washed clothes? Explain why. making water available for
various needs of plants and
(a)Windy day (b)Cloudy day animals?
8. Which of the following
14. Revanth blew air from his mouth
statements are right or wrong ? onto the mirror while he was
(a) evaporation takes place quickly getting ready to go to school. He
when more heat is supplied. observed that the image in the
mirror was not clear. Do you
(b) for condensation of water, it
have any doubts to raise in this
should be cooled. situation? Prepare questions on
(c) water vapour is obtained from your doubts.
water by evaporation. 15. Why does the driver of a vehicle
wipe the glass inside, even if the
9. Visit your school library or
wiper is working on the outer
internet, collect information
surface of the glass when he
about (Kashmir) Dal Lake
drives in rain?
regarding in which season water
in the lake becomes ice and snow ****
fall is very high and why the place
attracts more tourists?
10. Draw a diagram to explain the
water cycle.
11. How do you feel when you see
the beauty of Rainbow in the
sky? Express your feelings in the
form of a song or a poem.
12. Why do clouds, once seen at a
particular point, may not be there
after some time?
A monsoon is a seasonal wind, found especially in Asia that reverses direction between
summer and winter and often brings heavy rains.
Science VI Class
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30 31
Table 1
1 Sparrow
What they
eat/ drink
Worms, grains, ...
How they find food
32 33
We have seen that all animals depend on different types of food. Now let us do Let us consider some examples to
the above exercise in a slightly different manner. Add your own examples in the understand this better.
last column of table 2.
• What do you think the dog does
Table 2
to find its food? Which sense of
S.No. Food group Examples the dog, do you think, is more
developed?
1. Only plants Cow, ...
• What about the vultures that fly Fig. 2
2. Only animals Fox, ... high above in the sky yet find
Collecting food
3. Both Human beings , ... their food on the ground? Which
sense do they mainly use in Finding food is one thing, but collecting
finding their food? or capturing it is quite another. Many
Look at table 2 and try to answer the We know that animals have their own animals have specialized body parts such
following : ways of gathering and taking in food. • How do bats find their food at as mouthparts, hands or feet that help
Let us see how they do this. night?
• Which group of members have them collect their food most efficiently.
an advantage in finding food? From finding food to eating it Thus we have seen that animals use
Why do you think so? some senses more strongly than others
Plants and animals are the main sources to find their food. For example, dogs
• Could the animals in food group of food in our surroundings. Like us,
3 depend only on plants if animals use the sense of smell while vultures use
animals also depend on these sources vision. Bats depend more on hearing
were not available? Why? of food. Every animal has its own style while some reptiles, on taste.
• What will happen if all animals eat of getting food. They track down,
only plants? collect, grab or hunt and then use If you ever go near a pond, observe
various tools to finally take food into the pond skaters there (Fig. 2).
Do you know? the mouth. Observe how quickly they move from
Animals that depend only on plants one side of the pond to another to
Tracking down food catch an insect that falls in water.
for food are called herbivores.
Animals that depend on other animals Most animals feed regularly but, first, Pond skaters (an insect which feeds on
for food are called car nivores. they must locate food. To do this, they other insects) detect ripples produced
Animals that take food from plants use a wide range of senses - smell, sight, in water by any other insect trapped
and animals are called omnivores. hearing, taste and touch. Some animals on the water surface. They compare
rely more on one sense than the other the ripples on the opposite side of the
• Suppose omnivorous animals
and it can therefore be highly developed pond, caused by the legs of the insect
start depending only on plants.
in them. struggling to move out, calculate the
Discuss and write how it could
affect nature. distance and set out to grab it! Fig. 3
Most animals are motile (capable of movement). One exception is the sponges, which
There are approximately 5,400 species of mammals alive today. 32
are considered to be sedentary for most of their life cycle.
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34 35
Activity-2 used by dog in a different manner as be largely different. For example, beaks
compared to frog. The dog licks with it of different birds are used to eat different
In the list given in table 3, write the bodyparts of animals that are used to collect or
while frog captures and swallows food types of food.
capture food.
with it.
Let us take some specific examples to
Table 3
Also, different parts may be used to observe how animals eat their food. The
S. No. Animal Bodypart used in taking in food take in the same type of food, like, hens type of food and the ways in which an
use their beaks to pick insects while animal collects it, form the food habit
1. Hen Beak, ...
frogs use their tongues for the same of the organism.
2. Cow purpose.
Let us study the food habits of birds in
3. Dog The same part in a similar group of detail. How do birds eat their food?
4. Frog animals may be used in ways that can
Look at (Fig. 4) and choose the correct
5. Snake
6. Man
7. Lizard
8. Vulture
9. Lion Legs, claws, mouth, ...
10. Humming bird
All animals are heterotrophs which means they cannot produce their own food.34 The largest animal alive today is the blue whale.
36 37
options from statements 1, 2 and 3 Woodpeckers have a long and strong Activity-5: How does a frog get its • How does the cow start eating?
given below. beak. By using this beak they remove food
• Which are the parts of the cows'
layers of bark and eat ants and pests It is very interesting to watch a frog
1. The reason for the beaks of mouth (jaws, teeth, tongue etc)
which lie under the bark. Crane has a get its food. A frog throws out its sticky
different birds being different is to involved in eating its food?
long beak to catch fish in water. Have tongue towards an insect. The insect
make it easy to recognize them.
you ever seen vultures? They have
• Do cows have teeth? Do they
2. There is no reason for the gets stuck on the frog's tongue. Then have teeth on both jaws? (ask
strong hooked beaks to tear flesh off the frog swallows it.
difference, it just happens. someone who tends a cow to find
animals.
3. The beaks are different because the • Find out where a frog lives and this).
birds eat different kinds of food. Parrot, which eats fruits and cracks nuts, how it feeds there. • You may have observed cows and
Again look at Fig. 4 and try to answer : has a hooked beak, while the crow buffaloes sitting under the trees
doesn't have it. Not only the beak, there
• Observe how a lizard catches its
• Which two of the given birds food. Write down your and moving their jaws. Do you
(sparrow, duck, eagle, dove) would are other parts as well that are different know why they do that?
observations.
eat the same kind of food to suit the type of food eaten by a bird. Do you know?
according to you? Vultures would need sharp claws along
• Find out the differences between
a frog and a lizard's way of taking Animals like cow, buffalo, camel etc.,
• Why do you think they might eat with strong hooked beaks to tear flesh,
in food. How do these animals chew food very quickly and swallow
the same kind of food? while the humming bird that sucks
use their tongue? and store it in a part of their stomach.
Activity-3: Picking food with beaks nectar would need a long thin beak and After sometime they take food
We see hens and crows in our does not need sharp claws. Activity-6: How does a cow get its material back from the stomach to
surroundings searching for food. food the mouth and chew it again. This
Activity-4: Picture Collection
Do you find any similarities, and We know that many animals like the cow process is called rumination.
dissimilarities in the way and type of food Prepare a booklet on birds and their depend on plants for food. They are
food habits. Collect pictures of different herbivores. Animals like cow, goat, How much and how little!
eaten by hen and crow? What are they?
Write your observations in table 4. birds. Write the way in which each bird buffalo, sheep, giraffe, camel, elephant, Generally elephants eat leaves, branches
Table 4 gets its food. deer etc. eat different parts of plants of plants, fruits etc., which are available
Do you know? like green/dry grass, leaves and in the forest. Think how much of food
S.No. Similarities Dissimilarities branches. an elephant needs to eat per day?
hens scratch the ground Crows that live in our surroundings
with feet and eat worms, usually eat waste and rotten food Observe a cow or buffalo while it is The larva of a crane fly eats a lot but
1. use beak crows don’t eating its food. Write your observations after changing to adult, a crane fly
material, dead animals etc. They keep
2. our surroundings clean in this in your note book. doesn't need to eat at all !
manner. So they are called natural • What does a cow do to find its
3. Activity-7: How a dog gets its food
scavengers. Vultures are also called so food?
due to the type of food they eat. Note the parts of its body involved. Observe a dog in your surroundings.
How does it get its food? Write your
Blue whale weighs in the range of 110 to 160 tonnes and grows to lengths of between
3620 Birds evolved from reptiles during the Mesozoic Era about 150 million years ago.
and 30 meters.
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38 39
observations in the space given below. using these sharp teeth. Did you ever canals etc. we can see different kinds Food Chain
see how a cat hunts a rat? What do you of animals. We can see leeches, snails,
........................................................................ There is a great balance in nature
feel about it’s concentration and actions earth worms etc.
established among different plants and
........................................................................ while hunting?
People in rural areas are familiar with animals regarding their food habits.
........................................................................ Activity-8: Using tongues leeches. While rearing cattle near water What will happen if all animals ate
• What does it do to find food? they find leeches on the skin of animals. plants? To maintain a balance in nature
Compare how a frog, cow and dog use
Leeches stick on the skin and suck the animals follows their food habits. See Fig.
• Which parts are involved in taking their tongues
blood of cattle as well as humans. They 5. What do you find?
in food? Animal Use of tongue have special structures called suckers in
• How does a dog eat meat? Frog ............................................... their mouth to do this.
Cow ............................................... Do snails and earthworms also suck
• How does a dog drink water? Dog ............................................... something from the ground? Discuss
Dogs eat food by using their sharp teeth Getting food without hunting:- this with your teacher and your friends.
and tongue. Wild animals like lion, fox, Some animals get their food by hunting Activity-9: Modes of getting food
wolf, tiger and others also have sharp and some others do not hunt. Write
teeth. Can you say how they get their Observe the following animals in your
about the way in which at least two surroundings. Find out how they get
food? Fig. 5
animals that do not hunt, get their food. their food. Observe them everyday for
It is very interesting to watch how a at least a week. Write whatever you In a pond, we can see that eggs and
duck catches its food. Ducks also have observe in your notebook display and larvae are eaten by fish and frogs. Fish
teeth, but they are not like the teeth of it on your wall magazine. and frogs are food for a crane. Think,
a cow or lion. They are not useful in who can eat the crane?
1. Lizard on the wall
grinding food. They act as filters to get 2. Spider in a Web Activity-10: Food Chains
food from water. 3. Hen in the garden
Animals that hunt have strong legs to Look at Fig. 5 and write your
run, sharp claws to catch and sharp teeth 4. Butterfly on a flower. observations.
to tear flesh. Do you know? .........................................................................
Rabbits and squirrels also have teeth. Some animals search for their food
.........................................................................
They eat seeds, tubers, leaves etc. by only at night. Cockroaches, desert
using their teeth. Similarly, fish too have teeth which are lizards, rats, owls, bats, moths, crickets Now, try to draw a food chain that starts
used for the same purpose as that of etc. get their food only at nights . from grain and ends in a cat.
• Do you know how cats and dogs
ducks. During daytime they hide in dark Food chains cannot always be
use their teeth?
places. These type of animals are represented by a straight line. They can
How leeches get their food
We can see sharp teeth in a cat or dog's called nocturnals. be branched with several food chains
mouth. They tear flesh of animals by When we walk on the banks of ponds,
Many desert animals are nocturnal. They burrow underground to escape the extremely
38
The leopard (Panthera pardus) is a member of the cat family (Felidae The lifespan of
high temperatures in the day and come out at night to feed. a leopard is between 12 and 17 years.
WHAT DO ANIMALS EAT ? Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. Science VI Class
40 41
connected to each other in the form of • Animals are divided into three 5. Name some animals which use
a web. Look at the following. Draw types on the basis of their food. tongue as a tool for taking in food.
connections to show which animal is They are carnivores, herbivores, 6. The butterfly uses............to suck
eaten by whom. It will surprise you! omnivores. honey from flowers.
Rat Cat Lion • Food chain is the connection 7. Do the following and record your
Grass Deer Fox between animals on the basis of observations :
their food habits. Collect one or two earthworms
Dog Tiger Hen
Like us ants are good farmers as well they
• Food chain explains the and put them in a bottle
Wolf Man Worms interdependence of diverse containing wet soil. Close it with
cut leaves into pieces and create a bed to
Food chains form a web where one organisms in nature. a the lid which has holes. Observe
grow a type of fungus which they eat!
animal depends upon more than one Improve your learning how earthworms get their food.
source and type of food. Think, in which Think! What can we learn from ants? 8. Which animals in the forest
category do you belong? Write your opinion in your notebook. 1. Name some animals in your
depend on only plants or only
Keywords house which have the same kind
We use pestisides and insectisides to animals for food?
of food habit.
protect crops but every year a large Food habit, food chain, sucking, 9. Fill up the following table
2. Observe your surroundings or
number of frogs die by eating poisioned picking, chewing, habitat, Bodypart used Examples
go to a nearby field and write
insects. What will happen to the food carnivore herbivore, omnivore, to collect food
about the following :
chain if all frogs die? nocturnal, rumination
(a) How does the cow eat grass? Beak Hens, ...
Animal colonies and food What we have learnt (b) What tools are used while Tongue
There are many animals that live in • Different types of animals that doing so?
colonies - from huge elephants to tiny Teeth
live in our surroundings have (c) In what way can you justify it
ants. their own food habits (way of is a herbivore? Sucker
The wonder world of ants : Ants do taking in food and type of food 3. Compare the legs and nails of a Strong legs with claws
a lot of things. Their colony has large taken). dog and hen and say why they
ant forces to do work. There are mainly 10. Why do most carnivores live in
• Sucking, licking, picking, chewing, are different.
workers, soldiers, female and male ants. forests? Give reasons.
peeling, swallowing are all the ways 4. Go to a nearby pond where
The workers collect and maintain food by which animals take in their food . cranes are usually seen. Observe 11. Make your own food chain and
stock for others in the colony along with • Beaks of birds differ from one how they catch fish. Write about display it in your class room.
several other duties. Just as we keep cows another depending upon the type the process of catching fish.
12. Prepare a scrap book of animals
for milk, ants keep a type of insect called of food they eat. (Take care of yourself when you
and separate them into carnivores,
aphids for honeydew. • Most wild animals that eat other are near water places.)
omnivores and herbivores.
animals have sharp teeth.
(a)
statements are wrong and give
reasons.
That which lives in water cannot
between a parrot and a lion about
their food habits and organs they
use to get food. Act it with your
friends. Send it to school /
5 Materials and Things
eat animals.
district childrens magzine. Mary was sitting in her room and
(b) Elephants and deer are studying. Suddenly she heard a loud
16. Identify the given animal :
herbivores living in the forest. sound from the kitchen. Mary went to
• What does it eat? the kitchen and saw a cat running away.
(c) Birds’ beaks are designed to suit
their food habits.
• Which part of the body helps it • Can you guess what could have
in eating? happened? Write it down in your
(d) Sharp claws are useful for hunting. note book.
(e) Most of the food chains end with Mary saw that many objects had fallen
herbivores animals. on the floor. Some of them were broken
and some were not. Can you guess which
14. If you want to understand more objects might have broken and which
about food chain what questions might not have broken? Fill in table 1.
would you like to ask?
Table 1 Fig. 1
Every creature is better alive than dead, men and Objects that would not have broken Stainless steel glass, ...
mouse and mango tree, and he who understands it • Can you decide why some objects
broke and some did not?
Activity-1: Finding the materials
used to make different objects
alright will rather preserve it’s life then destroy it In our day to day life, we use several
objects for different activities. These
A list of things in a house are given in
table 2. Name the materials from which
... ... Saleem Ali objects are made of different materials. each object may possibly be made of :
For example body of your pen is made (If you don't know which material the
of plastic, where as its clip is made of object is made of, discuss with your
Iron friends and find out.)
A rat can last longer without water than a camel can. 42 The color of a transparent object depends on the color of light it transmits.
44 45
Table 2 Table 3
S.No Object Material
S. No. Material Things/Objects
1 Door Wood, metal, rubber, paint. 1 Metal Utensils, ....
2 Towel 2 Plastic Bag, ....
3 Bicycle
3 Glass Mirror, ....
4 Knife
4 Wood Table, ....
5 Mirror
5 Cotton Cloth, ....
6 Shoes
6 Leather Shoes, ....
7 Water bottle
7 Ceramic Cup, ....
8 Pot
8 Rock Idols, ....
• Which objects are made of only List them in the space given below.
one material? ------------------------------------------------ We see that the same material can be
used to make different objects (Fig. 3).
• Which objects are made of more ------------------------------------------------
Each object is used for a special purpose.
than one material? There are many objects in our So we need to know the properties of
• How many types of materials surroundings such as chairs, tables, materials, as well as the properties of the
can be used for making chairs? cycles, bullock carts, utensils, clothes, objects to decide which material should
tyres, water, stones, etc. be used for making an object. Some
We see that different objects are made materials are soft and some are hard.
of different materials. Some objects are Similarly some are shiny whereas some
made of more than one material. Think are non-shiny. Depending on these
of some objects made of more than one
properties materials are used for diffrent
material.
objects.
Activity -2: Finding the objects Discuss the following: Fig. 3
made from diffrent materials • How can we classify materials? We use different materials for different
Name as many things/objects as you
Fig. 2 can, made using the materials given in
• How do we decide which material purposes based on their properties.
should be used for making an object?
table 3.
When white light shines on an object it may be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted. We do not actually see colors. What we see as color is the effect of light shining on an
object.
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Properties of Materials Activity-3: Identifying transparent Activity-4: Are we able to See • Now cover the torch glass with
and opaque objects through a paper oily paper. What do you observe?
• What type of material can you
In the above activity, when do you
use to make a window when you Prepare a list of objects around you and Take a sheet of white paper and try to observe transparent, translucent, and
don't want someone to see find which of them are transparent and see a lighted bulb through it (Fig. 5). opaque property? Discuss.
through it? which are opaque. Write them in table4. Record your observation. Now put a few State of the materials
• What type of material can you
Table 4
drops of oil on that sheet and again try In the chapter on rain you have studied
use to make a window when you to see the bulb through it (Fig. 6). What the relationship between ice, water and
want to see through it? Objects Transparent difference do you notice? water vapour, the three states of water.
or Opaque You would have noticed that when ice
• Can you make a cricket ball with
is added to a glass of lemon juice, the
mud or glass? Glass jar Transparent ice begins to melt and after some time
• Can you make a chair with glass all of it becomes water and the outer
Steel glass Opaque surface of the glass becomes wet.
or mud? If not why?
If we heat the water in a vessel we
Let us examine the properties of Fig. 5 Fig. 6 notice that after some time water
materials and their usage. We begin with You notice that in the first case you can’t vapour is produced. If heating is
properties that we easily recognize and see the bulb but in second case you are continued, more and more vapour is
understand. able to see the bulb. produced in the form of steam and the
The materials through which we can see quantity of water in the vessel keeps
Transparency decreasing.
objects, but not very clearly, are said to
Why do shop keepers usually store be translucent. Oily paper is an example Some materials change their state from
eatables like sweets and biscuits in glass solid to liquid, liquid to gas on being
of a translucent substance.
jars? The shopkeeper wants his heated and from gas to liquid, liquid to
Some glass panes fixed to windows allow solid on being cooled. We sort materials
customers to be able to see these items! some light to come through but you can't as solids, liquids or gases based on their
We all know that we can easily see see clearly through them; such type of glass state at normal temperature.
through glass. Such materials are said is translucent glass. Can you think of any material other
to be transparent. Can you give some more examples of than ice that goes from solid to liquid,
Can you see through plastic? Can you translucent objects? liquid to gas (vapour)?
see through wood? Try This Activity-5: Light a candle
• Take a torch, switch it on and see. You may have lit a candle with a
We cannot see through some materials Does the light pass through the matchstick many times, holding the
like wood, steel, card board. Such torch glass? burning matchstick to touch the wick
materials are said to be opaque. • Now cover the torch glass with of the candle until the wick catches fire.
your palm. What do you observe? But can you light the candle without
Fig. 4
Actually, objects sink or float because their density is more or less than the density of Water has a density of 1g/ml therefore if you had an object with a density less than
whatever medium they are floating in. 1g/ml it will float.
MATERIALS AND THINGS Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. Science VI Class
48 49
touching the wick with a burning Discuss with your friends how and why Discuss with your friends and find out who • Is common salt a solid or a
matchstick? the candle got lit from a distance. had the longest list. Now consider only liquid?
Do you think this is impossible? Let us • Does the white smoke represent one group, say liquids, from the
observation of liquids can you list their Activity-7: Sinking or floating in water
see how it can be done. candle wax in the state of gas?
properties? For example, liquids take the Let us assume that a tomato, brinjal,
Place a candle in a safe place and light it. How can you know the diffrent potato, iron nail, sponge, wood, stone,
states of materials? shape of the container they are put into.
The first time, the candle cannot be lit leaf, piece of chalk and paper are given
Write all possible properties of solids, liquids
without touching the wick with the burning to you. Predict which of them sink or
We observe that certain materials can and gases in your notebook. Discuss about
matchstick. So do just that the first time. float in water. Record your predictions
change their shape according to the them with your friends and teachers.
Let the candle burn for some time. in table 6.
shape of the containers they are put
After about two minutes, hold a burning into, while some retain their shape. A sweet dilemma Table 6
matchstick in one hand and blow the Those materials which change shape are While thinking about properties of solids, Prediction Object
candle out. What did you notice? Did mainly liquids such as water, rasam, a group of students in class 6, put sugar
you see a column of white smoke rising Sinks Stone ...
milk, oil, kerosene, etc. Those materials in a glass, in a bowl and in a vessel. They
from the wick as soon as you which do not change shape are solids observed that sugar takes the shape of Floats
extinguished the flame? such as wood, rock, brick, plastic objects, the container. Since they know that
Now try to test whether your
and vegetables etc. liquids take the shape of the container,
predictions are correct or wrong by
they concluded that sugar is a liquid.
Activity-6: Classification of Materials dropping the above objects in a beaker
The second group in the class disagreed of water one by one. What do you find
Think of different solids, liquids and
with the first. What do you think? Is record your obser vations in the
gases around you and group them in
sugar a solid or a liquid? How will you following table.
table 5.
decide? Razia, a student from the second
Object Prediction Finding
Table 5 group came up with an idea. She took a
Fig. 7 single crystal of sugar and one drop of
Solids Liquids Gases water and declared that sugar is a solid
Now quickly bring the burning while water is a liquid. The first group
Stone Milk Smoke
matchstick close to this smoke, but do also had to agree with her argument.
not touch the wick with it. What
happens? • What must she have argued using
only one crystal of sugar and one
• Did the candle not catch fire
drop of water?
from a distance?
If you wish, you can make a game of Discuss with your friends and find out
this. See which student in your class can why sugar is a solid although it takes the
light the candle from the farthest distance. shape of the container. Fig. 8
Water is more dense than ice. It’s the CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE that makes ice The word candle is derived from the Latin word candere, meaning to shine.
less dense,
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For which objects is your prediction Table 7 • Some materials such as glass are that it floats but Vakula made it
wrong? Why? transparent, some materials such sink, How is it possible? Guess
S. Material Dissolves
Now, add a lot of salt to the water in as wood are opaque and materials and write it.
No. added (Yes/No)
the beaker. Try this same activity with like oily paper are translucent. 6. Drop an egg in a beaker of water.
water which is excessively salty. 1. Sugar • Materials can exist in three Now drop the same eg g in
• What do you observe? 2. Salt important states; as solids, liquids another beaker of water in which
and gases. excessive salt is added. Write your
• Do you get the same result? 3. Sand
• Some materials sink in water and observation.
Discuss. 4. Saw dust
Activity 8: Do iron objects float? some materials can float on water. 7. Do the following activities. Write
5. Chalk powder • Some materials are soluble in water down your observations. What
Take some water in a wide mouthed do you conclude.
and some materials are insoluble
bowl. Put an iron nail in it. What do you We observe that certain materials dissolve
in water. a. Mix chalk powder in water.
observe? Put an empty iron tin in that when mixed with water. These substances
bowl. What do you observe? are said to be soluble in water. The • Materials are grouped together on b. Place a piece of candle in
materials that do not dissolve are said to the basis of similarities and water.
Also try to observe whether a wooden
piece floats on water. What happens when be insoluble. Repeat the activity with differences in their properties. c. Add some oil drops to a
a wooden bowl is dipped in water? different liquids like vinegar, lemon juice, beaker of water.
Improve your learning
coconut oil and kerosene and add them 8. Make a list of items from your
What do you conclude from this activity? 1. Name any five objects which are
to water. What do you observe? Discuss kitchen like utensils, food
Some materials in one shape will sink in made up of only one material?
with your friends. ingredients etc. classify them as
water but float on water when they are in 2. Name any five objects which are
Keywords follows.
other shape. The materials that can sink made up of more than two
can be made to float, but all the materials materials? 9. Collect different plastic items
Material, object, metal,
that float cannot be made to sink. 3. List five things which we can from your surroundings. Classify
transparent, opaque, translucent,
make using each of the following them as transparent, opaque and
Activity-9: Soluble or insoluble in solid, liquid, gas, sink, float,
materials : translucent.
water soluble, insoluble
a. glass b. metal Sink / Float Soluble/
What we have learnt Item
Take five beakers with water. Take small c. plastic d. wood in water Insoluble in water
quantities of sugar, salt, chalk powder, • Objects around us are made of a 4. Mary saw a ship travelling on a
sand and saw dust. Add each material large variety of materials. sea. She knows that iron nail sinks
to separate beakers and stir. Observe in water. She has many doubts,
• Based on their properties, we use
the changes and record your what are her doubts? Write them.
different materials for different
observations in table 7. 5. Mary, while examining whether a
purposes.
boiled egg sinks or floats, found
You can’t make candles without this ingredient – the wax Beeswax has many desirable The word candle is derived from the Latin word candere, meaning to shine.
benefits including its natural, sweet smell and its smokeless.
MATERIALS AND THINGS Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. Science VI Class
52 60
10. Draw different objects made up of wood which we use in our daily life. Tamarind, mango, amla are examples of • On the basis of your
plants that grow in forests or in the observations write how is the
11. Make a few models you like using clay.
house-gardens or fields. aquatic plant suited to living in
12. We know that a ship, even though it is madeup of tonnes of iron, floats on water?
Plants and animals that live in different
water. How do you feel about the scientists who found the scientific principles
places on the land like those living on Diversity of habitats in Andhra
and efforts in making a ship?
trees, in our houses, fields, forests etc are Pradesh
13. We use so many wooden items in our daily life. Is it good to use wood? said to belong to terrestrial habitat. All
The plants that grow in coastal regions
What happens by excessive use of it? What is the reason? Is there any habitats on land are collectively known
differ from those of Telangana or
alternative for this? as terrestrial habitats. Rayalseema. We can see mangroves only
Now let us do a small activity to see the in coastal districts. Grapes are grown in
difference in the ways in which plants Telangana. Similarly, we can see same
and animals adjust or adapt to their type of plants in all places of our state.
surroundings.
Do you know?
A study of the difference between
aquatic and terrestrial plants will help us Cactus, acacia, aloevera plants do not
need water like chili or jasmine plants.
understand this better.
They are called desert plants. We can
Activity-6: Compare water plants see camels frequently in the desert.
with land plants
The Sun, The Moon and The Stars would have Collect an aquatic plant say a hydrilla or
Desert plants and animals are suited
to dry conditions and vast
temperature differences. Different
disappeared long ago had they happend to be within the vallesneria. Also collect any land plant.
Now compare the two and write your characteristics in the desert make up
desert habitats.
reach of predatory human hands. observations in table 3.
Table 3
. . . . . . . Havelock Elllis Parts Terrestrial plant (tulsi) Aquatic plant
(valisneria /hydrilla)
Stem
Leaf
Root
Others
If green light passes through a transparent object, the emerging light is green; similarly Aquatic habitats come in many forms: lakes, rivers, wetlands, marshes, lagoons, streams,
if red light passes through a transparent object, the emerging light is red. rivers and swamps.
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61 62
Discuss with your friends and write: the basis of that. If we harm them • Tree, pond, house are some habitat (use information given in
• Do animals change their habitats? wouldn't we be harmed as well? examples of habitats. the help box)
• What about our domestic Think how a good unharmed habitat • Temperature, moisture, air, water, Our intestine, pond margin, kitchen,
leads to a better life for us. food, shelter are the components garden, tree, underground, grass
animals, have their habitats
of a habitat. 6. What happens if a habitat is
changed? Do you know?
• Have you seen some birds in your
• All habitats may be broadly disturbed or destroyed?
Different kinds of birds come from grouped into terrestrial (land) and 7. Why do some animals change
surroundings only during a
long distances to Kolleru and Pullicat aquatic (water). their habitat?
particular season? Why do they
lakes of our state. During the months • Several kinds of plants and 8. Observe a spider in its web and
come here?
of October to March, pelicans appear animals share the same habitat. write how a spider shares its habitat.
• Can we see all types of birds near those lakes. In Kurnool district 9 Collect a hydrilla plant. Put it in a
throughout the year? We hear we can see a bird called battameke pitta
• Habitats shows the diversity of glass of water and observe for a
songs of cuckoo only in a nature. week how it grows.
which flies over long distances to come
particular season. We see cranes here. • Habitats are specific to the 10. Take a map of Andhra Pradesh
on trees in rainy season, where particular organism living there. and colour the areas where
Generally we can see birds flying over mangroves grow.
do they come from and where • Birds often change habitat in
long distances to find suitable conditions 11. “I am a living being. I have four
do they go at other times? search of better living conditions.
to reproduce. Animals like turtles and fish legs. I live in water and also on
Good habitat, good life! also move from place to place. Some For example, some birds change
habitat before laying eggs. land.” Who am I? And guess who
Suppose the doors of your house are kinds of turtles move away from coasts are there in my habitat along with
destroyed somehow? How will you feel? of West Bengal and Orissa to the coasts • We must not destroy habitats of me.
of Vishakhapatnam. other organisms to satisfy our 12. Write your experiences with your
We fail to accept even little changes in needs; rather we must try to
our house or surroundings. We feel Have you heard about the Pulasa fish? pet dog / cat / cow etc. that
protect them. shows its affection on you.
disturbed. Do we feel the same way for Gather information about them. How
others? We are dumping wastes in and why do they change their habitat Improve your learning 13. Raziya doesn’t want to distrub
1. What is a habitat? squirrles that eat fruits on the
nearby ponds, lakes, rivers and grounds in some seasons.
2. Name some plants and animals guava tree at her house. Why
and destroying forests on a large scale that live in terrestrial habitat.
Keywords does she do so?
to set up industries. Think what will 3. Why can't fish live on land?
Habitat, Terrestrial, Aquatic 14. Prepare a map that represents
happen to all the organisms living in 4. “Animal skin is a habitat for some different habitats which exist in
these areas. What will be the result of all organisms.” What do you your school.
What we have learnt
this? Don't we depend on different understand by this statement? 15. Prepare an article to deliver a
organisms? You have already studied • Habitat is a dwelling place for 5. Identify the habitat in which the speech in Literary Association
about the interdependence of different plants and animals that gives them following live. More than one meeting on “Animals also have
organisms. Try to give your answer on optimum conditions for life. organism may be present in one right to live.”
Where freshwater mixes with saltwater you’ll find mangroves, salt marshes, and Seas and oceans stretch from pole to pole and reach around the globe. They cover more than 70
mud flats. percent of the Earth’s surface and hold in excess of 300 million cubic miles of water.
63 64
16. Pictures of diffrent kinds of plants and animals which live in plants and lakes
in our surroundings are given below for you. Try to know their local names
with the help of your teacher and write them in your note book.
7 Separation of Substances
Hemanth's mother sent him to a grocery tea? List them in table 1. and also list out
store to buy grocery and vegetables. He the different substances that are used to
purchased green chilli, coriander seeds make the items given in table 1.
Dragonfly tomato, red gram, wheat flour and kept
Pond skater Mayfly them safely in a bag. While returning
home he fell on the
ground and all the items
in the bag got mixed.
How will he separate
them now? Which
Kingfisher Rat-tailed Mussel Pond snail
Maggot
material will he
separate first?
How would he
separate tomato
and chilli? How
would he separate Fig. 2
Leech wheat flour? How
would he separate Table 1
Fig. 1
Flatworm coriander seeds?
Item Substances
We separate components in mixtures for Tea Milk, ...
Mosquito larvae Water Lily different purposes in our daily life. For
example, we remove small stones from Laddu
rice before cooking, remove worms and Lemon Juice
dust from flour before preparing roti.
Similarly we separate impurities from Concrete
water, tea leaves from tea etc. Soil
Mixtures The above items are mixtures as they
Hydrilla Have you observed tea being prepared?
Lotus contain more than one substance.
Vallisneria What substances are used for preparing Combination of more than one
Where water meets land, a diverse array of animals and wildlife gather to feed, reproduce, The natural variety, Japan camphor, is obtained by steam distillation of the wood of the
camphor tree ( Cinnamomum camphora ) 64
and seek out shelter.
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65 66
substance forms a mixture. Some Write in table 2 some mixtures that you What do you do to separate the • Can you separate salt from sand
mixtures are natural like soil. Some know and their components. Also mention components? in this manner? What differences
mixtures are man-made like laddu, whether they are natural or man-made. in the properties of rice, pulses
lemon juice etc. • Were you able to separate each
and stone help us in separating
component from the mixture?
them by the above method?
Table 2 • Are the methods used to separate
------------------------------------------------
the components the same in all
Mixture Components Natural / Man made these instances? ------------------------------------------------
Lemon water Lemon juice, sugar, water Man-made • What are the properties of the Sonu gave following examples for hand
components that are used, in picking method of separation.
separating them?
1. Rotten fruits are removed from
Methods of Separation fresh fruits.
We will discuss some simple methods of 2. Separating oranges and apples.
• Identify the mixtures among the separating substances that are mixed Try to give some more examples where
following : Jangree, coffee, sand, together. You may come across some the hand-picking method is used.
haldi, red chilli of these methods being used in your
1. ..........................................................
• From which mixture in the day to day life.
examples mentioned above are Hand Picking 2. ..........................................................
you able to separate 3. ..........................................................
components? Fig. 3
Winnowing
Activity-1: Use of water in You have studied about materials and When farmers thresh their crops, they
separation their properties in a previous chapter. get a mixture of husk and grain. How
We make use of several properties of do the farmers separate the husk from
Collect some solid materials such as the materials for separating the desired the grains?
ghee, wax, sand, sugar, salt, haldi, dal, items from the mixture.
plastic, wood, iron nails. Take a bucketful On a windy day, a farmer stands on a
of water and a beaker. Now try to You might come across some situations high platform and allows the mixture
discover the following. where you have to separate some Fig. 4 of grain and husk to drop slowly from
components from a mixture. Write • How are stones separated from the flat pan. The wind carries the husk
• Which materials float on water? down two examples of such situations. forward and the grains fall vertically
pulses and rice?
• Which materials sink in water? downward. A separate heap of grain is
1. __________________________ Stones are separated by hand picking
• Which materials are soluble in water? formed (Fig. 5).
2. __________________________ from rice and pulses (see fig. 4).
• Which materials are not soluble in water?
Science A vitamin is a substance that makes you ill if you don’t eat it. 65 Concrete is the combination of sand, stones, and cement, which is filled in Iron frames.
66
67 68
6 (b)). The water gets seperated from
the sediment(mud). This process is called of a sieve, but the husk particles being • After using the filter paper to filter
decantation. large are left on the sieve. water what do you find? What do
you see left behind on the paper?
Husk
What is obtained in the beaker?
Fig. 11
Fig. 10 Fig. 12 Fig. 13
Soil and rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity. 69
Science Chilka lake is the India’s largest salt water lake 70
71 72
Now observe the color patterns that substances present in the mixture. In Keywords Improve your learning
form on the piece of chalk after some such situations, we need to use more Mixture, separation, handpicking, 1. Is it possible to separate sugar
time. than one of these methods. winnowing, sedimentation, mixed with wheat flour? If yes,
• Does chalk absorb water? Activity-7: Seperate diffrent decantation, sieving, filtration, how will you do it? If powdered
materials from the mixture crystallization, distillation, sugar is mixed with wheat flour,
• Can you find any change in ink
sublimation, chromatography how do you separate them?
mark on the chalk? Take a mixture of sand, saw dust and
salt in a beaker half-filled with water. Stir What we have learnt 2. Why is hand picking necessary
Remove the chalk before the water
the mixture well. Allow to undisturb for after winnowing?
reaches its top. Which colours do you • Substances can be separated from
see on the chalk from the bottom to 10 minutes. What do you observe? 3. Srikar accidentally mixed mustard
a mixture.
top? Draw a picture of the chalk in your • Which substance floats on the seeds with rice and salt. How can
notebook and the colours you have seen • Hand picking is used to separate he separate them?
water?
on the chalk. From where did these substances when their sizes are
colours come?
• How can you collect it? sufficiently large. 4. Which separation process is used
when one component is in a
• Which substance settles at the • If mixtures have light and heavy
The ink appears to be made of a single mixture :
bottom of the beaker? substances, winnowing can be
colour but it is actually a mixture of many
• How can you collect it back? used for separation. a. Heavier than the other?
colours hidden in it. This method is an
example of chromotography. Try to do • Which substance is dissolved in • An insoluble substance in a liquid b. Bigger than the other?
chromatography with different inks and the water? can be separated by sedimentation c. Different shape and color
find out which colours they contain. and decantation. from the other?
• How can you get it back?
• Where do we use the • Sieving can be used for separating d. One is soluble in water and
Think about suitable methods to larger and smaller substances in a
chromatography method? the other is not?
seperate the substances that are floating mixture.
We know that a leaf is green in colour. (or) settled at the bottom of the beaker e. One floats and the other
Try to find whether the leaf consists (or) dissolved in water and write them • Crystallization is used for sinks in water?
in your notebook. separation of dissolved substances
of only one colour or more than one 5. Visit a nearby dairy and report
from a liquid.
colour? Separation of substances is a very about the processes used to
important scientific activity and is also
• Distillation is used to remove separate cream from milk.
Separation using more than one impurities from water.
method important in our daily life. 6. Divya suggested some methods
• More than one method of to separate mixtures given
We have studied some methods for We are using different types of separation can be used to separate
separation techniques for various below. Are they correct? Find
separation of substances from their the components of some whether they are possible or not.
mixtures. Often one method is not purposes to get desirable quantities of mixtures. Give reasons.
sufficient to separate the different material.
Distilled water will hamper metabolic processes - if distilled water is consumed for Solid form of Corbondioxide is called Dry Ice
Science 71 72
longer period.
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73 74
a. Pure water can be grains at home and prepare a chart
b.
obtained from sea water
by the process of filtration.
Cheese is removed from
curdled milk by the process
8.
to show them.
We observe that kerosene rises up
in the wick of a lantern. Take a
wick and put a spot of ink at one
8 Fibre to Fabric
of decantation. of its ends. Then dip the wick in Neelima lives in a small village. Her father
kerosene just as you had dipped is a salesman at a cloth shop. One Sunday
c. Separation of sugar from she went there along with him. She was
the chalk in water in the
tea can be done by amazed to see so many varieties of cloth
chromatography activity. Will
filteration. (fabrics). Her father and other salesmen
your experiment be successful in
7. Collect information from your seperating the colour ink spot. Try were showing different types of fabric to
parents regarding various it. the customers. They were telling customers
methods used by us to clean food about their smoothness, thickness, colour
and shrinking property. They were also
9. Match the following; and write sentences in your note book. telling them how to take care of the fabrics, Fig. 1
whether they were washable or needed to be dry-cleaned. She also noticed that
A) A substance obtained by mixing 1. Sublimation ( )
some materials cost less than the others. On the way back home she asked her
two or more pure substances.
father many questions. Why was there a difference in the price? How are these
B) A clear liquid obtained after filtration 2. Decantation ( ) fabrics made? What materials are these fabrics made of ?
Is the process of making
C) A solid changing directly into vapour 3. Mixture ( )
fabrics the same for all
D) A method for removing the husk 4. Winnowing ( ) types? Let us try to find the
from grain answers to Neelima's
E) Removing insoluble impurities from 5. Filtrate ( ) questions.
muddy water by allowing it to settle Types of Fabrics
10. Draw a picture of article used for separation of mixture in your house. List the types of clothes we
wear in the following
11. Kiran observed his father separating husk and grains by winnowing method months:
in the field and appreciated how wind flow helped in seperation. On Seasons Cloths we wear
evaporation salt is formed from sea water. Isn’t it? How would you appreciate Summer
Winter
this process?
Rainy
***** We can say that we use fabric as a shield
to protect ourselves from different Fig. 2
In the Middle Ages, salt was so expensive it was sometimes referred to as “white gold”.
Science 73 Corn fibre is a new innovation in the textile industry.
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weather conditions. Along with cotton, silk, wool, polyester, terilyn, etc. Activity-2: Threads in the fabric cotton fabric, it is made up of cotton
protection, clothes can also be a symbol Try to enrich the list as much as you
yarn which is derived from cotton
of beauty and status. Choice of fabric can. For identifying the fabrics, you can Take a piece of fabric. With the help of
fibre.
may vary from person to person. take the help of your elders and teachers. a magnifying lens, observe how the fabric
Somebody may like to wear clothes is. Pull out threads one by one from the Fibre Æ Yarn Æ Fabric
Table 1
made up of light, thin, shiny fabrics. fabric. Observe these threads. What did Types of fibres
Another person may like to wear clothes Type of fabric Things you observe?
that are bright coloured and made of We know that there are different kinds
Cotton Take one thread. Scratch its end. of fibers like cotton, wool, silk,
coarse fabrics. Fabrics for causal and
Observe it through a magnifying lens. polyester etc. The fibers of some
formal wear may be different. Personal Silk Kurta, Sari, ...
Were you able to see the fine structure fabrics such as cotton, jute are
choice, personality of the owner and the Wool of thread? obtained from plants. Silk and wool
cost of fabric are all-important factors
Polyester Take a needle and try to insert this are obtained from animals. The fibres
in the selction of the perfect fabric.
Linen Trousers, ... thread into the eye of the needle. Can that are derived from plants and
Our purpose and the properties of a fabric animals are natural fibres. Nowadays,
you? Isn't it difficult? Have you ever seen
together determines which type of fabric • Which kind of fabric is being clothes are also made up of chemically
what people do to
can be used for each purpose. Coarse used more in your house? developed yarn like polyester, teryline,
fabrics can be used for mopping and overcome this
• How did you identify the type of problem? Generally nylon, acrylic etc. These are all called
making gunny bags but not for making fabric? artificial fibres.
clothes. Some other properties will have when we are not
to be considered for choosing curtain Cotton fabrics are somewhat thicker able to put thread Do you know?
fabrics. than polyester fabrics. Coarse cotton into the eye of the Human beings in ancient times used
clothes are heavier. After washing, needle, either we
Fig. 3 leaves and skins of animals as clothes.
Do you know? cotton clothes get wrinkled. Silk fabric twist the end of the Clothes were also made from metal.
The material used for making school is smooth to touch whereas woolens are thread or we wet Warriors used to wear metal jackets
bags is also a kind of fabric. Fabrics somewhat heavier than silk fabrics. the end using saliva. during wars. You can see clothes like
are not only used for making clothes; • Try to find out the properties of There are thread-like structures in the these in historical museums or in
they are also used in making banners, each type of fabric (cotton, wool, fabric. These threads are also called television shows.
flags, shoes, curtains, in book binding polyester, etc.). yarn. So fabric is made up of yarn. The Activity-3: Characterstics of fabrics
etc. Calico is a type of fabric used in • Which properties were you able end of the yarn is separated into thin
book binding. to generalize for a particular type? strands. This thin strand of thread is Collect some natural and artificial
What are fabrics made up of ? made up of still thinner strands. These fabrics and obser ve the following
Activity-1: Things made up of fabric characterstics. Record your observations
When you look at any fabric, it appears thinner strands are called fibers. Every
List things in your house made up of to be a single, continuous piece. Now look fabric is made up of yarn. If it is in table 2.
any type of fabric. Classify them into at it closely; what do you notice?
Silk is commonly obtained from silkworms. However, in recent times, scientists have
Coir fibre is thick and strong and is hence ideal for use in rugs, sacks and brushes.
come up with an innovation wherein silk is produced from spiders.
Science VI Class FIBRE TO FABRIC Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
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Table 2 coloured strands of cotton fibre. Cotton for weaving. To get strong yarn
is usually picked by hands. When cotton from fibre, Takli (Fig. 5 (b)) an
S. No. Character Natural fabric Artificial fabric wool is separated from seeds, it is called instrument for spinning has
ginning. been used since olden days.
1. Water absorbing nature
Making yar n from cotton fibre: Charka (Fig. 6) is also used
2. Time taken to dry to make yarn. The process
Cotton fibre is collected after removing
the seeds from the cotton ball. This of making yarn from
3. Smell while burning
cotton fibre is cleaned, washed and fibers is called spinning.
4. Result after burning combed. This fine cotton fibre is used Fig. 5 (b)
to make cotton yarn. Yarns are dyed and Do you know?
5. Stretching capacity of yarn
coated with chemicals.Then they become In Nalgonda district, cotton is widely
6. Smoothness strong enough to make fabrics.
grown. To pick up maturing cotton
• Which types of fabrics are
Nalgonda and most of the districts of Activity-5: Spinning yarn balls from cotton plants, children
smooth in nature?
Telangana region. works in field as child labour. Some
• Which type of fabrics dry in a Take cotton ball and remove seeds from
short time? • Look at the Andhra Pradesh map it. Take some of it in one hand and voluntary organizations along with
• Do you find any relation between and list out the places where gently start pulling out cotton by using government are working to eradicate
smoothness and time to dry? cotton is grown. thumb and forefinger (Fig. 5(a)).
• Which fabrics gives ash when Activity-4: Making cotton yarn. child labour. Think, why are children
Continuous twisting of the fiber will
they are burnt? Collect cotton balls from nearby houses make yarn. Is it strong or not? forced into labour? Give your own
Silk fabrics are slippery and shiny in or cotton growing fields (Fig. 4). solutions to this problem.
nature, whereas cotton fabrics may be Remove seeds from the cotton balls and
coarse as well as smooth. When we burn separate cotton. Take a small piece of
fabric made up of artificial fibres it gives cotton; observe it using a magnifying
a pungent smell. lens or under a
Natural Fibres microscope. What
Cotton, jute, wool and silk are some do you observe?
common examples of natural fibres. In You will see small
this section, we will discuss cotton and hairy structures.
jute in detail. Cotton is obtained from These are the
cotton balls or cotton fruits. Usually fibres of cotton. Fig. 5 (a)
cotton plants are cultivated in black soil. After maturing,
In our state, cotton crop is widely grown cotton balls burst The yarn that we make from cotton
in districts like Prakasam and Adilabad, and open. Then wool is not strong enough to be used Fig. 6
we can see white Fig. 4
Charles Macintosh was a Scottish chemist who invented (1823) a method for making
The hair of the yak is very useful in the production of warm clothes, mats and sacks.
waterproof garments.
Science VI Class FIBRE TO FABRIC Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
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Do you know? Activity-6: How is jute yarn? Strands of yarn are arranged in vertical
Collect gunny bags. Pull out the threads and horizontal rows in a loom to weave
During the freedom strug gle, fabric.
from the bag and observe under
Mahatma Gandhi encouraged people
magnifying lens. You will see strands of
to wear clothes made of homespun yarn. Observe how the fibre looks like?
(khadi)yarn. People burnt imported compare these fibers with cotton fibers.
clothes during Swadesi movement.
Do you know?
Jute yarn
Have you seen We all use polythene bags for different Fig. 9
gunny bags? Where purposes. Polythene is very difficult
do you see them? to decompose. To protect our way a mat is prepared. In the same
Paddy, chili and environment, we should use cloth manner, weave a paper sheet by using
other commercial bags instead of polythene bags. paper strips.
crops are packed in The handloom industry is well developed
gunny bags. All bags In the same way fibre is made from Red
sorrel (Gongura) and Bamboo. Hemp in our state. Places like Gadwal,
of these types are
and flax are also plant fibres which are Venkatagiri, Siricilla, Narayanpet,
made up of coarse
jute fabric. used in making clothes but in smaller Fig. 8 Dharmavaram, Pochampalli, Mangalagiri
quantities as compared to cotton. and Kothakota are famous for
These bags are suitable for carrying Spinning of yarn on large scale is now done handloom industry. Warangal is famous
Yarn to fabric
heavy material. Do you know how jute by using machines. Two sets of yarn for carpet industry.
yarn is made? Is this process same as The yarn that is prepared from fibre is arranged together to make fabric is called
that for cotton or is there any used to make fabric. weaving. Weaving is done on looms. The Keywords
difference? looms that are worked by man power are Fabrics, fibres, yarn, natural fibres,
Like cotton, jute yarn is also useful in called handlooms (Fig. 7). Power looms artificial fibres, ginning, spinning,
making fabric. It is also called golden fibre. are run by machines. (Fig.8) weaving, looms
Jute fabric is not the same as cotton fabric.
It is harder, stronger and more rough. Activity-7: Mat making
What we have learnt
Making of Jute Yarn Take coconut leaves or two different • Cotton, wool, silk, jute are all
colour paper strips. Cut and remove derived from plants and animals.
Jute fabre is obtained from stem of jute
plant. The stem of the harvested plant middle vein of the leaf to get two halves. They are called natural fibres.
is cut and immersed in water for some Now put these strips parallel to each
days. When the stem is soaked in water other (Fig. 9). Take one more strip and • Fibres made of chemicals are
it becomes rotten and easy to peel. insert horizontally and alternately called artificial or synthetic fibres.
Then the fibres are separated from the between the vertical strips. Finally you • Tiny strands like structures are
stem to make jute yarn. Fig. 7 will get a sheet like structure. This is the called fibres. These fibres are
Waldo L. Semon invented a way to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) useful. He In 1970, Toray Industries scientist Dr. Miyoshi Okamoto invented the world’s first
created vinyl. microfiber.
Science VI Class FIBRE TO FABRIC Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
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converted into yarn. Yarns are 6. Small strand like structures are 16. The clothes that we wear have a 15. Observe these logos.
woven together to make a fabric. called great background. Track the
• Cotton fibres are made from a. fabric b. fibre stages (from seed to dress) and
cotton ball. write your feelings about the
c. loom d. cocoon people working at diffrent levels
• Jute fibre is obtained from the 7. Making fabric from cotton yarn of the track.
stem of a jute plant. is called........................
• The process of removing seeds 8. What would you do to remove What does this means? Collect
from cotton wool is called wrinkles from your shirt or skirt? information about this from your
ginning. school library.
9. Prepare a bag using cloth. Collect
• Making yarn from fibre is called pieces of fabric and make designs
spinning. on your bag by using them. Who Said:
• Handlooms or power looms are Display it on school display day. THE STORY OF JUTE
used in weaving fabrics. 10. Make a scrap book containing In our state in the districts of Visakhapatnam, Srikakulam and Vijayanagaram jute is
Improve your learning pictures of different types of widely grown. There is an interesting story about jute.
fabric and name them.
1. What will happen if a rain coat is Long long ago a man was grazing his cattle in the forest near his village. Suddenly it
made from cotton fabric? Why? 11. With the help of an atlas, discuss started raining. It did not stop for days. He saved himself by climbing on to a tree.
with your teacher and prepare an Almost all the forest got submerged in floods. After a couple of weeks he got down from
2. Make a flow chart showing the information chart about spinning
process of getting a fabric the tree and walked through soaked plants in the mud. He observed that peels of plants
mills in our state. stuck to his legs. He went home and removed those peelings from his body. One day his
(clothes) from cotton plant.
12. Collect news items about handloom wife saw the dried peels and noticed that they were so strong and spun a thread. Haven’t
3. Coconut is also a fibre. Name workers and cotton growers. you understood what the plant is?
somethings made of coconut Analyze one news item in your
fibre. own way.
4. Classify the fabric of following 13. While purchasing your dress what
items as natural or artificial- doubts would you want to clarify
Dhothi, Venkatagiri saree, jeans, from the shop keeper?
umbrella cloth, bed-sheets, your
shirt or skirt, rain-coat, gunny- 14. What did you do to know
bags. whether artificial fibers give
pungent smell while burning.
5. Explain the process of making Write the steps of your
yarn from cotton wool? experiment.
Polyester, the most commonly used manufactured fiber, is made from petroleum. Rayon, derived from wood pulp.
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Fig. 1
A notch in a tree will remain the same distance from the ground as the tree grows. Banana oil is made from petroleum.
Science VI Class PLANTS : Parts and Functions Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
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85 86
• In Fig. 2(a), how does the middle fibrous root. Here all roots are similar Add colour (red ink) in one of the Parts of a leaf
root look like? (Fig. 2(b)) and there is no main root. tumblers. Place the plants in each of
Leaves are another important part of
• Compare this middle root with the the tumbler (Fig. 3). Let them be for
Function of the roots plants. Most plants that we see in our
remaining roots of the plant shown 2–3 hours and then record your
surroundings have different types of
in Fig. 2(a). • In activity-1, could you pull out observations.
leaves.
the plants easily from the soil?
• Do you find any such main root in • Why do you think we added red
Or was it difficult? Think why?
plant shown in Fig. 2(b)? How are ink in one tumbler?
the roots of this plant? Observe the roots of the plants; soil is • Did you see any red spots in the Midrib
attached to the roots. Roots help to stem or other parts of any of
• Do you find any other diffrences
fix the plant tightly to the soil, so we the plants?
between Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b) Lamina
cannot easily uproot the plant.
In some plants, the main root becomes • Why did red spots appear on the Veins
thick and has thin rootlets. This main root Do you know why the roots penetrate stem or flower?
is known as tap root (Fig. 2(a)) and the deep into the soil?
We can conclude that roots help in Petiole
rootlets are called lateral roots. Activity-2: Absorption of Water taking up of water from the soil. They Leaf base
In some plants we find small hair-like Take two glass tumblers filled with do this by absorption. Minerals present
roots arising from the base of the stem. water. Collect two plants having soft in the soil are also absorbed along with
This type of root system is known as the water. Fig. 5
stems, along with their roots.
Do you know? Observe the given picture of a leaf and
its parts (Fig. 5).
Some plants store food in roots and
stems. Some plants like radish, carrot, • Where is the leaf attached to the
beetroot store food materials in their stem?
roots. These roots bulge out and • What is the flat portion of the leaf
called tuberous roots. Can you give called?
some more examples. Carrot, sweet
potato are eaten even when raw! • What do you call the small line like
structure in the flat portion of the
leaf ?
• Which part connects leaf lamina
Plants in water Plants in water with with stem?
without ink red ink A leaf contains leaf base, a stalk like
Fig. 3 structure called petiole and lamina.
Fig. 4
84% of a raw apple and 96% of a raw cucumber is water. Pistils have three parts – the stigma, the style, and the ovary.
Science VI Class PLANTS : Parts and Functions Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
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Activity-3: Are all leaves same? Compare the leaves of the plants, Activity-5: Types of Venation Now compare the results obtained in
collected in activity 1, with Fig. 5. Write table 2 with table 4.
Observe the leaves of the plants that you Observe the venation of the leaves that
your observations in table 3. You can also
collected in activity 1. How are they? Are you collected in activity 1. Now • What type of roots are there in
draw what you see in the ‘shape’ and
all the leaves of the same size and shape? compare them with the venations of plants having parallel venation in
‘edge’ columns if describing is difficult.
See Fig. 5 showing a leaf and its parts. the leaves shown in Fig. 6. their leaves?
Table 3
Record your observations in table 4. • What type of roots are there in
plants having web-like venation in
S. Name of Leaf base Petiole Lamina Shape of Edges of their leaves?
No. the Plant Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No the leaf the leaf
• Is there any relation between
1. Tridax plant venation and root system?
Petals are usually colorful, and they attract insects and birds that help with pollination. Pistils have three parts – the stigma, the style, and the ovary.
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Compare what you see under the Select a well watered plant that has Table 5
microscope with Fig. 7. been growing in the sun. Enclose a
leafy branch of the plant in a polythene S. Name of the plant Stem grows Branches are
The bean shaped part that you see in the
bag (Fig. 8) and tie up its mouth. Take No. Vertically/Horizontally Present/Absent
leaf acts like our nose. These are called
another polythene bag of same size 1.
stomata. It is useful in the exchange of
and tie up its mouth without keeping
gases between the plant and atmosphere.
any plant. Keep both the polythene 2.
Do you know? bags in the sun. After a few hours
observe the inner surface of the bags. 3.
In Warangal district, there is a
What do you see?
traditional cottage industry where 4.
pictures of various traditional and Are there any droplets of water in any
mythological figures are drawn with of the bags? Which bag has droplets? 5.
bright colours on dried leaves. This How do you think they are formed
artwork is famous throughout the there? • Do all plants have stems. • Do red spots appear on the leaves
world. Plants release excess water in their body • Are the stems of all plants or flowers of any of the plants?
Activity-7: Transpiration through stomata and some other parts similar? Cut a small section of the
as well. The water is released in the stem of the plant, kept
Do you know that excess water is form of vapour and this process is
• How is the stem of the plant
that grows horizontally? in red ink and water, with
removed in the form of vapours from called transpiration. These vapours a sharp blade. Take the
the leaf surface. To understand this let us condense and are seen as dropets in Leaves and flowers grow from the stem. help of your teacher for
do the following activity. Choose a bright, the polythene bag. Think, what will If you observe carefully, you will see a this. Put it on a slide.
summer day to do the activity. happen if transpiration does not take scar on the stem where the leaf arises. Observe it under a
place in plants. The stem branches into sub-branches microscope. Do you
and bears leaves, flowers and fruits. observe any coloured
Another leaf function is the
preparation of food for the plant by Activity-8: Carrying food material portion? Now, cut the
Fig. 9
the process of photosynthesis. We stem into two halves
Take two small cuttings from a soft vertically, from top to bottom Observe it.
will discuss more about this in the next
stemmed plant. Set them up like you Do you see any coloured portion?
classes.
did in activity 2 (Fig. 9). Wait for 2-3
hours and record your observations. The coloured ring like structure that you
Stem provides support to the plant
see act as a tube that carries water and
Observe the stem portion of some • What differences did you find food material throughout the plant. The
plants that you collected for Activity 1 between the stem of both the water absorbed by the root is carried
Fig. 8 Record your observations in table 5. plants? through the stem to all parts of the plant.
Fruit is really the part of a flower in which seeds grow. Cherries, apples, and even
Petals are usually colorful, and they attract insects and birds that help with pollination.
milkweed pods are fruit.
Science VI Class PLANTS : Parts and Functions Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
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Do you know? • The stem carries the water 8. If the leaves have reticulate
absorbed by the roots to venation what would be the type
Some plants like potato, turmeric, garlic, ginger and sugarcane store food material different parts of the plant. of root?
in the stem due to which the stem bulges in size. Generally we think that these
• Leaves are involved in preparing 9. Explain the various parts of a plant
are all tubers or roots. Actually they are modified stems.
food. They also help in exchange with the help of a diagram.
of gases and transpiration. 10. Explain the parts of a leaf with the
• Leaf base, petiole and lamina are help of a diagram.
all parts of a leaf. 11. How can you show that plants
absorb water through their roots?
• Reticulate and parallel venation
are found in leaves. 12. Rajani said “Respiration takes place
Fig. 10 in leaves”, is she correct? How can
Improve your learning you support this statment.
How can you say that a potato is stem Keywords: 1. What are the important parts of 13. Collect the leaves of various plants.
although it grows under the ground? a plant? prepare a herbarium. Write a brief
Think it over. Tap root, fibrous roots, leaf,
petiole, lamina, stomata, 2. How will you tell which part of report on their shapes, size and
Most plants around us have roots, leaves, reticulate venation, parallel a plant is the stem and which is venation.
stems and flowers. All parts of the plants venation, transpiration the root? 14. Prepare a greeting card with dry
carry out some functions, essential for 3. Collect any plant from your leaves.
the whole plant. There are diverse forms surroundings. Draw its root 15. In Activity 1 your teacher
What we have learnt
of plants in nature and plants adapt structure. What can you say sug gested not to harm other
themselves to the different conditions in • The important parts of a plant about its root system? plants when you collect plants for
nature in different ways. For example, are roots, stem and leaves. observations. Why did she suggest
while stems usually support the plant 4. John has no place in his house
• Tap root system and fibrous but he wants to plant vegetables so?
body, in some plants they adapt and start
root system are two types of like tomato in his house. Suggest 16 Observe a plant which has healthy
storing food.
root systems seen in plants. him diffrent ways to do so. green leaves and beautiful flowers.
Flower is another important part • Roots absorb water and minerals 5. What will happen if a plant Write your feelings about the plant
in the plant. Flower has different colourful from the soil and also help in doesn’t have any leaves? in you notebook.
structures called petals. They attract insects anchoring the plant body to the 6. How does the stem help the ******
for pollination and produce fruits.We grow soil. plant?
plants for colourful flowers which gives
beauty to nature. We will learn more about • The stem bears branches, leaves, 7. What type of venation is found
flowers and fruits. in the leaves of plants with
flower in the next classes.
fibrous roots?
Grapes and clematis have stems that climb with tendrils, which hold onto a surface,
Buds are small swellings on a plant from which a shoot, leaf, or flower usually develops.
as the stems get longer.
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93 94
In our daily life we notice many changes experience. Curd is prepared in almost
10 Changes Around Us
around us. These include the changes
from time to time, in the crops growing
in the fields fall of leaves, the growth of
fresh leaves on trees, change in the
every house.
• Do you know how milk can be
converted into curd?
colour of the sky, change in colour of Generally curd is prepared by adding a
leaves of trees etc. Flowers bloom and very small quantity of curd (sample curd)
then wither away. Apart from this we to the bowl containing warm milk. The
notice some changes in our body like milk is stirred well. Then the bowl
increase in length of nails and hair, containing milk with the sample curd is
increase or decrease in weight, and covered by a lid and kept still and
increase in height etc. undisturbed for few hours to get curd.
Of all the changes we observe in our • What changes do you see when
daily life, we are able to find out reasons milk is converted into curd?
for some of them. For other changes, • How do you know that milk is
we are not able to find reasons. To changed into curd?
explain any change we need to ask the • Is there any change in its state?
Fig. 1 following questions :
• Is there any change in its volume?
• What has changed? • Is there any change in the weight?
Priya wants to write an article on colours. seen. She had noticed the change in the • How do we know that it has Activity-1: Comparing milk and curd
She started observing her mother while colour of the tea after milk was added changed?
Take some milk in a bowl and some curd
preparing tea. Suddenly her brother Teja to it. There was a change in the colour • What are the possible reasons for in another bowl, compare the colour of
rushed into the kitchen shouting "See of the shirt. She started wondering. that change? the milk and curd carefully.
my white shirt is spoilt. It has colour
• Why does the colour of the tea • Which seems to be the most
What do you notice? You may notice
patches. Yesterday it was fine. Why has
change? appropriate reason?
it become like this? Who spoilt my shirt?" that there is slight difference in colour
• How did the red patch get on • How would we check if the from milk to curd.
Mother saw the shirt and said that it reason is correct?
her brother's shirt?
might have got this red patch when it Now take some milk and curd in
was soaked in soap water along with a • How do colours change? Let us discuss certain changes in detail. separate tea spoons and taste them. Do
new red shirt. • Can you find answers to these Changing of milk into curd you find any difference in the taste of
questions? Discuss with your milk and curd? You may notice that milk
Priya who was listening to all this began We know that curd is prepared from
friends and think of the answers. is somewhat sweet and curd can be
thinking about all the changes she had milk. Making curd is our common slightly or highly sour in taste.
The change of state from liquid to gas is called evaporation. The change of state from gas to liquid is called condensation.
95 96
when you come back to the school next The adding of sample curd to the milk
Touch the milk and the curd with Precautions day. helps to grow some kind of bacteria in
your finger to know their state. You
Do not try to taste any substance it, and enables conversion of the milk
will notice that milk is in liquid form What do you notice about the milk in
until you know what it is and its into curd. You will learn more about this
and the curd is in semi-solid form. the three bowls?
properties. Tasting of some type of bacteria in the lesson "living
Now measure the level of milk in a Has the milk in all the three bowls
substances can be hazardous to things under microscope".
bowl and its weight. Then measure changed into curd? If not, which has
the level of the curd and its weight health. The test for taste is to be done Let us discuss one more change
not changed into curd?
in the bowl. only under the guidance of teacher
and for substances we know are safe. Compare bowls 1 and 2, and bowls 2 Changing seasons
Write the values of measurement in table
and 3 separately and try to answer the Every year we observe that seasons
following questions : changes. We go from rains to winter and
Table 1 • Why do we notice change only winter to summer and so on.
S.No. Substance Level in bowl Weight in bowl 2, though we added curd • What changes do you observe
to the milk of bowl 1 as well. from winter season to summer
1 Milk • Why do we notice change in season?
2 Curd
bowl-2 though we took warm • Is there any change in the clothes
milk in both bowls 2 and 3? we wear?
Compare the measurements, what do When we compare the bowls 1 and 2 • Is there any change in coldness
you notice? though the sample curd is added in both and hotness of the air around us?
Bowl-1 Bowl-2 Bowl-3 bowls, the bowl having warm milk is • Is there any change in duration
From this activity, we find that there are
converted into curd. The cold milk does of day and duration of night?
changes in milk when it becomes curd.
Fig. 2 not change into curd.
These include change in the colour, • Is there any change in the food
taste, and in the state. These indicators Add some ice-cold milk to bowl 1 and Similarly if we compare bowls 2 and 3, that we eat or drink?
of change explain that a change has same quantity of some warm milk to though we have taken warm milk in
If the winter season changes into
taken place from milk to curd. the bowls 2 and 3. Then add small both bowls, only the milk in the bowl 2
summer, we observe change in our
to which sample curd has been added
• What can be the reasons for this quantity of curd to the bowls 1 and 2.
changes into curd. We may note that
clothes. For example, wearing of woolen
change? Stir them well. The curd must mix in clothes in winter changes to wearing of
the milk. Cover all the bowls with lids the warm milk in the other bowl does
cotton clothes in summer. Similarly we
Activity-2: Finding the conditions and keep them in your classroom. Leave not change into curd.
observe that the winter season is cool
for making curd them and ensure they are not touched These two observations explain that the and summer season is hot. In winter,
Take three empty bowls with lids as even after you have left for home. reason for change of milk into curd is due duration of night is longer than in
shown in Fig. 2 Observe the changes in the three bowls to addition of sample curd to warm milk. summer. We take cold drinks in summer
The change of state from liquid to solid is called solidification. Due to heat, a place gets heated and pressure gets lowered.
○
○
sunrise and sunset at a particular place
○
14 06:37 17:44 05:45 18:40
○
in the month of December, and column
○
15 06:38 17:44 05:45 18:41
○
(2) shows the same information in the
○
○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Fig. 4(a)
○
16 06:38 17:45 05:44 18:41
○
month of May.
○
○
○
17 06:39 17:45 05:44 18:41
○
Fig. 4(a) shows the shadow of a boy,
○
•
○
What is the duration of the Fig. 3
○
18 06:39 17:45 05:44 18:42
○
standing on the doorstep of an east
○
○
longest day in December? 19 06:40 17:46 05:43 18:42
Observe the direction of sunrise three facing house, at the time of sunrise. This
• What is the duration of the 20 06:40 17:46 05:43 18:42
to four times in winter and in summer. is on a day in the month of December.
longest day in May? 21 06:41 17:47 05:43 18:43
Compare it with the exact east direction
22 06:41 17:47 05:43 18:43
• Do December and May belong
23 06:42 17:48 05:42 18:43
marked with the help of the compass.
to the same season? If not, to
24 06:42 17:48 05:42 18:44 • Do you find any change in direction
which seasons do they belong? 25 06:43 17:49 05:42 18:44 of sunrise between winter and
By looking at the data regarding the 26 06:43 17:49 05:42 18:45 summer season?
times of sunrise and sunset on a 27 06:44 17:50 05:42 18:45 • What difference do we notice?
particular day in December and May, we 28 06:44 17:50 05:42 18:45 Try to find the direction in which the
see that days are shorter in December 29 06:45 17:51 05:41 18:46 sun rises even if it is not winter at the
and longer in May. Thus there are short 30 06:45 17:52 05:41 18:46 time of reading the chapter.
duration days in winter and long 31 06:46 17:52 05:41 18:46 • Did the sun rise exactly in the east? Fig. 4(b)
duration days in summer.
The weather changes, as well as the seasons, because of the earth’s rotation on its
Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components.
tilted axis.
Science VI Class CHANGES AROUND US Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
99 100
Fig. 4(b) shows the shadow formed at exactly rise in the east. Around 20th Compare the change of milk to curd way that it is not shaken and remains
the time of sunrise on a day in the December, the direction of sunrise is a with change of seasons. warm. Thus we need some initiation
month of May. little south of east. Around 15th May, the and intervention from human beings
direction of sunrise is very close to the
• Which change is slow and which
to bring a change in the milk.
• What difference do you notice in is fast? Why?
east. Because of this, we find that the Also, seasonal changes are temporary
length and direction of the two • Which change takes place
shadow of the boy is right behind him as these changes from winter to summer
shadows? naturally?
in May and shifts towards his left in and summer to rains then rains to
• What does it say about the change December. • Which change needs initiation/ winter are continious. Thus we get winter
in the direction of sunrise in intervention of human beings to
This slight change in the direction of again. Change of milk into curd is
December and in May? occur?
the sunrise is one of the reasons for permanent because we cannot get back
You may also ask some elders about the changes in seasons. we will learn about • Which is a temporary change and milk from curd.
change in the direction of the sun rays the exact reasons for the changes in which is permanent? The comparison shows that it is
coming through windows or doors higher classes. If we compare the two changes i.e. the possible to classify certain changes as
facing east during winter and summer. "change from milk to curd" and "change slow or fast, natural or man-made and
You can also observe shadows formed In the two changes discussed above, of seasons", we notice that the change temporary or permanent.
by the sun rays through windows and we notice that for every change there of seasons is slow when compared to
doors in your house or in a neighbour's are indicators to confirm that a change
• Can you think of any other basis
change of milk to curd. for categorization of changes?
house. has taken place and there is a cause But if we compare change of milk to Write the indicators and causes for the
You will notice that the sun does not (reason) of the change. curd and change in electric bulb due other changes given below. You may not
Activity-5: Indicators and causes for change. to the switch being on or off, the be able to write the causes of all changes.
The changes observed, indicators of the changes, and possible causes for the change of milk to curd is a slow Try to discuss with your friends and
changes discussed above are shown in table 3. change. elders to know the causes.
Table 3 Thus the change of milk to curd is a ) Change of ice into water and water into ice
)
fast change when compared with Rusting of iron
S. Change Indicators of Causes of the change
)
No. change change of season but it is a slow change Growth in plants
)
when compared with change in electric Rice to cooked rice
1. Change from milk Change in : The small quantity of curd
)
to curd State, taste, smell added to warm milk bulb being put on or off. Melting of ice-cream
makes certain bacteria to Therefore, whether a change is slow or ) Boiling an egg in water
)
grow in the milk and it fast is relative.
converts to curd. Electric bulb on and off
2. Changes in seasons Change in dress we wear, The slight change in the
Similarly, the comparison of above two ) Changes in Atti-Patti Plant
coldness or hotness of air, direction of sun rise changes explains that change of seasons Are you able to categorize these changes
food/drinks we take, usage takes place naturally, but to change milk as slow or fast, natural or manmade
of water, fruits and flowers into curd we need to add some curd to
available duration of a day. temporary or permanent?
the warm milk and keep it in such a
We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years. Curds are a dairy product obtained by curdling (coagulating) milk with rennet.
103 104
Improve your learning a) Souring of curd 12. Write various processes involved in making ghee from milk, what changes
b) Ripening of oranges do you find, during this process.
1. Is the change of ice into water a c) The sawing of a piece of
temporary or permanent change? 13. Observe the following table and answer the questions give below.
wood into two
Explain. d) Cooking of food Temperature
2. How do you know that rusting e) Heating of milk. Place Month Rainfall Sunrise Sunset
Min. Max.
of iron is a change?
7. We use clay to make idols. Can we Rentachintala January 21oC 27oC 2.41mm 6.50 17.12
3. If a raw egg is boiled in water, what get back clay from the idol? What
changes do you notice in it? type of change is it? Explain. April 39oC 47oC 0.01mm 6.11 17.47
If you are given two eggs, can you 8. Carpenter made a chair using August 24oC 34oC 39.12mm 6.37 17.31
determine which one is boiled wood, what type of change
and which one is not? Explain. is it?
i) Which month had maximum rainfall?
4. Name five changes you notice in 9. Rafi said that "Flour from Rice /
ii) Which season occurs in the month of August? How can you support your
your surroundings. Classify them Wheat is a man-made change."
answer.
as natural or man-made changes. He wants to make a list of
examples of this kind of change, iii) In which month is the duration of day minimum? What could be the
5. Choose incorrect statements from
help him expand his list. reason for this?
the following and rewrite them
correctly : 10. Select a plant in your house / iv) Do you find any relation between sunrise and seasons?
a) The coldness in air during winter school obser ve and record v) What changes can you identify from January to August?
is a permanent change changes keeping in view height
of plant, number and size of 14. Farha wondered "How it could be possible for Nature to bring changes in
b) Boiled egg is a temporary change. leaves and flowers etc. over a seasons periodically". Can you add some changes like this.How will you
period of 2 months. Display your explain them?
c) There is a cause for every change.
observations. 15. Sita wondered and felt very happy to see the beauty of the fields and insects
d) An electric bulb going on and off
11. What will happen if a decorative like twinkling beetle (Arudra) during rainy season in their village. Can you list
is a permanent change.
colour paper is dipped in water? some such changes which make you wonder and feel happy?
e) There is a change in state when Predict the possible changes.
ice-cream melts. Verify your predictions by doing
6. Some changes are listed below, experiments and write down the
classify them as temporary and steps of the process.
permanent.
The explosion of fireworks is an example of chemical change. A common physical change occurs when matter changes from one phase to another.
Over 1 billion people use less than 6 litres of water per day. Almost 4 million people die each year from water related diseases.
107 108
Activity-2: Quantity of water Activity-3: How much water do we etc. Now, find out how much water is villages wells, canals, tanks, ponds,
use daily? used in a whole day by you and your rivers, etc are the main water sources.
Collect different, used water bottles or
family. Also, calculate the amount of
water pouches from nearby shops. We use water for different purposes. Can • List out the sources from where
water you and your family were able to
Observe their labels. What quantity of you estimate how much water your you get water in your village/
save.
water is mentioned on the label? Record family uses in a day? town.
your observations in your notebook. You have a rough idea of how much • Are the sources from where
Record your estimates in table 1. Also
water your family uses in a day. With this you get water for your daily
• Do all the bottles and pouches think how you could reduce the amount
information you may be able to calculate needs and crops the same or
have the same quantity of water? of water used and write how much
the approximate quantity of water not? Give your reasons.
water you can save.
You can also ask the water-vendor how required for your colony/ village/ town/ Do you know?
much water there is in a water can or Table 1 city. For this, you will need to know the
bottle. population as well. Ask your teacher Water is not only available from
Activity Water How much sources such as the rivers, lakes and
used can you about population.
Do you know? ponds but also present in certain
(In liters) save ? Approximate quantity of water used per fruits and vegetables. Fruits like
Water, and other liquids as well, is Drinking day by a person ..................................... watermelon and vegetables like
measured in liters and milliliters. The Number of people in the colony/village cucumber contain a lot of water.
water tanks in some villages and most etc. ............................................................... Can you suggest some other
towns and cities have the capacity to Toilets
Approximate quantity of water used per examples? Our body also contains
store gallons of water. Gallon is also a 70% of water by weight. Think,
measure of volume of liquids. Bathing day in the colony/village etc.
why we take jucy fruits in summer.
.......................................................................
Water level in the reseviors is measured Water on the earth
Washing Approximate quantity of water used per
in feet. Water released from dams and There are different sources of water
clothes month in the colony/village ..................
projects during floods is measured in on the earth. We know that nearly 3/
........................................................................
cusecs (cubic centimeters/sec). 4 th of the surface of the earth is
Other Approximate quantity of water per year occupied by water. Is this water useful
• Think: Air and water are freely in the colony/village etc. ......................... for us?
available in nature but now people Total ........................................................................ • Can we drink the water
have to pay for water along with available in the sea?
Imagine how much water is needed
other commodities. Find out Sea-water is salty but water used by
To estimate in liters the amount of across the world!
from your parents and us in our daily purposes is not salty. It
water used, take any 1 liter bottle and Where do we get water from? is known as fresh water. Water in
grandparents whether they also
find out how many bottles of water are ponds, puddles, river, from tube-wells
paid for water. We get water from different water
needed to fill a bucket, a glass, a mug and our taps at home is usually fresh
sources in our surroundings. In most water.
43% of water related deaths are due to diarrhea. 98% of water related deaths occur in the developing world.
Unsafe water is the biggest killer of children under five; around 90% of all diarrheal The recommended daily water requirement for sanitation, bathing, cooking and
deaths are in this age group. consumption is approximately 50 litres per person per day.
Science VI Class WATER IN OUR LIFE Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
111 112
• We depend on rains for water. 10. Collect information about water
Activity-7: How much water do we • What does the picture tell us? related games and make a scrap
waste? • Long periods of less rainfall
• Does excessive rainfall in certain usually causes condition of book.
After playing in the ground you may areas of our country lead to such a droughts. 11. Find out the relationship
wash your hands and legs under the tap condition? between water shortage and
in your school. Measure the time the • Floods are natural disasters that
• Are there other reasons as well that affect human life.
drought?
tap is on open for you to complete can lead to this situation? 12. Justify the statement "droughts
your wash. Then take a bucker put it Improve your learning
under the tap open the tap for the same • Did you ever face or hear about
1. How can you say water is
and floods are a result of actions
flood? On the basis of the made by man". Investigate your
time that you measured with the same necessary for us?
newspaper cutting or your own reasons.
flow of water. How many students of 2. Ravi wants to know the
your class can wash thier hands and feet experience in this matter if any, 13. Aravind never forgot to switch
write down a few lines on floods. measuring units of water. What
with the bucket of water that you collect off water pumping motor in
will you tell him?
from the tap? We can't live single day with out water. time. Do you support him? Why?
3. Why do people need protected
List out those situations in our life where It is unwise pumping water if it leads 15. If people are suffering due to
drinking water scheme?
we waste water unwisely and make to drought. Arvind decided that water severe floods, what would you do
is precious. Don't waste even a single 4. List out the activities that we to help them?
suggestions to avoid this. perform in our daily life that
drop of water. We must preserve water Who said:
Activity-8: Floods a natural hazard not only for us but also for future consume water.
5. In --------- season we face severe Killer Cover
Usually, during the rainy season, you generations.
may have come across pictures of this water scarcity. Give your reason. We people are using polythene bags,
Keywords
type in newspapers (Fig. 4). Discuss the 6. The nature of sea water is ------- covers, disposable plates, glasses for
following. Water sources, drought, floods, various purposes in our daily life. Most
migration a) Salty b) Tasteless of the food items are also available in
C) Odourles D) Sweet polythene pouches and packets in the
What we have learnt 7. If we use water in the same way market. These disposable materials do
• We need water for domestic use, what will happen in future. Write not decompose in the soil. They
agriculture, industries etc. your sug gestions to prevent obstruct water flow in canals and
water wastage. drainages during heavy rains and
• We get water from sources like
causes to floods. particularly in urban
ponds, lakes, rivers etc. 8. Prepare a map of your village
showing different water sources. areas and thus creates hurdles to
• Of the water available on the
9. Make a pamphlet on "Don't
human life.
Fig. 4 earth, only 1% is fresh water.
waste water". Display it on wall *****
magazine
Agriculture is responsible for about 70% of the world’s water usage. Industry uses a
It takes up to 5000 litres of water to produce 1kg of rice.
further 22%.
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113 114
Have you seen (+) and (-) signs on a • Why do bulbs and cells have two
12
cell? These signs indicate the two terminals?
Simple Electric Circuits terminals of a cell. • How does a bulb glow with the
help of a cell?
Note:
Do not connect the two terminals of Activity-2: Simple electric circuits
Niharika's father Ranganna had a cell with a single wire. Take four wires of different colours, say
to go to the fields after dinner. blue, green, red and yellow, each about
Watering the field in the night Bulb 15 cm long. Electric wires are often
had become a usual practice due Observe a torch-bulb or an electric bulb covered with plastic. First, remove about
to power cuts throughout the carefully (Fig. 3). What does it contain.
day. Ranganna walked out of the two centimeters of the plastic covering
house and called Niharika asking from both ends of each wire. Now attach
for a torch-light. She took the two wires (Blue and Green) to a bulb and
Glass chamber
torch and cells out from the two wires (Red and Yellow) to a cell with
Filament a cello tape or cell holder as shown in Fig.
cupboard and handed over the
torch-light to her father after 4(a). We can use a cell holder to hold the
inserting the cells. He switched Terminals cells and wires together tightly.
on the torch but it did not light Metal Cap
up. [Take an old inner tube of a bicycle and
Fig. 3 cut it into narrow bands. Each band
• What could be the problem? Fig. 1
A torch bulb consists of a glass chamber should be wide enough to cover the
Was there something wrong with the fixed on a metal base. Two metal wires knob of the cell. This is your cell holder.]
torch-light? Niharika took back the torch are firmly fixed. One wire is attached to
and opened it and realised her mistake. Now connect the wires in different forms
the metal cap and the other is attached
She had inserted the cells in a wrong to the base at the centre of the metal as shown in Fig. 4(b) to 4(g). In each
way. She changed the position of the cap. (The arrangment in an electric bulb case, check whether the bulb glows or
cells and handed over the working is diffrent. In an electric bulb, two not. Record your observations in table 1
torch-light to her father. Fig. 2 metallic wires are attached to the two
Why does the position of cells affect the terminals at the bottom of the metal
Cell cap) These wires act as two terminals.
working of a torch-light? The cell consists of a cylindrical metal The two terminals do not touch each
What does a cell contain? can. Its heaviness suggests that it is filled other.
with some chemicals. The protrusion on The part of the bulb that glows is the
one end is due to a carbon rod in the filament, which is a thin spring like wire
Activity-1
centre. At the top of the cell a metal attached to the two metal wires inside
Let us take a torch cell (Fig. 2) and cap is fixed. The entire can is sealed. the glass bulb. Fig. 4
observe it. Can you describe it?
Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus (c.624–546 BCE) discovered static electricity. English scientist William Gilbert (1544–1603) was the first person to use the word
“electricity.” He believed electricity was caused by a moving fluid called humor.
Science VI Class SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
115 116
In which case does the bulb glow? Why?
Many times in our houses we observe
In which case does the bulb not glow? that though electricity is available some
why? bulbs glow and some don’t glow.
You may observe that the bulb glows What could be the reason for that?
in connections shown in Fig. 4(d) and
Observe a bulb which is not glowing.
(b) (c) Fig. 4(e), but not in other cases?
Do you find any diffrence in the filament
We observe that in Fig. 4(d) and Fig. 4(e) of glowing bulb and the bulb that is not
the connections form a closed path while glowing ?
in the remaining cases we find some gap Fig. 6 : Circuit with a switch
The bulbs which don’t glow are said to
in the path.
be fused . If we connect a fused bulb in the bulb glow when the safety pin is left
What is a circuit? a circuit the ciruit remains open and free at one end?
there is no closed path for the flow of In the above activity, the safety pin is
(d) (e) electricity. Hence the bulb doesn’t glow. used to close /open the circuit. Electric
Switch switch is an arrangement to close or
We use switches to put ON or put OFF open (break) a circuit.
the torch light. Similarly we use various
switches in our house to put ON or put The switch allows the flow of electricity
OFF the electric bulbs, tubes, fans etc. when it is ON and cuts off the flow of
electricity when it is OFF. In this way, the
What is a switch? How does it work? switch is used to allow / stop the flow
(f) (g) Fig. 5 : A simple electric circuit
Let us observe of electricity to the bulb or any other
Fig. 4(a) Fig. 5 shows a closed circuit. It consists electrical device.
of a cell (power source), a bulb, and Activity-3: Electric Switch
Table 1 connecting wires. The flow of electricity in a circuit is called
An electric circuit provides a complete Connect a circuit on a wooden plank or
Connection Does the bulb glow current.
path for electricity to flow between cell on a thermocole sheet as shown in Fig. 6.
(Yes/No) Torch-light
and the bulb. Insert two drawing pins at A and B.
Fig 4(b) A similar circuit exists for an electric bulb Insert a safety pin in between A and B,
which we use in our houses. The two
• What does a torch consist of ?
Fig 4(c) such that one end of the pin is
Fig 4(d)
electric supply wires (called live and completely in contact with B and the • What makes the torch bulb glow?
neutral) are connected to the two other end is left free. Now observe the
Fig 4(e) terminals of the bulb through a switch. Take a torch and observe its internal
bulb. What do you notice? Now touch parts (Fig. 7).
Fig 4(f) When the switch is closed (put on) the
the safety-pin to pin A and observe the
circuit provides complete path for
Fig 4(g) electricity. bulb again. What happens? Why doesn't
American printer, journalist, scientist, and statesman Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) carried out Italian biologist Luigi Galvani (1737–1798) touched two pieces of metal to a dead frog’s
further experiments and named the two kinds of electric charge “positive” and “negative.” leg and made it jump. This led him to believe electricity is made inside animals’ bodies.
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117 118
Glass Conductors and insulators Table 2
Switch
Reflector
Metal Spring Cells In activity-2, we used wires after S.No. Object Name of the Does the bulb glow
removing the plastic covering at both Material (Yes/No)
the ends. Why don't we use the wires
without removing the plastic covering? 1. Hair pin Metal Yes
What material do you find in electric 2. Pencil lead
Hollow Cyllindrical Barrel Bulb wires?
Fig. 7 : Inside view of a torch-light Why are we advised to wear rubber 3. Eraser Rubber
chappals while working with electricity?
Torch-light is used as a source of light. Let us find out 4. Plastic scale Plastic
The parts of a torch-light are hollow
cylindrical barrel, cells, bulb, switch, glass Activity-5: Identifying conductors 5. Match stick
cover and metal spring. and insulators
Take the circuit which we used in 6. Divider from
Torch consists a hollow cylindrical barrel
activity-3, as shown in Fig. 8. Remove geometry box
in which cells are fitted. At one end of
the safety-pin from the drawing pins so
it there is a lid with screw which can be 7. Piece of paper
that you have two open terminals A and
opened and closed. When the lid is closed
B. Insert different objects like a hair pin,
and switch is ON, the circuit is 8. Iron nail
safety pin, eraser, plastic scale, match
completed and current flows in the
circuit which makes the bulb glow. stick, piece of a metal bangle, piece of 9. Piece of Metal bangle
a glass bangle, paper clip etc. in the gap
In Niharika's case, it was just the position between A and B. With each insertion, 10. Piece of Glass bangle
of cells that made the bulb to glow. Can check whether the bulb glows or not.
you predict other reasons for the torch 11. Paper clip
Record your observations in table 2 for
not working ?
each case.
Activity-4: Let us do 12. Piece of chalk
Take a torch which has two cells. Arrange 13. Safety pin
the cells in the torch in as many ways as If you look at table 2, after recording • Substances which do not allow
you can. In which cases does the bulb your observations you will find that the electric current to flow through them are
glow and in which cases it doesn't? Draw bulb glows in some cases and does not known as insulators.
pictures showing different positions of glow in other cases. Can you guess the
reason? Using the above definitions, can you group
cells and glowing of bulb. Can you find the objects you observed in your daily
out why the bulb glows only when cells • Substances which allow electric
Fig. 8 : An open electric circuit current to flow through them are known life as conductors and insulators? Make a
are placed in a particular position? as conductors of electricity. list of objects and group them as
Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851) put a compass near an electric Michael Faraday (1791–1867), an English chemist and physicist, developed the first,
cable and discovered that electricity can make magnetism. primitive electric motor.
Science VI Class SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
119 120
conductors and insulators and write in by performing experiments himself. You himself with a bamboo fan. An idea • Substances which allow the flow of
table 3? will be amazed to know that in his striked his curious mind - "Well, why electricity are known as conductors
Table 3 lifetime he invented more than one not try bamboo fiber as a filament?" He of electricity
thousand inventions. executed his idea and amazingly the
Conductors Insulators
bamboo filament burned continuously for
• Substances which do not allow the
Even an intellegent scientist like Edison flow of electricity are known as
had to work hard for many years before a number of days. Finally he succeeded
insulators to electricity.
he could make a bulb in making a cotton filament that was even
that worked. First of all, better than the bamboo one. • The electric bulb was invented by
Thomas Alva Edison.
he passed electricity Today we use the same kind of bulbs
through a thin, thread- as were first made by Edison. The only Improve your learning
like platinum wire. He difference is that our bulbs have a
noticed that the wire did filament made of a metal called 1. What is an electric circuit? Explain
The story of bulb give out light after being Tungsten. with a daigram.
heated, but it burned out Edison’s 2. What are the parts of a torch-
The story of invention of bulb is very first bulb Keywords
interesting. We may think that a bulb is after only a few seconds. light?
a very simple gadget, just press a switch Edison then thought that if the air Electricity, cell, bulb, fused bulb, 3. In a bulb the part which gives us
and it lights up. But do you know that surrounding the wire coil was removed terminals, filament, switch, light is :
many scientists worked hard for many then, perhaps, the wire would not burn circuit, conductor, insulator,
out so quickly. tungsten a) Metal base
years before the first successful bulb was
made? One of them was Thomas Alva He made a glass casing and fitted a What we have learnt b) Glass chamber
Edison who ultimately succeeded in filament of platinum wire in it. He then c) Filament d) Terminals.
making the first bulb. removed all the air from within the glass • Cell is the source of electrical energy
casing. He passed an electric current in a torch-light. 4. Classify the following into
through the wire and, to his delight, the • Cell has two terminals, (+) and (-). conductors and insulators :
bulb lit up and did not burn out for eight a) Water
long minutes. • Bulb, consists of a filament which
gives light and two terminals. b) Plastic pen
He began experimenting with different c) Pencil lead
materials while searching for a better • Electricity requires a closed path for
it to flow. d) Dry cotton cloth
choice of filament. He tried cotton e) Wet cotton cloth
Fig. 9 : Thomas Alva Edison
thread coated with soot. This filament • A switch helps us to allow or break
f) Dry wood
burned continuously for 45 hours. He the flow of electricity in a circuit.
From childhood, Edison was of an tried different kinds of thread. One g) Wet wood
inquisitive nature and he learned science
• Torch-light consists of cell, bulb
summer day he saw a man fanning
and switch.
Building on his earlier discoveries, Michael Faraday invented the electric generator. The world’s first experimental electric power plant opened in Godalming, England.
Don’t play with household power sockets or push things into them. Don’t take apart electrical appli-
Thomas Edison (1846–1931) built the first large-scale electric power plants in the USA. ances, because dangerous voltages can linger inside for a long time after they are switched off.
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Activity-1: Measuring Lengths Now find the length of your classroom
In 1590 Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans invented micro scope. The Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge is the world’s longest bridge. It is a 164.8
kilometres (102.4 mi) long
Science VI Class LEARNING HOW TO MEASURE Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
127
If you want to measure the thickness Activity-2: How do we measure?
of an eraser, which of the instruments
• How do you measure the height
shown in Fig. 7 is more suitable and
of your classmate using a meter scale?
why?
Ask your classmate to stand with his/
Sometimes we may need to measure
her back against a wall. Make a mark
long distances like length and breadth
on the wall exactly above his/her head.
of school play ground or agricultural
fields or distance between our house to Now measure the distance, from the floor
school, distance between one town to to this mark on the wall, with a scale. Let
another town, and even longer distances all other students measure this length in a
such as those between one country and similar way. Record your observations in
another country. your notebook.
• Can we measure these lengths Study carefully the
using the instruments shown in measurements
Fig. 7? reported by
different students.
• If not, how are these distances
measured? Do you all have the
same readings of
• What instrument are used?
measurements? If
• Is there any other way to measure not, what could be
very large distances? the reason for the
Fig. 8
differences?
Discuss with your friends, parents, and
teachers to know the answer. In the above activity, though the
measurement was done using a
Meter is not a convenient unit for
standard scale, results may be close to
measuring large distances. We need to
each other but not exactly equal.
define a larger unit to measure larger
distances. We use kilometer as a larger The difference in reading is due to some
unit of length. One kilometer is 1000 errors in measurement. For example :
times longer than a meter.
• Not marking the point exactly at
1 kilometer = 1000 meters the top of the head.
1 Km = 1000 m • Not using the meter scale in a
proper manner.
The simple protractor in your compass box looks like a semicircular disk marked with
degrees, from 0º to 180º.
Science VI Class
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128 129
To measure the lengths accurately using Precautions while using a meter scale measure the thickness of a page of Can we measure these curved lengths
the standard measuring instruments like notebook or a coin it is not possible to with a meter scale? If not why?
We must take the following precautions
meter scale, centimeter scale and tape directly use a scale. Let us look at the Activity-4: Measuring the length of
while using a meter scale for measuring
etc., we should take some precautions. method to measure the thickness of a a curved path
length :
coin. Fix alpins at the ends of the curved
How to measure length accurately
with a meter scale Activity-3: Measuring thickness of line to be measured as shown in the
a coin Fig. 12. Now tie a knot with cotton
In our day to day work, we use a thread at the first point A of the alpin
wooden/plastic scale to measure Take about 10 one rupee coins of same
size and place them one upon the other A and move the cotton thread along
lengths. It is marked or graduated in Fig. 10 points B, C, D, E etc.
centimeters and millimeters. Suppose we as shown in Fig. 11. Measure the total
are asked to measure the length of a 1. The scale should be placed exactly thickness with a scale and then divide it
table. We will take a meter scale. The along the length to be measured. by the number of coins to get the
zero mark on the scale is made to 2. Zero point on the scale should thickness of one coin.
coincide with one end of the table and coincide with the starting point
the reading at the point which is of the length to be measured.
coinciding with the other end of the 3. Our eye must be vertically above
table is taken. Since a meter scale has the point of coincidence of scale
some thickness, we may make an error where the measurement is to be
if the eye is not correctly positioned. taken. Fig. 12
The correct position of the eye is "B" 4. Ensure that the ends of the scale
(Fig. 9) which is vertically above the end are not worn out. Care should be taken that the thread is
where the reading is to be taken. 5. Measure the length of an object neither too tight nor too loose and see
more than two times and then that the thread coincides with the curve
A B C Fig. 11
take the average of these at each point while moving along the
measurements for accuracy. In the same way, try to measure the path. When the thread reaches the
thickness of a page of your text book. extreme end of the curved path, cut it
Think! What can you do to know a
We generally use a scale to measure the at that point.
scale is accurate or not
lengths which are in a straight line like Remove the thread from A and then
How can we measure a small the length of a room, length of a table place it straight along the length of a
thickness? etc. There are certain situations where meter scale, and measure its length.
Can you accurately measure the thickness the lengths are in curved line like the
perimeter of bucket, perimeter of a tava The length of the thread is the measure
of the cover page of your text book or of the length of the curved path.
Fig. 9 a coin using the scale? If we want to or kadai etc.
The initial metric unit of mass, the “gram,” was defined as the mass of one cubic centimeter
The foot is divided into 12 inches (a cube that is 0.01 meter on each side) of water at its temperature of maximum density.
130 131
Measurement of area • Which sheet needs more number • Which figure has more area and each part is equal to one square
Ramu and Ravi's father brought two of matchboxes? Which is bigger why? centimeter and it is written as cm2.
drawing sheets for them. After taking in size?
• Are all the parts in both figures • Since Fig. 14 (a) and 14 (b) have
these sheets from their father, Ramu You may find that one of the sheets equal? same number of squares, of area
and Ravi started quarrelling with each needs more number of matchboxes 1 cm2 each, both the figures have
other, each one claiming that his sheet which shows that one sheet is bigger in
• What is the shape of the smaller
a total area of 16 cm2 each. Thus,
was shorter than the others. part in each diagram?
size than the other. Thus, we need to these figures have different
Which sheet is smaller? Which sheet is measure the surface of an object to • Is the length and breadth of each shapes but equal areas.
bigger? How can we decide? decide whether it is bigger or smaller. smaller part equal?
Square centimeter (cm2) is a standard
Activity-5: Area is the measure of the extent of • Measure the length and breadth unit to measure the area of a surface.
plane surface occupied by an object. of any one part of each diagram.
We use m 2 (square meter), mm 2
In the above activity, a matchbox is What do you notice?
(square millimeter), foot 2 (square
taken as a unit to measure area but it is You may notice that the small parts in foot), etc., also to measure the areas
not a standard unit. We need a standard each diagram have equal lengths and according to need and requirement
unit to measure the area. breadth, one centimeter each. Area of of the situation.
What is the standard unit to Table 3 : Units of measurement
Sheet A Fig. 13 Sheet B measure area?
Observe Fig. 14. In each S.No. Units of Length Symbol Units of Area Symbol
See Fig. 13. Can you decide which is
the bigger and which is the smaller sheet figure, vertical and horizontal 1 Meter m Square metre m2
by obser ving them? If not, what lines divide the surface into
2 Centimeter cm Square Centimetre cm2
method do you adopt to decide the certain number of parts.
bigger one or smaller one? 3 Millimeter mm Square millimetre mm 2
Let us do: 4 Feet ft Square feet ft2
Take two sheets of A4 paper and cut Activity-6: Measuring the area of a regular surface
them in the shapes of shown in Fig.
13. Now take some empty matchboxes Cut a cardboard into a shape of
of equal size and keep them on the rectangle having length 4 cm and
sheet. Starting from one corner of the breadth 2 cm as shown in Fig. 15. Let
sheet, count how many matchboxes us measure its area.
Fig. 15
are needed to cover the entire surface (a) The convenient unit to measure the area
of the sheet. Similarly repeat the process of given cardboard would be cm2.
for the second sheet also and record (b)
Take a centimeter graph paper. Each
Fig. 14
the findings in your notebook. small square on this graph paper has a
The Arthashastra offers a wealth of evidence for the wide varieties of standardized
The Mughal measurement system measured land in terms of “gaz” and “bigha”.
weights and measures of the time.
LEARNING HOW TO MEASURE Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. Science VI Class
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132 133
side equal to 1 cm. The area of each boundary of the piece of leaf on the Measurement of volume Measuring cylinder
small square on this graph paper is 1 graph paper with a pencil. Now remove • How do you find the volume of
cm2. the leaf to find the outline or boundary It is cylindrical in shape,
a solid? with graduations marked
Place the cardboard on the centimeter of the leaf on graph paper.
graph paper (Fig. 15) and draw its Mrs. John is constructing a house. She on its body. Measuring
outline with the help of a sharp pencil. needs sand and enquired about prices. cylinders are available in
Now remove the cardboard and mark The supplier informed her that two different sizes. They are
the shape as PQRS. Count the number tractor loads of sand costs Rs. 4000/- used in laboratories to
of squares inside the outline. The and one lorry load of sand costs about measure a certain volume
number of squares is 8. Rs. 4000/-. of a liquid and to
measure milk, oils, etc by
Area of the cardboard is equal to the • Which deal is cheaper for Mrs. shop keepers. We can fill
area covered by PQRS on the graph John? A lorry or a tractor? it with the liquid to be
paper. measured and then read
• How can you decide which load Fig. 17
Area of PQRS = Total area of has more quantity of sand? the marking at the lowest
unit squares Fig. 16 point of the concave surface of liquid.
To decide the quantity contained either We must bring our eyes in line with
inside the PQRS
Count the number of complete squares in a lorry or tractor, we need to know this level of liquid and then read it.
= 8 × area of 1 (each of 1 cm2 area) inside the boundary. the volume of the body of lorry as well
unit square Also count those squares, inside the as that of the body of tractor. Apart from measuring the volumes of
= 8 × 1cm2 boundary, which are half or greater than liquids, we also measure the volumes of
Volume is a measure of the extent of
= 8 cm2 half. Add this to the number of solids, for example, loose solids like sand,
space occupied by a body.
complete squares. clay, and ready mix of cement.
In this case, the cardboard we used has Measurement of volume of liquids
a regular shape - rectangle. This total number of squares inside the • What is the standard unit of
boundary gives the area of the leaf. If • How can you measure the volume measuring the volume of solids?
• Can you relate the measured area there are 'n' squares inside the boundary, of kerosene? • Are you able to measure the
to some formula of finding area? the area of the leaf becomes n cm2.
• How do you decide the volume volume of loose solids?
Activity-6: Measurement of Neglect those squares, inside the of milk? • How can you decide a standard
irregular plane surface boundary, which are less than half. unit of volume of a solid?
We use some measuring cylinders to
Let us find out the area of a surface, This process will gives us the value of measure the volumes of liquids such as Look at Fig. 18. There are certain
say a banana peel or a leaf, which has area which is close to the actual area. kerosene, milk, oils, water, etc. The number of identical cubes of length,
irregular shape. Place the leaf on a graph • How can you use the graph paper volume of liquids is expressed in liters breadth and height 1 cm each, and a
paper as shown in Fig. 16. Mark the to get a more accurate answer? (l) or milliliters (ml) cardboard box of length 3 cm, breadth
2 cm, and height 2 cm.
The Republic of India adopted the metric system on April 1, 1957. The distance travelled by Aeroplane or Ship per hour is measured by knots or nautical
miles. 1 Knot is equal to 1.852 Km/h.
LEARNING HOW TO MEASURE Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. Science VI Class
134 135
cm length, 1 cm breadth, and 1 cm Now tie a small irregular solid (stone) • We need standard instruments to
height, the volume of one cube is equal with a fine cotton thread. Put the solid measure lengths accurately.
to 1cm x 1cm x 1cm = 1cm3 which is gently into the water in the cylinder so
• Meter scale is a standard
known as 1 cubic centimeter and written that it is completely immersed in water.
instrument to measure length.
as 1 cm3.
What changes do you notice in the water
• Meter is the standard unit for
Cubic centimeter is a standard unit for level of the cylinder?
measuring length. Larger distances
Fig. 18 measurement of volume of solids.
You may notice that the level of water can be measured in kilometers.
Place three cubes in a line so as to cover Therefore the volume of the rectangular in the measuring
cardboard box is equal to the total • Area is a measure of the extent
the entire length. Along the side of this cylinder rises as the
number of cubes occupying it. of the plane surface occupied by
line, place another line of three cubes stone displaces
an object.
so as to completely cover the base of Therefore volume of rectangular water equal to its
the box (Fig. 19). How many cubes have cardboard box = 12 × 1 cm3 = 12 cm3. own volume. • Generally we measure area in
you used so far? However, if we multiply length, breadth Record the new square meters or square
and height, it would be volume of water. centimeters etc.
How many cubes do you need to cover
Let us assume • Volume is a measure of the extent
the entire empty space in the box? 3 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm = 12 cm3
that it is "b" ml. of space occupied by a body.
Therefore, we can say volume of a box
= length × breadth × height Now the volume Fig. 20 • Volume of solids is measured in
of stone will be cubic meters, cubic centimeters,
Do you know?
the difference between the second etc.
You must have noticed that the volume and the first volume i.e volume
volumes of liquids are written in ml of the stone = (b - a) cm3. • Volume of liquids is measured in
while those of solids are written in liters or milliliters.
Fig. 19
cm 3 . Do you know the relation Keywords
Place more cubes over this set of blocks; 1cm3 = 1ml
between these two units. The two Measure, standard unit area,
so that the total space is occupied by units are related as follows : Improve your learning
volume, regular surface, irregular
the blocks. Calculate the number of 1 ml = 1 cm3 surface, rectangular body, 1. What is the smallest distance that
cubes occupying the rectangular box.
measuring cylinder, graph paper you can measure with a
• How many cubes occupy the Measurement of volume of irregular
solids using a measuring cylinder What we have learnt centimeter scale?
rectangular box?
• We use some conventional ways 2. Are we able to measure the
• Can you gusses volume of Take a measuring cylinder and fill almost
half of it with water. Record the volume like hand-span, foot - span, cubit, thickness of a metal wire using a
rectangluar box.
of water (Fig. 20). Let us assume it is etc. for rough measurements in scale? Explain.
Since each cube has measurement of 1
"a" cm3 (or "a" ml). our daily life.
1 mile is equal to 1.61 kms Astronomers use a method called parallax to measure the distance to some stars
Nanometer - A metric unit which equals to a 1/1,000,000,000 of a meter Computer memory is measured by Bites, Kilobyte (KB), Megabyte (MB),
Gigabyte (GB) and Terabyte (TB)
LEARNING HOW TO MEASURE Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. Science VI Class
138 139
8 Head
While doing physical exercise we move Let us look closely at some of our own
our body parts in different ways. We lift movements. 9 Elbow
and bend our legs, hands and other body
parts. We can also rotate some parts of Activity-1: Human body and its
10 Arm
our body Have you ever noticed how movement
we are able to move this way? What parts Do the following actions : 11 Upper
of our body are responsible for these Bowl an imaginary ball at an imaginary jaw
movements? wicket. Lie down and try to rotate your
leg at the hip. Bend your arm at the All these movement are done with the Muscles
Usually, when we have to go a short elbow and your leg at the knee. Stretch help of certain parts of our body that lie
distance from one place to another, we your arms sideways, chew some food, If you observe a cow, bull or horse,
beneath our skin. We cannot see these
walk or run. But how do animals like bend your arm to touch your shoulder walking or running, you can see some
parts directly but we can get a sense of
fish, snails, snakes etc. move their body with your finger and try to move other fleshy structures moving beneath their
their movement under our skin. Can you
or move from one place to another? Can body parts as well. Record your skin, usually around the shoulders and
guess the names of these bodyparts?
all animal move their body parts like us? observations in table 1. hips. These tender fleshy structures are
Do you know? called muscles.
Table 1
We can perform different types of We shall perform a few experiments to
S. Body Rotates Bends Lifts Moves movements with the help of muscles find out how these muscles help the
No. Part Partially/Completely (Yes/No) (Yes/No) (Yes/No) and bones. They are situated inside various parts of the body to move. We
the body. We can't see and study them shall also see some of the activities that
like we can see our hair, skin, eyes, these muscles perform in the body.
1 Neck nose, ears etc.
Activity-2 : Touch your sholder
2 Wrist
Let us study how muscles and bones Make a fist with one hand, bend your
3 Fingers help in movement. For this, we will try ar m at the elbow and touch your
4 Knee to observe our body carefully so that shoulder with the fist. Also touch your
we can sense these internal parts from upper arm with the other hand, as
5 Ankle outside. We will also take the help of shown in Fig. 1. Can you feel a swollen
6 Toes their pictures. region inside your upper arm?
The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is one of the fastest mammals found in the animal Snails and slugs travel at speeds that vary from slow (0.013 m/s) to very slow
kingdom today. (97 km/hr) (0.0028 m/s).
There are more than 2,700 species of snakes in the world The smallest bird is the Bee Hummingbird at 2.24 in (5.7cm)
142 143
Bones You saw earlier that muscles are joined to the bones to help them move. In the
same way, two bones are joined together in a special way by fibres. These fibres are
The different bones of different body parts combine together to form a single
called ligaments (Fig. 6).
structure or system. This structure is called the skeleton. It is very intresting to
study the skeletal system, and it is funny to think, how we are with our skeleton. Thigh
bone
Skull
Ligament
Muscles
Clavicle
Calf
Upper bone bones
of arm
ribs
Fig. 6
Activity-4: Jaw bone Activity-5: The clavicle
Pelvic Lower bones Ask your friend to Fold one arm and rest it on your waist.
Girdle of arm open his mouth and Now slowly lift your arm and shoulder
move his lower jaw up together (Fig. 8).
and down as well as
sideways. Observe
his face carefully.
• Did you notice
Bones of the Thigh Bone
any joint in the bones
fingers Knee Bone near his ear?
This is the place
Calf Bones where the lower jaw Fig. 8
bone is joined to the
Fig. 7
skull. Press your finger
on both sides of your face and spot Run a finger of your other hand from
Bones of toe
where you have these joints. These are just below your neck towards your
fixed joints. shoulder. Try and locate a raised bone
Fig. 5 : Skeleton
The average adult male ostrich, the world’s largest living bird, weighs up to 345 kgs. The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body. It is located in your thigh.
Fig. 11
Fig. 12 Fig. 14
A long structure running down the
middle of his back is called the This structure is made of pelvis bones. Some parts of the ear and nose are soft
Fig. 10
backbone (spinal cord). The small bones They enclose the portion of your body and others are hard. The hard parts are
Feel your chest bones by gently pressing that make up this backbone are called below stomach. This is also the part you made up of a structure called cartilage.
the middle of the chest. Count as many vertebrae. The spinal cord passes sit on. This is also a bone but it is flexible. Do
ribs as possible. through the vertebrae of the backbone. you find these flexible bones in any other
part of your body? Cartilage is present
The average adult heart beats 72 times a minute; 100,000 times a day; 3,600,000 times The volume of blood pumped by the heart can vary over a wide range, from five to
a year; and 2.5 billion times during a lifetime. 30 liters per minute.
146 147
in other parts of the skeleton as well, There are different types of joints in Try and rotate your forearm in all Your backbone is a spring
like, between the rib and sternum, our body to help us carry out different directions at the elbow joint. Is it
You may have often done the exercise
between the vertebrae of the spinal cord movements and activities. Let us learn possible at the elbow as well? No. Why?
in which you stand straight up and touch
etc. about them. Try one more thing; bend your arm the floor with your palms by bending
Activity-10: Different types of joints towards your shoulder in the opposite your body but without bending your
Ball and socket joint
We knew that muscles help move a bone. direction. Repeat this exercise two to knees. You may have also done the
How does one bone help the other to You will have to make a model to three times. Were you able to bend your exercise in which you have bent your
move? Is there any arrangement understand how the joint between the arm downward after a limit? body to the left and right at the waist.
between bones? Are ligaments of bones shoulder blades and the bones of your
arm works. Place a fused bulb inside the Could you move your hand from your • Could you explain what property
sufficient for body movement? Let us elbow in all the direction? Why? of the spinal cord enabled you to
understand diffrent types of joints in our half shell of a coconut and rotate it in
the way shown in Fig. 16(a). perform both these exercises?
body. Put a meter scale under your arm Fig. 17 shows a hinge. Where do you
so that your elbow is in the centre. Ask find such hinges in your house? There is tender and flexible cartilage
your friend to tie the scale and your arm Observe how objects attached by these between the vertebrae of the backbone.
together as shown in Fig. 15. Now try hinges move. Compare these things This cartilage between the vertebrae helps
to bend your elbow. Is it possible? with that of your elbow and knee. in rotating the backbone in different
directions.
Fig. 16(a)
A joint made by fitting a ball into a
socket is called a ball and socket joint.
In this joint, a bone can rotate easily in
all directions.
Fig. 15
Bones can't bend. You have seen that
the human skeleton is made up of many
bones. What will happen if bones can’t Fig. 18
move? Bones of our body move in their Neck joint
own way, How is it possible? These bones Fig. 16(b)
have joints between them. We can move Neck joint is different from both the
Fig. 17
various parts of our body because of Hinge joint hinge joint and the ball and the socket
these joints. Identify and list the hinge joints in your joint. This joint helps us to move our
Straighten your arm and hold your
body by taking help of Fig. 17. head up-down and side to side.
elbow in the palm of your other hand.
According to the Science Museum of Minnesota (SMM), the lungs are the only The small intestine in adults is a long and narrow tube about 7 meters (23 feet) long.
organ in the body that can float.
Animal Body part used for moving How does the animal move
Cow Legs
Human walks, jumps, ... Fig. 20.b
The skull is really 22 bones, not one single bone. The skull is also called a cranium. Most amphibian species have a life cycle that involves three stages, egg, larva, and adult.
150 151
flight which is used to move the wings socket, hinge, pivotal etc. to help 3) The bones at the elbow are joined
up and down. us in performing several activities. by a _________________ joint.
Activity 13: Observe Hen and Sparrow • Bones and muscles help us 6. Guess who I am
How do they move? Write your perform different movements
i) I am a joint that works like joint of
findings about similarity and and activities.
doors and window.
disimilarities in your note book. • Muscles work in pairs.
Locomotion in snake ii)I help to join two bones.
• Tendons join muscles to bones. iii) Joint between upper jaw and skull.
Fig. 24 (a) Fig. 24 (b) • Ligaments join one bone to other iv) I am a chain of small-small bones
Don’t forget to put back the snail from bone.
v) I join bone and muscle
where you collected it. If you let it go • Our backbone works like a spring.
7. Collect X-Ray flims and identify
Fig. 23 away it will die. You are a student with
Snakes have a long back bone and • The joint between upper jaw and which body parts they represent.
concern towards bio diversity. skull is fixed joint.
several muscles. Usually the snake's body Write a note on them.
curves into many loops. Each loop of Movement or locomotion is an Improve your learning 8. Prepare a questionaire to take
the snake gives it a forward push by important function in every living interview of a yoga teacher or PET
organism. It is very intersting to watch 1. Imagine a situation where you have
pressing against the ground. This helps no bone in your body. Describe with sir about asanas and exercises.
the snake move forward very fast. There ants running hurriedly in a line, squirrels
and monkeys jumping on trees. Try to reasons, what would happen. 9. Crawlling snake, jumping frog, flying
are other ways in which snakes move. bird are they amazing to you? Why
enjoy watching various locomotions in 2. Try and identify the joints in the
try to find out about them. Collect those you think so?
the animal kingdom. body of a goat or a cow. Make a list
pictures, information and display them
of these joints. 10. List out the activities that you
on wall magazine Keywords
3. What difficulties would you face if performed at your home before
Activity-14: Locomotion in snail Bones, muscles, ligament, tendon, coming to school. Which joints are
your fingers had only a single bone?
clavicle, pelvic girdle hinge joint, involved in each activity.
Collect a snail from a garden. Have you locomotion, cartilage, ball and 4. What is a ball and socket joint? How
seen the rounded structure it carries on it is different from hinge joint? 11. “Which joints involved in plucking
socket joint.
it back? Place the snail on a glass plate flowers, making garlands”, Ravi’s
What we have learnt 5. Fill in the blanks and give
and watch it, when it starts moving Fig. mother asked? What is his answer?
reasons:
24 (b). A thick structure may come out • The different bones of differents 12. What is this instrument? How you
1) Joints of the bone help in the
of an opening in the shell. the thick body parts combine together to use this?
_____________
structure is its foot, made of strong form a single structure called,
muscle. The wavy motions of its foot is skeleton. 2) The contraction of the ____ pulls
the reason why a snail moves slowly. the bones during movement.
• There are different kinds of
joints in our body like ball and
Did you know that humans and giraffes have the same number of bones in
We have 208 bones and over 230 moveable and semi-moveable joints in our body.
their necks i.e. 8?
LIGHT, SHADOWS AND IMAGES Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. Science VI Class
154 155
are unclear. These are called translucent substances. You have also come across Activity-3 Do the same activity, in open air
these terms in the chapter on materials. (outside) at night. Where are the
Do this activity in a dark room with a
shadows formed in this situation? Do
Observe Fig. 2. Write whether the sheet held by the boy is transparent, translucent torch and a book. Focus the light on
you see a shadow in open air when the
or opaque below each of the pictures. the book with a torch as shown in Fig.
torch is under the book? If not, why?
3 (keep the distance about 30 cm
between the book and the torch). Place a drawing sheet or a plank (Fig. 5)
at a distance of 1 m. above the book
• Where do you find the shadow and try to find the shadow of the book.
of the book in the room?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Fig. 2
Think, guess and write in table 1 which objects in your classroom and at home
form shadows, which do not form shadows and which form an unclear shadow.
Table 1
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In our day-to-day life, we observe many shadows on the surface of the Earth. In • What do you find? • Is your friend able to guess the
all these cases, the earth is the screen. colour of the ball correctly?
• Were you able to guess the object
Do you know? correctly in all cases? • Is it possible to guess the colour
of the object by observing it's
Shadow puppetry is one of You must have wondered when you shadow? If not why?
our traditional recreational compared your guesses and the actual
Shadow is an area where light is absent.
activities. In this, some objects of which shadows are formed.
Hence, the shadow is colourless
puppets are used to form You may notice that the shadows that irrespective of colour of the object.
shadows on a screen and a look like bird and animal are actually
We have seen that we can't guess the
story is narrated with the help formed by hands. (Try to form similar
object by observing it's shadow.
of these shadows. Observe shadows with your hands.)
Fig. 6. Try to make puppets • Can we guess the shape of the
• What can you conclude from the shadow that would be formed by
and do a shadow puppet above activity?
Fig. 6 an object?
show in your school.
• Can we guess the object by Let us find.
Can we guess the object by observing its shadow? observing its shadow? Activity-5: Shape of shadow
Observe the shadows given in Fig. 7(a). Guess and write the names of the objects Activity-4: Colour of a shadow Observe the shadows of a book, a pen
which form the shadows. Take four balls of equal size but different a duster, a ball and a round plate, one
by one, in sunlight. While doing this,
colours. Try to form shadow of each
rotate the objects to change their
ball as shown in Fig. 8. Ask your friend positions and observe the changes in
who is facing the screen and not able shadows. Try to answer the following
to see the balls to guess the colour of questions on the basis of your
each ball. observations :
................. ................. ................. ................. ................. • Is there any similarity between the
shadows of ball and a plate? If
Fig. 7(a) yes, what?
See the objects in Fig. 7(b) and compare them with the names guessed by you. • What change do you observe in
the shadows formed when you
hold the pen horizontally and
then vertically?
• What differences do you observe
in the shadows when the duster
is kept in different positions by
Fig. 7(b) Fig. 8 rotating it?
The speed of light is the speed at which light travels. It is about 300,000 kilometres per Scientists study the properties and behaviors of light in a branch of physics
second. Nothing travels faster than light. known as optics.
LIGHT, SHADOWS AND IMAGES Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. Science VI Class
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• Why are the shapes of the shadows of the same object different when you • Were you able to make a square One black drawing sheet.
change the position of the object? shaped shadow? oil - 1 ml, two rubber bands, a pin, and
Observe the objects, formation of shadows and the path of light in Fig. 9(a) and • Were you able to make a A4 sheet.
9(b). Similarly, draw the shadows for the objects given in Fig. 9(c, d). Extend the traingular shadow? (If you cannot get pvc pipes, take a thick
path of light and draw shadow on given screen. sheet of paper and roll it to form tubes.
• Were you able to make a circular The diameter and length of the tubes
shadow? should be the same as that given for
• What are the other possible the pipes.)
shapes? Cut a piece of black paper and put it
like a cap at one end of the big pvc
• Why are we getting different pipe and fix it with a rubber band as
shapes of shadows when the shown in Fig. 10(a). Put the white paper
object is same? like a cap at one end of the thinner pvc
Fig. 9(a) Fig. 9(b) Because of the straight line path pipe. Fix it with a rubber band as shown
followed by light rays, we can get in Fig. 10(a). Now make a hole in the
middle of black
different shaped shadows for a single
paper cap with the
object by changing its position. The
help of a pin. Put 2
nature of straight line motion of light
to 3 drops of oil on
can also be understood by pinhole the white paper cap
camera. so that it becomes
• Have you ever heard of a pinhole translucent.
camera? Insert the thin pipe Fig. 10(a)
Fig. 9(c) Fig. 9(d) into the big pipe.
With this camera we can observe a big Your pinhole camera is ready.
We have drawn arrows in the above figures assuming that light travels like rays that object through a pinhole. Isn't it
are straight. We can predict the shapes of the shadows only when we consider Arrange a lighted candle in front of the
interesting? Lets make a pinhole camera.
pinhole of the camera. Move the thinner
that light travel as rays along a straight path. In ancient days people by observing
Activity-7: Making a pinhole camera pipe forward and backward to get a clear
the shapes of shadows came to an understanding that light travels in a straight
picture of the candle on the screen of
line. You will need : the thin pipe.
Activity-6: Getting different shapes of shadows of a single object:
A pvc pipe, about 8 cm in diameter and
Take a rectangular piece of cardboard. Try to form shadows of different shapes of length 30 cm.
by using it. You can do this in the sunlight or with the light from torch. Now,
A pvc pipe, about 7 cm in diameter and
answer the following questions :
of length 20 cm. Fig. 10(b)
Light takes 1.255 seconds to get from the Earth to the Moon. Sunlight can reach a depth of around 80 metres (262 feet) in the ocean.
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This picture is to be observed from the This leads to the formation of an • What do you obser ve in the Activity-9: Observe the Reflection
back of the thin pipe (see figure 10b). inverted image. image formed on the sheet?
Make your calss room dark by closing
The formation of inverted image on The image on the white drawing sheet
What do you see? The flame of the doors and windows. Ask one of your
the screen of the pinhole camera is inverted. Isn't it? What difference do
candle appears inverted on the screen. friends to hold a mirror in his hand. Take
explains that light travels in a straight you notice between the images formed
Why is it like that? This is not the a torch and cover its glass with a black
line. through the pinhole camera and
shadow of the candle. It is its image. paper leaving only slit in the middle. Now
through the magnifying glass?
Now look at a tree through the pinhole switch on the torch and adjust it so that
By observing Fig. 11(a), try to You may notice that the image formed
camera as shown in figure 11(b). light falls on the mirror in your friend’s
understand how light enters into the through the magnifying lens is clearer
hand. Ask your friend A to adjust the
pinhole camera. This will explain the than that formed with a pinhole
mirror so that the patch of light falls on
reason for inversion of image. camera.
another friend standing in front of him
Diffrence between Image and Shadow:
at some distance. (see Fig. 13).
We see our face in the mirror everyday.
Is this picture in mirror a shadow or an
Fig. 11(b)
image? How did you decide that?
Fig. 11(a) What do you see? We know that shadows are not coloured
The light from the candle travels straight We get the full image of the tree in the but an image has colours that are same
in all directions from each point of the pinhole camera. But when we put a as that of the object. Also, a shadow
flame of the candle. But only the light candle in front of the pinhole camera, shows only the outline of the object but
coming in some particular directions can we get the image of the flame only. Why an image shows the complete object as
enter into the camera through its is it so? it is, just like a photograph.
pinhole. • Can you find any other
• Predict what would happen if we differences or similarities between
Light which comes from the point at make two pin holes in the shadows and images? Write in
the top of the flame goes straight camera? Try it and write down your note book.
towards the bottom of the screen and your obser vations in your
light which comes from the point at the notebook. Can you show the diffrence of a
shadow and an Fig. 13
bottom of the flame goes straight
towards the top of the screen, as shown
• Did your predictions match with image through a • What do you observe from the
your observations? drawing? above activity?
in Fig. 11(a). In this way, the light coming
in a particular direction from each point Activity-8: Fun with a magnifying lens Draw the shadow When light falls on any object, it
of the flame, will be able to enter into Take a magnifying lens and try to form and image of the rebounds back. This is called
the pinhole, and light going in other an image of a tree on a white drawing object shown in reflection.
directions is blocked by the black sheet. sheet. Fig. 12 Fig. 12 Ask your friend A to cover the mirror
Laser is also a kind of light. Lasers are used to destroy and kill tumours and
The white light from the sun is a mixture of all colours of the rainbow.
many other purposes.
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with a book. Now switch on the torch • Light travels in a straight line. glass with transparent coloured 11. Where do you find reflection of
and focus it on the book. Can you see • Light gets reflected when it falls paper) light in your daily life? Write few
the patch of light on your friend? Why? on any object. 6. Between an electric bulb and a examples.
Did the light that fell on the book not tube light, which forms sharp 12. We would not be able to see any
• People came to an understanding shadows of objects? Do object around us if light does not
get reflected? We know that we can see that light travels in a straight line experiment to find and give the get reflected. How do you
the objects only after light is reflected by observing the shapes of reason. appreciate this property of
from them, as mentioned in activity 1. shadows. 7. What is required to get a shadow objects?
If light falls on any object, it is reflected • An image is different from a of a opaque body? 13. Can we use a plain mirror as a
back . But we see reflected light, as if shadow. 8. How can you explain the straight rear view mirror? If not why?
from a source, only when it falls on the line motion of the light? 14. A mirror is kept on the wall of
Improve your learning 9. Explain what happens if the size your room. Your friend is sitting
objects like mirror. of the hole in a pinhole camera on a chair in that room. You are
1. Classify the following objects into
Precaution: You can reflect sunlight transparent, translucent, and is as big as the size of a green not visible to him in the mirror.
using mirrors and play with it. But make opaque : gram? Increase the size of the How do you adjust your place so
sure that the reflected light does not Cardboard, duster, polythene hole in pin hole camera and look that you are visible to your friend
enter your eyes. cover, oily paper, glass, spectacle at any object with that camera. in the mirror? Explain.
lens, piece of chalk, ball, table, What do you find? Write reasons 15. Why do we get shadows of
Keywords book, window glass, palm, school for that. different shapes for same object?
bag, mirror, air, water. 10. Draw the shadows in your note 16. What are the diffrences between
Light, sources of light, shadow, Which type of materials do you book for the objects given below a shadow and an image?
transparent substances, translucent find more in your surroundings? assuming that the light source is 17. Malati noticed changes in lengths
substances, opaque substances, 2. Hold a glass slab at one and with exactly above these objects. of her shadows during the day
pinhole camera, image, reflection your hand and stand in sunlight. time. She got some doubts about
See the shadows of your hand this. What could be those
What we have learnt and glass slab. Explain what you doubts?
observed.
• We need light to see objects. 3. We can’t identify the presence of
• A substance which gives light is completly transparent objects 18. Observe the light source and mark the place where the screens should be
known as a source of light. even in light. Is it correct or not? kept to get the shadows of the objects given below.
• Shadows are for med when Support your answer.
4. Why can’t we see objects which
opaque objects obstruct the path are behind us?
of light. 5. If we focus a coloured light on
• In addition to light and object we an opaque object, does the
also need a screen to obtain the shadow of the object posses
shadow of an opaque object. colour or not? Predict and do the
experiment to verfiy your
• Colour of objects cannot be predictions. (Coloured light can
determined by looking at their be obtained by covering torch
shadows.
Sundials use shadows to tell the time. Light travels slower through different mediums such as glass, water and air.
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Activity-1: Some things are living notice that there are many characteristics
A new born blue whale measures 20-26 feet (6.0 - 7.9 meters) long and weighs
The seeds of an Indian Lotus plant remain viable for 300 to 400 years.
up to 6,614 pounds (3003 kg).
LIVING AND NON-LIVING Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. Science VI Class
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• Do plants and animals possess beings go from one place to of seed dispersion. The seeds Growth in living beings
the same characteristics as you another? Observe the following grow into plants and we feel that
plants have moved from one place You notice that kittens, pups and chicks
do? table discuss in groups and write
to another. Can you list these grow into adults. You become taller
• In which way do the the way the organisms move.
natural ways of seed dispersal? We every year. Similarly, a seed germinates
characteristics of plants differ Table 2 will learn more about this in the into a plant. Some plants grow day by
from you or from other animals? Living Means of next class. day into trees. A human child grows into
• What characteristics are same in organism motion Food and living beings man/woman. Plants also produce
plants and animals? Myself walk, run, ... We have seen in the chapters on food branches that show their growth. They
that we as well as all other animals need grow throughout their life but we don't
• Do you agree that you are the Housefly grow like that. We will grow upto certain
same as other animals? food for smooth functioning of
Grasshopper age and height. But some parts of the
different activities.
• What characteristics do you Frog body grow throughout our life. Think
observe in rocks? • Do plants also need food? what those parts are?
Snake crawls, ...
The things around us that possess the In the chapter "plants parts and
Birds functions", we have seen that some
characteristics listed above are known
as living things. Those which do not Fish parts of plants like root, stem and fruits
possess these characteristics are known Plant store food.
as non-living. • What are the sources of their food?
Do you have more examples of
Some of the characteristics are common different kinds of movements in Most of the plants absorb water and
in all living things. Can we say all animals? List them in your notebook. minerals from the soil and prepare their
characteristics listed in activity 2 apply • We see that plants don't move food in the presence of sunlight. The Fig. 2(a)
to all living beings? like us. Should we consider them leaf is the place where the food is
as living beings? prepared. Activity-3: Grow - Doesn’t Grow
You know that plants are also living You listed several living things in activity
beings like us. Plants grow like we do There are some movements in plants
for example, closing and opening of Do you know? 1. How do they grow? Analyze your
but do they move like us? observations. Also add some things that
flowers. Discuss in groups. List out the We also prepare food. Is our process
Is it essential for a living thing to have movements in plants. Track your of preparing food the same as that don’t grow. Record in table 4.
all of these properties or could a thing discussions in your notebook. of the plants? By using carbon
be considered living if it has some of • We say that plants don't move dioxide, green colour substance in the
these properties? Let's take a closer look but we find plants of the same leaves and sunlight plants prepare their
at the characteristics of living things. types in different locations. How own food. This is called
Movement in living beings is this possible? photosynthesis.
• Other than plantation by human
• How do the following living beings there are many natural ways Fig. 2(b)
The longest living cells in the body are brain cells which can live an entire lifetime. The average cough comes out of your mouth at 60 miles (96.5 km) per hour.
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• Can plants be classified as Response to stimulus This observation explains that plants Seeds - Living or not
Oviparous or Viviparous? Activity-6 : What will happen also respond to stimulus. Some plants Seeds are produced from plants. We
We know that seed germinates into plants. bloom in the morning and some at know that plant is a living being. Can
When you step on a sharp object what night. These respond to sunlight. When
This means that plants also produce their would you do? You will take back your we say that seeds are also living? Let us
young ones. Seed germination is one of winter comes many trees shed their discuss what characteristics of living
feet. Is not it? Discuss with your friend leaves. They respond to change in
the ways of doing this. how we would we respond in the beings seeds have?
temperature.
• Are there any other ways in which conditions given in table 5 • Does a seed take in food? From
plants produce their young ones? Activity-8: Response to light by where?
earthworms
Table 5 • Will it die if stored for a long time?
Stimulus Response Get an earthworm from nearby, moist
soil. Take a glass jar. Cover half of the • What happens when a seed is
When you step on a sharp object glass jar with black paper as shown in sown in soil?
Fig. 6. Put some soil in the jar and put Seeds germinate and
Touch a flame or fire the earthworm in the jar. Close the jar turn into a whole
Touch ice-cream with a lid that contains small holes, to plant. So we can say
allow air into the jar. When earthworm that seed is a living
See a bright light Blink, ... crawls out of the covered portion, shed Fig. 6(a) thing. Can you think
some light on the jar. What happens? of any way of deciding whether dry
Get bitten by an ant or mosquito
seeds are living?
When you hear the word ‘tamarind’ Mouth waters, ... Venkatesh noticed that growth,
breathing, excretion, taking food, giving
All living beings possess the characteristic How does this plant respond when you birth to young ones, response to
feature of response to stimulus. touch it? How much time does it take stimulus, movement are some of the
• Do other animals also respond to to return to its previous position? characteristics of living beings. He also
stimuli like us? observed that these are not common
among all living organisms.
• Do plants respond to stimuli like
animals? But, non-living things do not possess
Fig. 6
these characters. He observed that
Activity-7 : Atti-Patti When we shed light on the earthworm, people depend upon both living and
It is very intresting to observe a touch it moves to the dark portion. It seems non-living things. Generally we are told
me not (Atti-patti or mimosa)plant. that earthworms show response to that the plant is dead when it has dry
Touch it. Record your observations. stimulus, in this case light. leaves and stem. If an animal doesn’t
Fig 5
The Atlantic Giant Squid’s eye can be as large as 15.75 inches (40 centimeters) wide. The average human brain has about 100 billion nerve cells
show living characteristics, we can say Can we see mouth and antenna of ants Base
that the animal is dead. Is a dead plant and small insects with our naked eye?
or a dead animal non-living? When you touch flowers, a yellow colour Fig 8
Dead plants, animals or any other living powder sticks your fingers. If you want Basically, there are two components in What happens when you pack bread or
beings decompose to form non-living to know what it is, what can you do? a microscope - the structural vegetable and keep for a couple of days?
constituents. So we can’t say dead things We cannot see all things around us with component and the visual components You observe that they become rotten
are non-living things. They are our naked eye. Because those things like and there is a foul smell. We can see thin,
antenna of ants, yellow powder of Structural components are the head/
intermediate things between living and thread like grey colour substance. After
flowers are very small. In the living world body, base and arm. Visual components
non-living things. some days this grey colour substance
there are some things that are not are eyepiece, objective, nosepiece,
Living things under a microscope coarse and fine adjustment knobs, stage, turns black. If you touch this material
visible. We cannot see them. We can see
aperture etc. black colour substance sticks to your
The letters in a book are quiet small. those small organisms under a
fingers.
What do old people do to read books? microscope. Living beings that we can Fig. 8 shows a labeled diagram of a
Children frequently play with magnifying see only under the microscope are called compound microscope. Taking its help
lens. When we see objects through micro-organisms. Let us try to
identify different parts of microscope
magnifying lens they seem to be bigger understand about a microscope and
in your school.
than their actual size. then use it for observing some micro-
Activity-9 : Prepare your own magnifier organisms. Now we want to see some microorganism.
What is a microscope? Where can we find them?
Collect an used electric bulb. Remove its Fig. 9
filament. Fill water in half of the bulb. Microscope is an instrument with the Activity-10: Bread Mould Collect this rotten material and observe
See a book through this bulb. Do the help of which we are able to see minute
Generally our elder say that we should it under a microscope. Note your
letters in the book seem bigger? things that we cannot see with our eyes.
not put wet spoons in pickle jars. Why observation and discuss with your friends.
It works like a hand or magnifying lens
Are all things around us visible to us? but it is much more powerful. do they say this? When you put wet Draw the structures seen by you under
Name some small animals that you see. spoons in a pickle jar, the pickle will spoil. the microscope.
The human heart creates enough pressure to squirt blood 30 feet (9 m). Bacteria are found everywhere - in air, water, soil, animals, people and food.
174 175
These tiny thread like structure are diseases in human beings as well as • Living things possess
commonly called mould. Can we say that animals and birds. These bacteria spread characteristics like growth,
mould is also living? from one person breathing, excretion, movement,
The mould that develops on spoiled to the other and response to stimulus and giving
material is able to produce new mould. It cause various birth to young ones.
grows. So we can say the mould is also types of diseases. Fig. 11
They spread all
• Among living things, plants and
living. • What difference do you find in trees can't move like animals.
over the world. the appearance of micro-
We all know that cows gives us milk. So
they are useful. Do micro-organisms help
There is no place organisms in pond water and • Seed is also a living thing but it
Fig. 10 in the world bore well water? doesn't have all characteristics of
us in any way?
without bacteria. the living world.
• Why is idly mixture prepared the Thus we see that micro-organisms are
day before? When you suffer from a disease, the present everywhere, although they are • We can see minute things under
doctor advises you to take boiled water. not visible to naked eyes. From our a microscope.
• Why do we add little amount of Are there micro-organisms in water? Is
butter milk to milk to get curd? activities, we could see only a few of
the water that you drink regularly, pure? Improve your learning
them. But there is a vast world of
Activity-11: Let us see microscopic micro-organisms and they are all part 1. List out common characteristics
organisms Activity-12: Micro organisms in water
of the living world. of living things.
Take the watery substance in curd. Put Collect water samples from a pond, well,
bore well. Keep them separately. Put a
Keywords 2. Why do cockroaches come out
a drop of this substance on a glass slide. of their places when lights are put
Cover it gently with another slide. drop of water on a slide. Keep another Living things, non-living things,
out?
Observe this under a microscope. Note slide on it. Observe under microscope. growth, breathing, excretion,
your observations. Draw a picture of What type of micro-organisms do you response
response,, stimulus, movement, 3. Which characteristics are same in
what you see under the microscope. see in water samples? Do all water micro-organisms, microscope both living and non-living things?
samples have the same type of micro-
The micro-organisms that you see under organisms? Is there any water without What we have learnt 4. Which of the following are
the microscope are called bacteria. derived from living things : sugar,
Bacteria are in different shapes. The
micro-organisms? Which water contains • There are living and non-living
larger number of micro-organisms? coconut oil, pen, rice, fan, omelet,
things around us.
bacterium that you see in curd is helpful. Draw what you have observed. bus, wooden chair, garland,
This bacteria helps to convert milk into • When living things lose their life mango, clothes, fruit juice.
Describe the shapes of the micro- they become dead.
curd. organisms.
• Dead is an intermediate stage 5. How can you say that a tree is
Are bacteria harmful? • Which water contains larger between living and non-living things. living even though it doesn't
number of micro-organisms? move?
Discuss with your teacher how bacteria • Dead material decomposes to
are har mful. Some bacteria cause Why? 6. What is the use of microscope?
form non-living things.
The brain operates on the same amount of power as 10-watt light bulb.