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A PROJECT WORK ON
TEAM MEMBERS:
M.SUDHEER VARMA
CH.SUNEETHA P.SURYA NARAYANA RAJU
SWENEESHA B.UMA JYOTHI
P.RAMA KRISHNAM RAJU
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CONTENTS
I.CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION...................................1-24
II.CHAPTER 2:
PROCEDURE........................................25-26
III.CHAPTER 3:
ANALYSIS..............................................27-34
IV.CHAPTER 4:
CONCLUSION......................................35-36
V.CHAPTER 5:
BIBILOGRAPHY.................................37-38
VI.CHAPTER 6:
PERSONAL INFORMATION...........38-40
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CHAPTER -1
3
INTRODUCTION
Vocabulary:
A Vocabulary is defined as "all the words known and used by a particular person".
However, the words known and used by a particular person do not constitute all the
words a person is exposed to. By definition, a Vocabulary includes the last two
categories of this list:
1.Never encountered the word.
2.Heard the word, but cannot define it.
3.Recognize the word due to context or tone of voice.
4.Able to use the word but cannot clearly explain it.
5.Fluent with the word – its use and definition.
Types of Vocabulary:
1)Listening Vocabulary
2)Speaking Vocabulary
3)Reading Vocabulary
4)Writing Vocabulary
5)Focal Vocabulary
1)Listening Vocabulary:
2)Speaking Vocabulary:
3)Reading Vocabulary:
4)Writing Vocabulary:
5)Focal Vocabulary :
Vocabulary growth:
Initially, in the infancy phase, Vocabulary growth requires no effort.
Infants hear words and mimic them, eventually associating them with objects and
actions. This is the listening Vocabulary. The speaking Vocabulary follows, as a
child's thoughts become more reliant on its ability to express itself without
gestures and mere sounds. Once the reading and writing vocabularies are
attained – through questions and education – the anomalies and irregularities of
language can be discovered.
Importance of Vocabulary:
1. An extensive Vocabulary aids expressions and communication.
Native-language Vocabulary:
Native speakers' vocabularies vary widely within a language, and are
especially dependent on the level of the speaker's education. A 1995 study
estimated the Vocabulary size of college-educated speakers at about 17,000 word
families[clarification needed], and that of first-year college students (high-school
educated) at about 12,000.
Foreign-language Vocabulary:
The effects of Vocabulary size on language comprehension
Francis and Kucera studied texts totaling one million words and found that if one
knows the words with the highest frequency, they will quickly know most of the
words in a text:
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1000 72.0%
2000 79.7%
3000 84.0%
4000 86.8%
5000 88.7%
6000 89.9%
15,851 97.8%
By knowing the 2000 words with the highest frequency, one would know 80% of
the words in those texts. The numbers look even better than this if we want to
cover the words we come across in an informally spoken context. Then the 2000
most common words would cover 96% of the Vocabulary. These numbers should
be encouraging to beginning language learners, especially because the numbers
in the table are for word lemmas and knowing that many word families would
give even higher coverage.
A synonym is a word or expression that has the same or almost the same
meaning as another word or expression. In English, a language known for its
enormous Vocabulary, most words have synonyms. For example, the word
“enormous” has many synonyms: Huge, massive, giant, immense, and the list
goes on. The word “synonym” is a composite of two Greek words: The prefix
“syn” means “with” and “onym” is “name.” Synonyms — together naming the
same thing.
Example:
What is an Antonym?
A word that expresses a meaning opposed to the meaning of another word, in
which case the two words are antonyms of each other. While to fabricate is to
assemble , to destroy is the antonym.
Example:
2.WORD ROOTS:
It is the form of a word after all affixes are removed.
1. Aster star
2. Chronos time
The word scope is a Greek word which means watcher. Knowing this we can
identify the words, telescope (tele means distance and scope is watcher).Similarly
we have bronchoscope where broncho means windpipe, stethoscope where steth
means chest, microscope and so on.
Photo is a Greek word which means light. Based on this we can easily identify the
words photon, photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic, photoreading and so on.
1.Latin words
2.Greek words
3.French words
4.British words
5.Spanish words
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annus year
caput head
corpus body
deus god
equus horse
hortus garden
latex liquid
librarium library
nilhil nothing
mens mind
orbus world
primus first
sanus healthy
tacete be silent
vulnus wound
adonis beautiful
bahari seaman
baina sparkling
ballard brave
caden fighter
earlene pledge
fadey courageous
gada lucky
kagami mirror
sabah morning
ugo intelligence,spirit
walden mighty
walta shield
yama mountain
zagiri flower
saber sword
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propos regarding
adieu farewell
chic stylish
escargot snail
hauteur arrogance
impasse a deadlock
maison house
pomme apple
advert advertisement
chancer an oppurtunist
gen information
gump an idiot
kip sleep
lunes monday
viernes friday
domingo sunday
enero january
abril april
agua water
leche milk
vino wine
huevos eggs
carne meat
sal salt
te tea
fruta fruit
supermercado supermarket
azucar sugar
pan bread
pescado fish
vino wine
jueves thursday
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Prefixes:
A letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly
indicates its meaning. Common prefixes include anti- (against), co- (with), mis-
(wrong, bad), and trans- (across). See also:
a- without amoral
asymmetrical
circumvent
homophone
neologism
postnatal
improvable
interface
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renewable
monocarpil
anticultural
Suffixes:
A letter or a group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning.
For example, adding the suffix -ter to the adjective hot turns it into the
comparative adjective hotter , and adding the suffix -ly to the adjective quick
turns it into the adverb quickly . Other examples of words with suffixes are: “will
ing ,” “manage ment ,” “service able ,” “harmon ize ,” and “joy ful “ and also:
analyzable
damage
noisy
absorbant
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kingdom
absent
baleen
aridest
recognize
ephalasitis
6.Analogy:
It is generally accepted that students learn Vocabulary more effectively when
they are directly involved in constructing meaning rather than in memorizing
definitions or synonyms. Analogy is one such way of encouraging thoughtful
discussion about relationships among meanings of words.
Analogy means similarity. Here a student will be able to identify the similarities
between words and recognize the relationships between words.
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1.COLOR : SPECTRUM
tone :scale
sound :waves
dimension :space
cell :organism
verse :poem
In this instance, the best answer must be selected from a group of fairly close
choices. The relationship between color and spectrum is not merely that of part
to whole, in which case(E) or even(C) might be defended as correct. A spectrum is
made up of a progressive, graduated series of colors, as a scale is a progressive,
graduated sequence of tones. Thus (A) is the correct answer choice.
2.SEDATIVE : DROWSINESS
Epidemic : contagiousness
vaccine : virus
Laxative : drug
anesthetic : numbness
Therapy :psychosis
Idioms:
A speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself
grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its
elements, as in keep tabs on.
Phrases:
A sequence of two or more words arranged in a grammatical construction and
acting as a unit in a sentence.
Meaning: This idiom is a way of emphasising all, like saying ‘each’ and ‘every one’.
Usage: I am talking all and sundry along to see what has been acheived.
Meaning: If someone blows their own trumpet they boast about their talents and
achievements.
3.Dutch courage
Usage: The poor man behaved as a rich man under dutch courage.
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4.French leave
Usage: A professor without the gift of the gab is a failour in the class.
7.Herculean Task
Usage: It is a herculean task for the government to eliminate poverty from the
country.
Usage: When she comes to the club,she keeps the ball rolling.
CHAPTER-2
27
Procedure
Effective communication is possible through a rich repertoire of
Vocabulary. So we have conducted an exercise in different levels of
sections i.e synonyms ,antonyms, word roots, one word substitutes,
prefixes, suffixes, idioms and phrases for two different groups from
different levels of education. Inorder to estimate the knowledge in
Vocabulary .
Objects required:
1)Chair
2)Room
3)Table
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CHAPTER-3
29
Analysis
As we know that in Vocabulary we have different levels of sections i.e synonyms,
antonyms, word roots, one word substitutes, prefixes, suffixes, idioms and
phrases.We have conducted an exercise in all these sections inorder to find out
the levels of Vocabulary we have asked then five words of each section of
Vocabulary so that we can estimate the standard of each student in Vocabulary.
Group 1
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
3.Word Roots:
Group 2
1.Synonyms:
2.Antonyms:
3.Word Roots:
CHAPTER -4
37
CONCLUSION
We have conducted a Vocabulary questionnaire session to two different level of
students, one from B.TECH and another from M.TECH courses. By observing the
answering given by them we can conclude that they are not best in Vocabulary.
i.e they are good but not perfect. By considering the graduation levels they must
have better Vocabulary since they are professional students and they have to
work in software companies in other countries. so they have to build their
Vocabulary.
By reading English newspapers regularly and using the words they have learned
in their daily life. i.e conversation with their friends practicing the Vocabulary
building exercises given in the internet they can improve their Vocabulary. Finally
we conclude that by practicing more words one can develop one’s Vocabulary, as
more words we know mere we can express our ideas thoughts to others than
they can understand or grasp our ideas.
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CHAPTER-5
39
BIBILOGRAPHY
Websites :
www.learnenglish.de
www.perfectyourenglish.com
http://www.Vocabulary.co.il/synonym_Vocabulary/
http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/idioms/
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/words/synonyms.html
http://www.yourdictionary.com/grammar/examples/examples-of-synonyms.html
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CHApTER-6
41
Personal Information
Group 1:
Qualification: B. TECH
Group 2:
Qualification: M.TECH