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Semester- VIII
PRACTICAL: REFIRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
Introduction:
1. Controllers
i) Temperature Controller
ii) Humidity Controller
2. Cooling Coils and Heating Coils
3. Air Filter
4. Electric Filter
5. Air Duct
6. Grills and Diffusers as air outlet
7. Air Washers
8. Adiabatic Dehumidifier
Conclusion
PRACTICAL: REFIRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
2. Rotary Compressor
• Introduction
• Working Principle with neat sketch
• Application
3. Reciprocating Compressor
• Introduction
• Working Principle with neat sketch
• Application
Conclusion
PRACTICAL: REFIRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
Introduction:
CONDENSER
Classification of condensers
1. Air cooler condenser
Explain with working principle and neat sketch
3. Evaporative Condenser
Explain with working principle and neat sketch
EVAPORATOR
Classification of Evaporator
1. According to types of construction
• Base tube coil evaporator
• Plate evaporator
• Fixed tube
• Shell and tube
• Shell and coil
• Tube in tube
EXPANSION DEVICES
Types of Expansion device
1. Capillary tube
2. Hand operated expansion valve
3. Thermocoustic expansion valve
4. Low side float valve
5. High side float valve
6. Automatic or constant pressure expansion valve
Conclusion :
Aim : Study and demonstration of various controls used in Refrigeration and air
Conditioning
Introduction :
1. Water level Indicator
2. High pressure control
3. Bulb and bellow element
4. Solenoid or electromagnetic element
5. Humidity sensitive element
6. Single phase induction motor
7. High and low pressure cutouts
8. Control room conditions at Partial load
9. On-Off Control
10. Volume Control
Conclusion :
Aim : Study of window air conditioning, packaged air conditioning and automotive
air conditioning
Introduction :
1. Window Air conditioning
• Classification
• Working Principle
• Application
Conclusion :
Aim : Study of domestic Refrigerator
Introduction :
Working Principle with neat sketch
Various Components used
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Expansion device
• Evaporator
Conclusion :
Aim : Study of Testing and Charging of VCR system.
Introduction :
1. Methods for Testing and Charging
• Evaculation
• Dehydration
• Charging of refrigerant
• Testing for leaks
- Soap bubble method
- Sulphur candle method
- Wet litmus paper
- Halide torch method
- Electric defector
- Use of cold trap
Conclusion :
DESERT COOLER ( EXPERIMENTAL UNIT )
INTRODUCTION :
Evaporative coolers (also called air coolers or desert coolers) are cooling devices
which uses simple evaporation of water in air. They differ from refrigeration or absorption air
conditioning, which use the vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycles. small-scale
evaporative coolers are called swamp coolers by some users due to the humid air conditions
produced. Air washers and wet cooling towers utilize the same principles as evaporative
coolers, but are optimized for purposes other than air cooling.
Evaporative cooling is especially well suited for climates where the air is hot and
humidity is low. , if sufficient potable water is available. In dry climates, the installation and
operating cost of an evaporative cooler can be much lower than air conditioning, often by
80% or so. But evaporative cooling and vapor-compression air conditioning are sometimes
used is combination to yield the optimal performance. Some evaporative coolers may also
serve as humidifiers in the heating season.
In moderate humidity locations there are many cost-effective uses for evaporative
cooling, in addition to their widespread use in dry climates. For example, industrial plants,
commercial kitchens, laundries, dry cleaners, greenhouses, spot cooling (loading docks,
warehouses, factories, construction sites, athletic events, workshops, garages, and kennels)
and confinement farming (poultry ranches, hog, and dairy) all often employ evaporative
cooling. In highly humid climates, evaporative cooling may have little thermal comfort
benefit beyond the increased ventilation and air movement it provides.
DESCRIPTION :
Experinmental Desert cooler unit consists of water spray arrangement over the
cooling pads at the centre and duct made of M.S. sheet on both sides . Inlet duct consistes of
inlet orifice with inclind manometer , for air flow ( Q ) measurement .
Inlet section having orifice at air entry and Air heater ( fin type, for simulation of
summer condition ) after that and , DBT / WBT sensor at the centre . Water sprey with
cooling pades after inlet section . Water sump is provided at the bottom . Pump sucks the
water and discharges through nozzle on top of the cooling pades through water flow meter (
rotameter ) . After water sprey section outlet section follows .
Outlet section contains DBT / WBT sensor for outlet air condition measurement .
wheel type anemometer is placed at the centre of the duct for air velocity measurement . At
the end of the outlet section axial fan is fitted to suck the air .
All ducts ( inlet / outlet ) are having superlon insulation to reduce the heat losses .
Front side of the duct is covered by acrylic sheet .
Necessary controls and computer interface converters and switches are fitted over the
main stand in panels .
SPECIFICATION :
Typically, residential and industrial evaporative coolers use direct evaporation and
can be described as an enclosed metal or plastic box with vented sides containing a
centrifugal fan or 'blower', electric motor with pulleys (known as 'sheaves' in HVAC), and a
water pump to wet the evaporative cooling pads. The units can be mounted on the roof (down
draft, or downflow), or exterior walls or windows (side draft, or horizontal flow) of buildings.
To cool, the fan draws ambient air through vents on the unit's sides and through the damp
pads. Heat in the air evaporates water from the pads which are constantly re-dampened to
continue the cooling process. Thus cooled, moist air is then delivered to the building via a
vent in the roof or wall.
Because the cooling air originates outside the building, one or more large vents must
exist to allow air to move from inside to outside. Air should only be allowed to pass once
through the system, or the cooling effect will decrease. This is due to the air reaching the
saturation point. Often 15 or so air changes per hour (ACHs) occur in spaces served by
evaporative coolers.
Cooler pads
Traditionally, evaporative cooler pads consist of excelsior (wood wool) (aspen wood
fiber) inside a containment net, but more modern materials, such as some plastics and
melamine paper, are entering use as cooler-pad media. Wood absorbs some of the water,
which allows the wood fibers to cool passing air to a lower temperature than some synthetic
materials. The thickness of the padding media plays a large part in cooling efficiency,
allowing longer air contact. For example, an eight-inch-thick pad with its increased interface
will be more efficient than a one-inch pad.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
CALCULATION :
1) Amount of water added :-
mw = mair x (∆ω)
mw = mair x (ω1 – ω2)
where,
ω2 = water content in air at inlet
ω1 = water content in air at outlet
mair = Cd x (π/ 4) d2 x √2 x g x (ρw / ρg )x h
Performance
1 Estimated cost for installation is 1/8 to 1/2 that of refrigerated air conditioning
2 Power consumption is limited to the fan and water pump vs. compressors, pumps, and
blowers.
Ventilation air
1 The constant and high volumetric flow rate of air through the building reduces the
age-of-air in the building drammatically.
Disadvantages
Performance
1 High temperature, high humidity outside conditions decrease the cooling capability of
the evaporative cooler.
Comfort
1 The air supplied by the evaporative cooler is typically 80-90% relative humidity.
2 Very humid air reduces the evaporation rate of moisture from the skin, nose, lungs,
and eyes.
3 High humidity in air accelerates corrosion. This can considerably shorten the life of
electronic and other equipment.
4 High humidity in air may cause condensation. This can be a problem for some
situations (e.g., electrical equipment, paper/books, old wood).
Water
2 Water high in mineral content will leave mineral deposits on the pads and interior of
the cooler. Water softeners, bleed-off, and refill systems may reduce this problem,
however.
3 The water supply line needs protection against freeze bursting during off-season,
winter temperatures. The cooler itself needs to be drained too, as well as cleaned
periodically and the pads replaced.
THERMOELECTRICTRIC COOLING
In 1822 seebeck observed that, “ if a closed circuit were made of two dissimilar
metals, an electrical current flows in the circuit when the two junctions were maintained at
different temperatures “ . His investigations covered a wide range of elements and
compounds. This resulted in publication of a series in which the investigated materials were
arranged in the order of magnitude of their effect. However, he failed to realize the
significance of his discovery. In 1834.
Peltier observed the inverse effect, if an electrical current flows across the junction
between two dissimilar material, heat was either absorbed or evolved. Peltier did not realize
the significance of his discovery either, and moreover, failed to recognize the connection
between his discovery and that of Seebeck.
It is alleged that Lenz ended all conjecture surrounding these discoveries by freezing a
small quantity of water placed in the vicinity of the junction between a bismuth and antimony
rod through which a direct current was passed. These were two of the materials in which
Seebeck had observed the most pronounced effect.
A third effect was pointed out by Thomson (Lord Kelvin) in 1851. It related heat
absorbed or evolved in a single conductor to the temperature gradient along it and the current
flowing through it. This effect takes place in addition to the Joule (FR) heating. However, in
thermoelectric cooling materials, Kelvin’s is a second order effect when compared with
Peltier’s and Seebeck’s, and will not be further considered.
For many years. Practical application of these thermoelectric effects was almost
exclusively restricted to thermocouples for temperature measurement, because metals exhibit
a comparatively small Seebeck effect. However, the Seebeck effect in semiconductors can be
considerably greater. The advent of the transistor and other semiconductor devices have
stimulated research pertaining to properties of semiconductors in general, from this, materials
have been developed in which thermoelectric effects are of sufficient magnitude so that
fabrication of useful devices has become a reality.
Specifications :
THERMOELECTRIC EFFECTS
Seebeck Effect :
For a small temperature difference between the two junction of materials A and B, the
open circuit voltage developed is proportional to the temperature difference and is given by:
∆E = α AB ∆T
Where,
∆ E = open circuit voltage developed
α AB = relative Seebeck coefficient (the difference between absolute Seebeck
Coefficients for materials A and B).
∆ T = temperature difference between junctions of materials A and B.
In practice, the absolute Seebeck coefficient, α , of a material is determined with
respect to a material such as lead, in which the Seebeck coefficient is negligible.
Peltier Effect :
The same circuit can be considered to be made up of materials A and B, into which a
battery is introduced to provide a direct current, (I). At the junction between the two
dissimilar materials, the heat evolved or absorbed in unit time is proportional to the current
flowing and is given by :
Q = π AB I
where
Q = heat evolved or absorbed in unit time, watts.
π AB = relative Peltier coefficient for materials A and B.
I = direct current flowing, amperes.
Lord Kelvin, by performing a thermodynamic analysis of such a
Thermoelectric circuit, showed a relationship exists between α and π
π = αT
Where
Hence, heat absorbed or evolved per unit at the junction between two dissimilar
materials is given by:
Q = α AB IT
The relative hot and cold surfaces are the result of the basic heat transport
phenomenon called the Peltier effect, and are not necessary to make it occur.
C∆T + 0.5( I 2 R)
SYSTEM ANALOGES
System can be interchanged by reversing the polarity of the director current applied to
it. Since there are no moving parts, there is nothing to generate noise. There is no refrigerant
to contain, so the problem of handling a two-phase changeover is simplified. The pressure
tight tubing is replaced by electrical wiring.
Another advantage is that a thermoelectric system will operate under zero gravity, or
many times the force of earth gravity, and will operate in any orientation. This has been an
important consideration in selecting thermoelectric cooling application in the U.S. space
program. A thermoelectric system is capable of operating satisfactorily at temperatures levels
of C.
For many applications, the advantage of thermoelectric cooling outweigh its chief
disadvantage of low coefficient of performance. The lack of moving parts and eliminations of
cooling liquids are appealing features.
Fig shows an enlarged view of thermoelectric elements with control volume. In order
to analyze the system to obtain refrigeration effect COP, etc., the following assumptions have
been made:
(i) Heat transfer takes place through semi – conductors at the ends only.
(ii) No energy exchange between the elements through space separating
them, and
(iii) Properties such as conductivity, etc., are invariant with temperature.
Now cooling and heating due to the thermoelectric effect is given by (Peltier effect):
qc = abITl
qh = abITh
(iv) Very compact in size since even the system boundary may be used as the
cooling surface as exhibited in fig. Here one of the walls of the room forms
the evaporator surface. Therefore, the cost of manufacture of that wall is
taken care by the evaporator surface.
(viii) It is most easy to operate as a heat pump, just by reversing the terminals.
Hence, a thermoelectric refrigeration system can be considered as an
year round air conditioner*.
(ix) Since no refrigerant is used, there is no question of toxication etc. and can
be used directly for air conditioning.
(x) Its design and manufacture are rather simpler than the other refrigeration
systems.
(xi) It is most suitable for the production of cooling suit.
Main disadvantage of thermoelectric refrigeration system is the
unavailability of suitable material of high figure of merit. Presently the total
cost of refrigeration system will be a few times higher that the vapour –
compression or other systems for a few ton capacity. In addition, the
running cost is found t obe much higher compared to vapour –
compression system. That is why the vapour – compression or other
systems of refrigeration are most commonly employed. The overall COP
of a thermoelectric refrigeration system is of the order of 01 to 0.2.
Experimentation :
Module power
voltage current
Graph : Module Power v/s cold & hot side Temperature and temp. difference
2. Evaluation of Seebeck effect :
By use of heater power create a temperature differential across the module . When settled
note the open circuit voltage across the module voltmeter . Voltage and temperature can be
seen to have a linear relationship .
Heater power
voltage current
Create a temperature gradient across the module by applying heater power and switch in
electrical load . When settled , note the generator voltage and amperage .
4. Coefficient of performance :
Power to the module is set and heater power adjusted to maintain ambient temperature on the
cold side of the module . Repeat over the whole range . The curve shows that the coefficient
is highest when module has to do the minimum work .
Wh : Heater power
Wm : Module power
VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
For example, consider the condenser temperature as 500C, and evaporator temperature as –
150C. the corresponding vapour pressures of NH3 are
Condenser, Pk = 20.33 bar
Evaporator outlet, Po2 = 2.36 bar
The approximate pressures in various parts of the system, then will be as given in the table
below:
(Example for partial pressure effect)
Section NH3 H2O H2 Total
Condenser 20.33 0 0 20.33
Evaporator Inlet 1.516 0 18.814 20.33
Evaporator Exit 2.36 0 17.97 20.33
Generator Top 15.54 4.79 0 20.33
It has been assumed that vapours leaving generator top are in equilibrium with
entering rich solution at 400C, at which temperature saturation pressure of NH3 is 15.54 bar.
It has also been assumed that the temperature at evaporator inlet is
–250C at which temperature saturation pressure of NH3 is 1.516 bar.
1] Strong ammonia solution flows from the absorber vessel to the boiler thro’ the
inner tube.
2] When the ammonia solution is heated in the boiler bubbles of ammonia gas rise
from the pump.
5] Air circulating over the fins of the condenser cools down the ammonia
vapour, {after 2} condensing it to liquid ammonia.
6] Liquid ammonia flows through the pipe to the evaporator after sub cooling &
throttling.
7] A } The hydrogen in the evaporator lowers the ammonia vapour pressure and
makes it to evaporate.
B} This mixture of hydrogen and ammonia passes from the evaporator , to the
Absorber.
C} This process extracts heat from the evaporator, which in turn extracts heat
from the storage space , thereby, the temperature inside the refrigerator is
lowered.
8] As the weak solution is fed from the boiler system as it runs to the absorber
vessel , it absorbs the ammonia from the ammonia – hydrogen mixture and gets
ready for another round of cycle in the boiler.
Principal Operating Line
1 The actual ammonia – water system requires the separation of water vapour as much
as practicable in order to avoid the high operating temperature of evaporator & the
large amount of purging of water into the absorber.
2 To meet the above requirement an analyser & a rectifier are incorporated with the
generator . deflegmator is not used ..
3 Thus the actual absorption system comprises an analyser, rectifier, a pre heater and a
pre cooler in addition to the basic components.
4 The strong solution of ammonia is pumped from the absorber into generator thro’ A
pre heater , a counter flow heat exchange .Thus the hot and weak solution returning
from the generator heats the aqua solution before it entered generator, causing
reduction in heat input to generator.
5 The heat transfer to the generator brings about the separating of ammonia vapour
accompanied by a small fraction of water vapour.
6 This mixture of ammonia and water vapour passes thro’ the analyser where a part of
Water vapour is separated from the vapour mixture.
7 The mixture then enters the rectifier in a simple form and not in the form of
deflegmeter .water particles are drained back to analyzer due to presence of
contraction and bend.
8 The ammonia vapour then condenses in the condenser , which , in turn ,is sub cooled
by the vapour leaving the evaporator in a pre cooler ,a counter flow heat exchanger.
9 Thus the refrigeration effect is increased. The sub cooled condensate is allowed to
expand through the throttle valve down to the evaporator pressure. The energy
transfer to evaporation causes vaporization of ammonia . The ammonia vapor are then
reabsorbed.
10 The analyzer column is an open type counter flow heat – exchanger having baffle
plate effect provided with the dents to the analyzer column , increasing the area of
contact between the vapour leaving the generator and strong aqua ammonia entering
the analyzer at appropriate location.
11 The warm fluid from the pre heater enters the analyzer column where it comes in
direct contact with the hot vapour. The aqua solution gets heated at the same time a
part of water vapour is condensed since the ammonia vapour leaving the generator
Contains small percentage of water vapour . Thus it acts as a column which purifies
the ammonia vapour by reducing the amount of water vapour – a kind of rectifying
action.
12 As soon as strong aqua is heated in the generator , there is separation of vapour of
ammonia leaving behind weak solution of ammonia, corresponding to the generator
temperature and pressure.
13 The vapour leaving the generator with refrigerant concentration ξ va in equilibrium
L
with the boiling poor solution having concentration ξ a enters the analyzer at 2 v As
it travels upwards , counter flow to the entering rich solution at 1 with concentration
L
ξ r , the vapour encounters heat and mass exchange with the falling rich solution
ultimately leaving the analyzer enriched in the refrigerant with vapour concentration
ξ 5 In equilibrium with the rich solution having concentration ξ Lr.
SPECIFICATIONS
1. 0.245 Kg NH3 + H2O Refrigerant
2. Heater capacity 90 watt,1 ph .Ac Supply
3. Air cooled evaporator
4. Digital temperature indicator (10 channel, Cr-Al)
5. Digital voltmeter
6. Digital ammeter
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
1. Start the electric connection-heater.
2. Keep the unit in working for about 4 hours to reach the equilibrium.
3. Take readings when steady state is reached
4. Find out the coefficient of performance COP as per the example illustrated with the
help of Enthalpy-concentration chart and refrigerant properties of ammonia water.
from The standard chart.
5. Keep the unit working for 24 hours.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Temperature Readings Heater
(Thermocouple numbers as shown in diagram) input
T10C T20C T30C T40C T50C T60C T70C T80C T90C T100C V I
Vol amp
t
Precautions :-
1] Do not start the switch when there is cover on the unit from behind.
2] Remove the cover and then start the unit.
3] Do not disturb the thermocouples placed at various locations.
4]Do not remove the cover wrapped over generator / boiler.
5] Do not operate the thermostatic switch at the right hand bottom side on the main panel.
ACTUAL VAPOUR ABSORPTION CYCLE & ITS
REPRESENTATION ON ENTHALPY-COMPOSITION DIAGRAM.
Figure 2 shows the schematic arrangement of the actual vapor absorption cycle and
figure 3 represents its thermodynamic cycle on the h - diagram. The system consists of
generator G together with analyzer AN, and condenser C on the high-pressure side, and the
evaporator E and Absorber A on the low-pressure side. Pump P, expansion valve VI, and
pressure reducing valve VII separate the two sides. In addition, liquid-vapor heat exchanger
HEI is also provided.
The vapors at 5 distilled from the generator-analyzer, enter the refrigerant circuit. The
vapors are condensed to 8 in the condenser, precooked to 9 in the liquid-vapor regenerative
heat exchanger and throttled to 10 before entering the evaporator. The state 10 is at the same
point as state 9 in the h - diagram, as both enthalpy and composition remain the same
before and after throttling.
The refrigerant entering the evaporator at 10, leaving the evaporator at 11, and the
liquid vapor heat exchanger at 12, comprise a liquid plus vapor mixture. The refrigerant is
finally absorbed by the poor solution at 2 returning from the generator and after being cooled
in the liquid-liquid heat exchanger to 3 and throttled to 3a whereas the rich solution from the
absorber at 4 is pumped to 4 a and heated to 1a before entering the analyzer.
The state points 1,2,3 & 4 can be located on the h - diagram according to their
temperatures and compositions as the enthalpy of liquid is independent of pressure. Also
point 3a lies at 3 only (isenthalpic process) and point 4a lies approximately at 4 itself as the
pump work s very small. State point 5 of the vapor is along the isothermal tie line drawn from
1. Point 8 is the saturation state at Pike. Point 9 after sub cooling of the liquid can be plotted
according to the temperature and composition and point 10 is at 9 itself (isenthalpic process).
Point 11 is on the tie line corresponding to the evaporator leaving temperature t02 = t2 and
pressure P0.the composition is same at 7,8,9,10,11 and 12. Point 12 can be similarly located
by knowing the temperature from the energy balance of the heat exchanger.
The absorber pressure in the absorber system is equal to the evaporator pressure Po &
the generator pressure is similarly equal to condenser pressure Pk . Hence at a given
generator pressure , the poor solution concentration is determined by the heating temperature
t h and at a given absorber pressure , the rich solution concentration is determined by the
cooling temp. t A the absorber temperature.
Figure 2 shows the schematic arrangement of the actual vapour absorption cycle and
figure 3 represents its thermodynamic cycle on the h - diagram. The system consists of
generator G together with analyzer AN, and condenser C on the high pressure side, and the
evaporator E and Absorber A on the low pressure side. Pump P, extension valve VI, and
pressure reducing valve VII separate the two sides. In addition, liquid-vapour heat exchanger
HEI is also provided.
The vapour ‘s at 5 distilled from the generator analyzer, enter the refrigerant circuit.
The vapour ’s are condensed to 8 in the condenser, pre cooled to 9 in the liquid – vapour
regenerative heat exchanger and throttled to 10 before entering the evaporator. The state 10 is
at the same point as state 9 in the h- diagram as both enthalpy and composition remain the
same before and after throttling.
The refrigerant entering the evaporator at 10, leaving the evaporator at 11, and the
liquid vapour heat exchanger at 12, comprise a liquid plus vapour mixture. The refrigerant as
finally absorbed by the poor solution at 2 returning from the generator and after being cooled
in the liquid – liquid heat exchanger to 3 and throttled to 3a whereas the rich solution from
the absorber at 4 is pumped to 4 a and heated to 1a before entering the analyzer.
The state points 1,2,3&4 can be located on the h- diagram according to their
temperatures and compositions as the enthalpy of liquid is independent of pressure. Also
point 3a lies at 3 only (isenthalpic process) and point 4a lies approximately at 4 itself as the
pump works very small. State point 5 of the vapour is along the isothermal tie line drawn
from 1. point 8 is the saturation state at Pk. Point 9 after sub cooling of the liquid can be
plotted according to the temperature and composition and point 10 is at 9 itself (isenthalpic
process). Point 11 is on the tie line corresponding to the evaporator leaving temperature t02 =
t2 and pressure P0.the composition is same at 7,8,9,10,11 and 12. Point 12 can be similarly
located by knowing the temperature from the energy balance of heat exchanger.
The absorber pressure in the absorber system is equal to the evaporator pressure Po &
the generator pressure is similarly equal to condenser pressure Pk.
Hence at a given generator pressure, the poor solution concentration is determined by the
heating temperature th and at a given absorber pressure, the rich solution concentration is
determined by the cooling temp. tA the absorber temperate
1) Generator temperature
4) Temperature after condensation
5) Temperature after sub cooling
6) Temperature at evaporator inlet
8) absorber inlet temperature
xi) join 10 v to 9 and draw a line to meet pressure Po and get the
temp.. at inlet to evaporator and mark 10 L
INTRODUCTION :
It has been observed that for favorable cooling effect the diaphragm should be as near
to the nozzle as possible.
APPARATUS
The vortex tube test apparatus consists of a vortex tube with air inlet with pressure
gauge and pressure transmitter . Air inlet is provided with pressure regulator . Hot air outlet is
provided with balance valve for cooling effect .
Two separate rotameters are provided to measure air flowrate of cold and hot air
.Differential pressure transmitter are placed in the air steam for air flow measurement .
Temperature scanner with computer interface are provided at diffetent locations of the
system .
SPECIFICATIONS
1) Vortex Tube : Nominal capacity : 0.25 m3/min
2) Inlet Pressure : 0 –10 Kgf/cm2, Gauge and pressure transmitter.
3) Heat exchanger : Concentric tube , counter flow , heat transfer area
0.03 m2
4) Pressure regulator : controls inlet pressure
5) Flowmeters : To measure cold and hot air mass flow rates .
6) Valves : 1) For isolating and pressure control .
2) For varying the mass ratio.
7) Digital temperature indicator with serial interface .
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr. No. Cold air temp 0C Hot air temp. 0C Hot air Cold air
t2 t1 Manometer Manometer
cm Cm
1
2
3
CALCULATIONS
1. Mass balance
mi = m1 + m2
Where,
mi = total air flowrate , Kg/Sec.
m1 = Hot air flowrate, Kg/Sec.
m2 = Cold air flowrate, Kg/sec.
2. Energy balance
mihi = m1h1 + m2h2
and HT2 = (1- H) T1
where T1 = t1 – ti and T2 = ti – t2
h1 – hi = CD T1
hi – h2 = CD T2
∆T1 m
= = 2
∆T1 + ∆T2 mi
The value of H is generally between 0.3 to 0.5. The C.O.P. of vortex tube is low and is of the
order of 0.15 to 0.20
PERFORMANCE :-
The performance of vortex tube can be studied by plotting air temperature and cooling effect
produced against the cold fraction as shown in fig.
Total air = Cold air flow rate( m1 ) + hot air flow rate (m2)
m1
H=
m2
Cold air and Hot air temperature are to be taken from observations table.
1) As the mass fraction increases, cold air temperature increases and also the hot end
temperature.
2) As the cold fraction (H) increases, cooling effect increases initially and reaches an
optimum cooling effect value.
Where compressed air is available vortex tube can be used as a method of producing
refrigerating effect. No moving parts are present which is an additional plus point. The
applications can be in the following areas –
1) Spot Cooling
2) Suits for foundry persons.
3) Biological specimen preservation.
4) Surgical Aids.