SEPT. 25, 1891.]
345
THE RICHMOND MAIN DRAINAGE
AND PRECIPITATION WORKS.
Tnssu works have been constructed for the pur
pose of preventing the pollution of the River
Thames by sewage from Richmond, Mortlake,
Barnes. Kew, and Petersham. Richmond (Fig. 1)
is the district of the Urban Sanitary Authority, and
Barnes, Mortlake, Kew, and Petershsm form that
of the Richmond Rural Sanitary Authority. The
sewage of these places has hitherto been
discharged in its crude state direct into the partly
iver
Thames, greatly polluting its water, and partly re
tained in cesspools,connectedto the houses, to the
serious detriment of the health of the inhabitants.
To remedy both these evils these works have been
constructed.
The difiiculty of Richmond was to find any suit
able place in which the sewage of the town could
be dealt with. Half the area of the parish consists
of Royal ark and other Crown land, no part of
which co_ud be obtained on any terms for this pur
pose, and the rest of the unbuilt area is near to
dwelling houses, or from other causesis found tobe
unsuitable. Lest it should be supposed that the
local authorities haveneglectedtheir duty in regard
to the safe disposal of the sewageduring the long
period that the subject has been pressing. the
following brief history of the matter is given :
Immediately after the passing of the Thames
Conservancy Act, 1867,an application was made by
the Richmond Vestry to the Commissioners of
Woods and Forests for part of the Old Deer Park,
or other Crown land, to enable the vestry to carry
out thereon a scheme of Mr. Bailey Denton's for
dealing with the sewage by intermittent filtration.
In December, 1867, this application was emphati
cally refused. The vestry also applied in October,
1867, to the Thames Conservators as to the
standard of purity required for the eflluent water
and its discharge into the river. The answer to this
letter was not received until September, 1870 ;
but, in the mean time, the Conservators issued
formal notices to all the riparian parishes to dis
continue the flow of their sewageinto the Thames,
and ultimately took legal proceedingsagainst the
Richmond Vestry for penalties, and (in 1874)
recovered 1511.and costs. An arbitration before
Captain Galton followed, and an extension of time
was granted by him.
The vestry applied for and obtained an Act of
Parliament giving them additional powers of acquir
ing land by agreement, and a furrher extension of
time was then granted by the Conservators. In
1870, the general opinion was in favour of dealing
with sewageby irrigation, and the vestry, under the
advice of Mr. Bailey Denton, provisionally pur
chased 230 acres of land at Maiden for a sewage
J
farm. After six days’local inquiry by Mr. . Thorn
hill Harrison, on behalf of the Local Government
Board, and at which the Duke of Cambridge, the
Metropolitan Boardof Works, Mr. Garth, andothers
were strong opponents, the scheme was rejected.
In 1871, the vestry advertised for fresh plans, and
out of a large number sent in by various engineers,
selected one by Messrs. Gotto and Beesley for pre
cipitation works in the parish. This scheme was
approved in principle, but the site desired could
‘
not be obtained ; a second site was then proposed,
but the railway company gave evidence that it was
required for their purposes, and this also had to be
abandoned. A third site of some two acres, near
the gas works in Mortlake parish, butadjoining the
Richmond boundary, was applied for, and a Provi
sional Urder granted for its acquisition, but a
vigorous opposition springing up on account of its
proximity to the town, the plan was dropped.
In 1873,fresh plans were received, and one by
Messrs. Russ and Minns, with a site at Hanworth,
was selected, but the opposition threatened by
influential persons in the district caused this also
to be abandoned. In 1874, the advice of Mr.
James Abernethy and of Mr. T. Hawksley was
separately sought and obtained, but neither of
these gentlemen was able to get Richmond out
of its sewage difficulties. The report of the latter
recommended precipitation works on a site near
the Thames at Ham, on Lord Dysart’s estate, but
Mr. I-Iawksley added significantly that this would
only be a temporary measure. Naturally the
vestry were not willing to fight for a scheme so
introduced.
In 1875,efl'ortsweremadeto bring about an agree
ment betweenthe Richmond Urban and Rural Sani
tary Authorities for combined action, but they were
ENGINEERING.
at that time unsuccessful. At this date the Local singly or in combination with some adjoining
Government Board by Colonel Ponsonhy Cox, and parish.
at the instigation of the Surbiton Improvement In the year 1885, Mr. J. C. Melliss, C.E., of
Commissioners, held a conference of many of the Gresham House, London, E.C., proposed tho
local authorities in the Lower Thames Valley, and formation of a joint Board for these five districts
the report suggestedthe formation of a large united to deal with this important and difficult matter,
district for sewerage purposes. Acting upon this and at the sametime he submitted the plans which
idea the late Sir Thomas Nelson (chairman of the have now been carried out and brought to a suc
Hampton Wick Local Board) took the matter cessful termination in the works which are to be
actively in hand, and in June, 1877, supported by put into operation on September 28. A joint
the Richmond Vestry and many others, obtained a committee, representing the Richmond Urban and
Provisional Order (which was duly confirmed by the Richmond Rural Sanitary Authorities, was
Parliament), constituting the Lower Thames Valley formed under the Public Health Act in 1886, to
Main SewerageBoard. As amended by an order carry out these works, and that Committee shortly
of 1878, the powers and duties of this Board ex after becamethe Richmond Main Sewerage Board,
tended over the districts of nine urban and two by Provisional Order dated May 28, 1887, and
a
rural sanitary authorities (the latter representing confirmed by Parliament in the same year. The
ten separateparishes), and a total area of 40 square works were commencedin August, 1888, and many
miles, partly on the Middlesex side and partly on unforeseen difficulties and delays occurring, three
the Surrey side of the Thames. Richmond, urban years have been occupied in their construction.
and rural, was included in the district», and there The following particulars will explain the cha
upon ceasedto be liable to the penalties of the Act racter of the works which have been accomplished.
of 1867, the joint Board being substituted for the The areas, with the present population and rate
several local authorities combined therein. able values of the contributory parishes, are as
1,
This joint Board, with its thirty-three members, follow (see map Fig. page 346)
:
existed for eight years. It discussedmany schemes Rateable Populationin
and itself produced three, for dealing with the Parish. A'°"-
1891.
sewageof the entire district. The first was acres Va:lgue.
(1880)
a project of Colonel Hayward's for dealing with gichmond 17g,% 23,684
arnes 12:0 ,-H5
0
‘J
6
the sewage by irrigation on 900 acres of land at lirlortlake
,
1883 52,153 7,714
Molesey. This was strongly opposed by the Kew... 298 18,065 2,076
authorities and residents in the locality and was Petersham 652 8,707 G29
rejected by the Local Government Board on an
application for a Provisional Order, after an Total 4983 31s,c5o 41,513
inquiry before Mr. J. Thornhill Harrison, last Those works provide each of the parishes of
ing forty-five days and costing the promoters Barnes, Kew, and Petersham with an outlet, into
20,0001. The second scheme was brought forward which candischargeits sewagematter, the outlets
it
in 1884, the engineers being Messrs. Mansergh being placed at sufficiently low level to drain the
a
and Melliss ; they proposed collecting all the whole district. In like manner Richmond and
sewageof the combined district and disposing of it Mortlake have been provided with several such
by precipitation on 50 acres of land at Mortlake, outlets for the reception of their sewage, and for
part of which land forms the site of the works diverting its flow from the River Thames. These
which have now been carried out. An inquiry outlets for the five parishes are connected together
J
lasting fifteen days was held by Mr. . Thornhill by main intercepting sewers, which have been con
Harrison on this scheme, and notwithstanding structed by the Main Sewerage Board. These
the strenuous op osition offered he reported in main sewers are shown on the map, on which are
it,
favour of and rovisional Order to acquire the marked their diameters and gradients.
a
land by compulsion was granted. The Bill for The sewers vary in size from 12 in. in diameter
confirming this order was referred by the House of up to 40 in. in diameter. They are all circular in
8,
Commons to Select Committee of sevenmembers, form (Fig. page350) and are constructed, accord
a
who after hearing for six days the evidence of the ing to the situation, of stoneware socket pipes, laid
promoters and some of the opponents, stopped the in and surrounded with Portland cement concrete,
caseand unanimously rejected the Bill and made a cast-iron socket and spigot pipes also laid in and
special report thereon, recommending the dissolu surrounded with Portland cement concrete, and
tion of the joint Board and that its district should Portland cement concrete sewers lined with radiat
be sub-divided into several separate districts, and ing Staffordshire blue brick inverts and gault brick
that the Richmond urban and Richmond rural arches. The sizeof the prism ofconcretesurrounding
parishes should be combined asone of such separate the sewersand pipes such that gives minimum
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seweragedistricts. thickness of in. round the stoneware pipes, in.
6
6
The joint Board did not adopt these recommen round the iron pipes, and in. round the brick
8
dations, but Kingston, Richmond and other places sewers. The iron pipes are used when the ground
applied to be separated from the Board, and an treacherous, particularly along the river bank at
is
inquiry upon their applications was commenced. Richmond (see map), where there u tendency for is
Meantime the Board put forward its third and last the earth to slide. The whole of the bricks em
project, which was one designed by Sir Joseph ployed in the sewers and the manholes were pur
Bazalgette and Messrs. Law and Chatterton, for pose-madepressed bricks, and were set in Portland
taking all the sewage of the district to Crossness cement.
at an estimated cost of 564,000l., but which after The sewers all have goodself-cleansinggradients,
wards appeared to be 18,0001. This scheme was varying from in 250, for the smallest sewer, to
1
1
7
brought before Mr. J. Thornhill Harrison, with in 1200for the largest. The total length of main
the applications for severanceof some of the con intercepting sewers a little under miles, the
is
stituent authorities. depth below the surfaceof the ground varying from
2,
The inquiry lasted nineteen days. Mr. Harrison 20ft. to 45 ft. (Fig. page 346). Excepting two
did not approve the Crossnessscheme, but before or three short lengths constructed in the grave‘,
was brought to final decision Sir Thomas Nel the sewers have been laid in the London clay,
a
it
son, the chairman and moving spirit of the Board, which underlies the water-bearing gravel formation
6,
died on February 1885, to the great regret of all of this district. With the exception of two short
who knew him. The Local Government Board lengths they have beenconstructedin tunnel driven
were still unwilling to break up the joint Board, in the clay, shafts being sunk through the gravel into
but they sanctioned the severance of Heston and the clay for the purpose of tunnelling, which shafts
Isleworth from its district. This was the beginning were eventually used for manholes and lamp-holes
of the end. The corporation of Kingston single (Fig. 2.) Flushing provided for where required by
is
handed promoted private Bill to dissolve the the admission of Thames River water at the points
a
joint Board, and after a slight contest the Bill was wherethe sewerscommence,andbypenstocksplaced
passed on July 22, 1885. The total expenditure of in the sewers. To afford ventilation there are used
the joint Board during its eight years’ life was “ Holman-Keeling's” patent sewer gas destrut-tors,
44,600l., irrespective of the great sums spent by and these are supplementedby connection with the
local authorities, landowners, and others in oppos chimney shaft at the pumping station; there are
ing its schemes. also open gratings in the manhole covers, which
It interesting to add that all the constituent will chiefly serve as fresh air inlets to the sewers.
is
authorities who were combined in the joint Board The sizes of the sewers have been calculated
have. since the dissolution of that body, either upon the hypothesis of excluding from them as
completed, or in active progress, the necessary much rainfall and subsoil water as practicable, and
works for dealing with the sewage of their re theyare onlyintended to receivea limited quantity of
spective districts in their own localities, either such watersin addition to the sewageproper. They
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sm.25,1a91.] ENGINEERING. _ 347

RICHMOND MAIN DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS.

MR. J. C. MELLISS, ENGINEER, LONDON.
(For Description, seePage 345.)

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 348 ENGINEERING. [SsPr.25,1891.
i
are capable of conveying the sewagefrom a popu- l the two-page plate show the tanks, filter beds, and 22), which can be opened as required. When
lation of 80,000 persons, which is the estimated channels. one of these valves opened the inlet channel of

is
future population of the entire combined districts, When the sewagereachesthe works through the one tank allowed to fill up with treated sewage

is
a1
one-half the flow to pass in six hours. The outfall last length of sewer (Fig. passes through to the level of a weir forming the outer side of the

2)
it
sewer has a discharging capacity equal to 11 mil strainer, made of iron rods, into the pump chamber, channel (Figs. 19 to 23). The sewage then flows
lion gallons in twenty-four hours. Fig. 25. The strainer effects the removal of large over this weir until the tank filled, or the valve

is
;
The sewage will flow by gravitation to one spot matters such as corks, cabbagestalks, and the like. closed. A 16-in. scour valve ig. 20) enables

is

(F
situated on the edgeof the River Thames (see map) The sewage then enters the pump chamber, in the inlet channel to be completely emptied when

,
in the northern corner of the parish of Mortlake, which are three sets of single-acting plunger pumps-desired. The treated sewage channel covered

is
where the invert of the outfall sewer and pump designed for lifts of 43 ft. They are driven by with tiles set on cement slabs, carried byH beams,
chamber is 25 ft. below ordnance datum. To this three 50 horse-power compound horizontal inter- spaced 3ft. apart (Fig. 22).

‘ ‘
level the whole of the sewageof the entire district mediate receiver condensing engines, Figs. ll, 12, The treated sewage admitted continuously into

is
between Hammersmith Bridge and Putney boun and 13. Five sets of pumps and engines are shown one or more of the precipitation tanks, as required.
dary, on the north-east, and Ham House and Ham on the engravings, but only three are in place ‘As the tanks fill precipitation takes place, the
boundary on the south-west, a distance of five (Fig. 25). precipitate rapidly falling to the bottom, while the
miles, will flow by gravitation. The dry weather Each set of pumps with its engine capable of effluent water, now deprived of the whole of its

is
flow of sewagefrom the present population is esti raising about 4,000,000 gallons of sewageina day, polluting matter in suspension, and nearly all of
mated at 2%million gallons per day, and the wet the three togetherbeing therefore capableof dealing that in solution, flows continuously over weirs at the
5;]

weather flow at million gallons per day. with 12,000,000gallons per day. Each set of pumps other end of the tanks (Figs. 19 and 25). This

| i
The site acquired by the Board for the pumping can be worked separately, one of them being sufii- efiluent water sufficiently pure to be discharged

is
station and disposal works was obtained by private
purchase after long negotiation and much delay.
It situated in the northern corner of the parish
is

of Mortlake on the bank of the River Thames. It

-l.ll!ll._
comprises,in the whole, elevenacres,of which about
seven acresonly are as yet brought into use, the re
mainder being reservedforthe extensionof theworks
\\ \

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\

"
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9,

to meet increase of population (Fig. page 347). .

It low-lying piece of ground, its surfacebeing at
is
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the level of 12ft. aboveordnancedatum or 2ft. in.

6

below ordinary high-water spring tides, the level

of high water at this point of the Thames being, at
ordinary spring tides, 14 ft. in. above ordnance
6

datum. The highest recorded level of the water in

the Thames at this part during floods and spring
tides, being 17 ft. in. above ordnance datum,
6

it

has been necessary to construct the buildings so

that their floors would be above it. Accordingly
they have been placed at the level of 18 ft. above
ordnance datum; at which level the tops of the
tanks, together with walls surrounding the filters
and channels, have been finished.
An embankment also rotects the site from the
river water, but the amesshould at any time
T
if

break through this embankment, the levels which

have been adopted would prevent from interfer cient for dry weather, second set being brought direct into the river and can be passedthereto, by
it

ing with pumping the sewage from the sewers and into use in wet weather, while the third held in the only outlet provided at the north-east corner of
is

carrying on its treatment. The level of that por reserve in caseof accident to either of the others. the works (Fig. 9).
tion of the site which has been brought into use Space provided for the accommodation of two The eflluent water is, however, raised to higher
is

a
has also been raised by surplus earth, obtained in more similar sets of pumps and engines, in future degree of purity, whenever required, by filtration
if

the execution of the works, from 12 ft. above they should be required. Steam supplied for all through filter beds constructed of layers of various
is

ordnance datum to 15 ft. in. above ordnance the machinery by three Galloway boilers, each sized gravel, sand, and carbon the surfaces being
6

;
datum. 18 ft. long by 6ft. in. in diameter, set on Livet’s covered with a thin layer of agricultural earth
6

The foundations for all the buildings had to be system, any one of which will supply sutficientsteam sown with grass. The high-level filters are shown
obtained at considerable depth below the natural for doing the fine weatherwork, the other two being in section in Fig. 30, and the low-level filters in
a

surface of the site. It will therefore be easily available when wanted. Weighbridge, trucks, and Fig. 31, both on the two-pageplate. The precipita
understood that not only was the site an expensive steam crane for unloading coals and chemicals at tion tanks are emptied of their entire contents once
a

one to adapt to the purpose, but also that a very the dock and wharf and conveying them into the aday, and when tank has to be emptied

is
it
a

large expenditure was necessary in building the buildings, are all provided. shut ofi'from the inlet channel for treated sewage
foundations and work below ground. When the sewagerises to certain height in the by valves (Fig. 22) and allowed short time for

a
a

Those parts of the pumping station, precipitation sewers and the pump chamber, the fact com repose the water then drawn off from the tank
is

is
;

and disposal works which would be impracticable municated by an automatic arrangementof electric by floating pipe, the upper portion of the water,
it

to enlarge, have been constructed of sufiicient capa bells to the foreman's residence and to the engine owing to the levels, being discharged on to the high
city for the entire future population; the other room and attention called thereto, thus avoiding level filter beds by the upper 12-in. pipe in Fig. 18,
parts, which are capableof easyenlargement, are of any chance of overcharging the sewers. The and the lower portion on to the low-level filter
a size for dealing with a population about 50 per strained sewage flows continuously into the pump beds by the pipe shown in section. The two 10-in.
cent. more than the present. chamber, where receives small dose of milk sluice valves enable the flow to be directed into
it

Having now given a general accountof the nature of lime from the vats in one of the chemical mixing either pipe. The channels into which these pipes
and extent of the works, we will turn to the engrav rooms (Figs. and 11). It then pumped to the discharge are shown in Figs. 18, 25, and 27. The
is
9

ings. Fig. (page 346) a map of the district. surface, the operation of pumping also serving to upper one serves the higher filters and the other
is
1

Fig. a section of the length of main sewer. thoroughly mix the sewage and the milk of lime the lower filters. Both these channels run the
is
2

which ends at the pump chamber. Figs. to together. The partially treated sewage then flows entire width of the filters, while the lower one passes
3

show two forms of manholes, the first being at the from the delivery pipes of the pumps, by covered down both sides of the higher filter, and then
a

junction of the Kew and Mortlake sewers, and of channel, along the side of the pump house(Fig. 11) between the higher and lower filters (Fig. 27).
the sewerleading into the works. It will be noticed into the inlet channel for treated sewage(Figs. There are valves between the channels and the
9,

that the Kew sewer trapped off by a syphon, 19, 22, 23, and 24, and also Figs. 25, 27, and 32 on filters. The discharge from both filter beds will
is

and that has an independent ventilating pipe. two-page plate). At the head of the channel flow into the Thames by gravity, except for a short
it

There are a large number of manholes in the a close iron bar strainer which removes any time at spring tides, when the river also filled
is
is

sewers, as they occur about every 80 yards. There large matter that may have passedthe first strainer. with land water. It may be necessary at such
a

are several different patterns, besides the two we On its way to the channel the sewage passes time to pump it, and for this purpose there are
have selected for illustration. These, however, through the second chemical mixing room (shown provided pair of large \Vorthington steam pumps.
a

are among the most interesting varieties. Fig. to the left in Fig. and to the right in Fig. 11), These pumps and their channels for inlet and de
9 8

(page 350) section of a2 ft. in. sewer. Fig. where receives a dose of solution of sulphate livery are shown in section in Figs. 27, 30, and 31.
is

it
is a

(page 347) a plan of the works, showing the of alumina, carbon, and iron, and thoroughly The floors of the filters are laid practically level,
is

dock for the delivery of fuel, the outlet to the mixed therewith by an agitator placed in the angle and the efiluent finds its way through a number of
Thames, the workmen’s cottages, the tanks and of the chemical room. This channel supported drainage pipes (Fig. 25) into the delivery channel
is

the filter beds. Fig. 10 shows the elevation of on arches to raise to the required level to for eflluent water. This channel can be shut oil‘
it

the buildings; Fig. 11 plan, and shows the command the whole of the precipitating tanks. from the river and connectedto the sumph (Fig. 27)
is
a

disposition of the machinery. Figs. 12 and 13 are Starting from the mixing-room (Fig. carried from which the filter pumps draw. The discharge
9)

is
it

two sections of the pump chamber. Figs. 14and 15 on three arches (Fig. 32) to the tanks. Here from these pumps follows the channel marked
it

(page 347) show one of the chemical mixers. Fig. turns right and left (Fig. 29), extending the entire supernatant water in Figs. 30 and 31.
16 represents a part of the pressing plant. Figs. width of the eleven tanks. Between the inlet The precipitate (commonly termed “ sludge") at
17 and 18 show the device for decanting the con channel for treated sewage and each tank there the bottom of tank, averages from in. to in.
2

3
a

tents of the settling tanks. Figs. 19 to 24 (page is, however, a second inlet channel which com deep, being nearly all, or 90 per cent., water. The
351) are details of the tanks, while the figures on municatcs with the first by means of valves (Fig. water drawn oil‘from the tanks and passedaway to
 SEPT. 25, 1891.]
the filters, or to the river direct, is not, however,
lowered quite down to the precipitate or sludge ;
the water immediately overlying the sludge, for a
depth of 6 in. or 7 in., being retained with the
sludge. The bottoms of the tanks slope at 1 in
60, so as to form channels, and the sludgeand water
last mentionedrun together, aided by sweeping. into
a covered sludge passage(Figs. 20 and 21) passing
along the upper ends of the tanks behind the inlet
for treated sewage,Figs. 19 and 26. Thence the
matter passes into the sludge chamber beneath the
rress-house (Fig. 16 and 25).
In this sludge chamber precipitation still rapidly
takes place, and the water which rises to the top of
the sludge is drawn off by the floating pipe shown
to the right in Fig. 16. It is not, however, allowed
to pass to the filter beds or to the river, but flows
back again into the pump chamber, mixes with the
sewageand is treated over again. The quantity of
water thus dealt with is comparatively very small.
The sludge, having thus been deprived of some of
its water, and brought into a favourable condition
for pressing, is lifted by pumps into iron re
ceivers placed in the press-house(Fig. 11).
These receivers each contain a charge for one
press. In these it is limed, that is a certain small
quantity of lime is added to it so as to facilitate the
operation of pressing, and it is forced by rams into
the presses. The water pressed out of it (again a
comparatively small quantity) passes to the pump
chamber and mixes with the sewage to be treated
over again, and the solid “ sludge cakes" measuring
3ft. square by l§ in. in thickness, are removed from
the presses.
This work is done by three of Messrs. Johnson
and Hutchinson’s 36-in. square sludge presses,
each containing thirty plates and chambers. They
are provided with all requisite sludgepumps, forcing
rams, liming and skimming apparatus. The various
parts of this sludge pressing machinery are pro
vided in duplicate in case of accident. Sludge in
this pressed condition occasionsno nuisance what
ever, and maybe stackedand stored without creating
even an annoyance. For agricultural purposes it
has a manurial value rather higher than that of the
best farmyard manure. The quantity that will be
produced from the present population will be about
10 tons daily, and considering the very great de
mand for manureof all kinds by the market gardens
surrounding the locality, there will be no ditliculty
in disposing of it. Pressed sewage “ sludge cake,”
which contains about 50 per cent. of water, is ex
ceedingly suitable for making up and raising low
lying land, and the Board will be able to utilise
much of it for improving their own property.
The entire cost of the works, including the
sewers. will amount to between 115,000l. and
120,000l, the exact outlay being not yet ascer
tained. The annual cost of carrying on the work,
including umping the sewage, is estimated at
3480l., an this, together with the repayment of
capital and interest, will not, it is expected, ex
ceed a rate of 7<,L_d.
in the pound for the entire cost.
The contractors who have completed the sewers
are Messrs. Nowell and Robson, of London, and the
pumping station and precipitation works have been
completedby Mr. William Webster, also of London.
The contractor who commencedthe works was Mr.
C. Dickinson. The pumps, engines, boilers, and
mixing machineryhavebeensupplied and erectedby
Messrs. James Simpson and Co., of Pimlico. The
pressing plant and machinery have been supplied
and erected by Messrs. S. H. Johnson and Co., of
Stratford, E.
As already stated, the engineer-in-chief was Mr.
J. C. Melliss. Mr. James McKie filled the post of
resident engineer, and Mr. W. Fairley has been
appointed to the managementof the works.
Mr. Charles Burt is the chairman of the Board,
J
Mr. . Leslie G. Powell is the clerk to the Board.
The works will be opened next Monday by Mr.
C. T. Ritchie, M. P., President of the Local Govern
ment Board.
THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.
(Concludedfrom page323.)
CHEMICAL Parana.
THE address of Professor Roberts-Austen we
have already published. The reports of the various
committeeswere somewhatbehind this year. The
Committee on the International Standards for the
Analysis of lron and Steel, stated, through Mr.
Turner, that they were not in a osition to present
the final report, owing to the di culty of obtaining
ENGINEERING.
the large quantity of mild steel of uniform composi
tion requisite for the fifth standard. Professor
Langley cannot get a crucible steel sufliciently low
in carbon in the plumbago crucibles in use in the
United States.
A01-1oNof LIGHT UPONDvsn Corovas.
This committee, consisting of Messrs. Thorpe,
Russell, Stroud, Perkin, Abney, and Hummel, the
secretary, pursues a very useful inquiry into the
fastness of the various colours now employed by
the dyers of textile fabrics. The work will neces
sarily extend over several years; and the com
mitteecould do little more than announce that they
had commencedtesting red colours.
The committees on the Bibliography of Solution
and the Nature of Solution, and on the Biblio
graphy of Spectroscopy, presented short reports
desiring reap ointment; the Committee on the
Influence of t e Silent Discharge of Electricity on
Oxygen and other Gases, did the same without
asking for a further grant for this important work.
The Committee on
Tns Fonmsrrox or HALOID SALTS
had more to say. The interest in these investiga
tions concentrates on the fundamental question,
now eagerly discussed, whether or not two bodies
can act upon one another without a third body, or
traces of such, water vapour, for instance, being
present. Sodium and chlorine do not appear to
combine if perfectly dry; nor do, according to
Cowper, tin, copper, and magnesium then form
chlorides ; Dixon has found the presence of mois
ture favourable for the explosive union of carbon
monoxide and oxygen; and Pringsheim has ob
served the same for hydrogen and chlorine. The
present work concerns the combination of chlorine
and mercury; if the chlorine be generated from
manganesedioxide and hydrochloric acid and per
fectly dried, the mercury is attacked, which Pro
fessor Shenstone is inclined to ascribe to the pre
sence of traces of hydrochloric acid; and even if
the chlorine be obtained by heating platinum
chloride, there is a faint action which may again
be explained by an impurity of the chloride, pro
bably an oxide, and by a slight volatility of the
platinum chloride. To settle the question it is
proposed to use the chlorides of copper and gold
for the generation of chlorine. The report of the
Committee on the Relation between the Composi
tion of a Double Salt, and the Composition and
Temperature of the Liquid in which it is formed,
presented by Professor Vernon Harcourt, F.R.S.,
also deals with matters of great importance; and
the same applies to the work of Dr. Gladstoneand
Mr. Hibbert on the “Molecular Refraction of
Electrolytes.”
Tns Srourxnsovs Ionrrros or OoxL.
ProfessorVivian Lewes might haverisked reading
his paper late on Thursday, as arranged; there
would have been a spontaneous though not so in
structive discussion, since the audience had begun
to adjourn for lunch. Ever since Berzelius first
suggestedthat the heat evolved by the oxidation of
the pyrites in coal might have an important bearing
upon spontaneousignition, this has been accepted
as the popular explanation, although the question
has been contested. Coal most liable to ignition,
however, often contains as little as .8 per cent.
of from pyrites, mostly FeS2, and rarely more than
2 per cent., and even if this amount were
concentrated in one spot and oxidised rapidly,
instead of during months and years, the total
rise of temperature would be inadequate to
cause ignition, which requires a temperature
of 700 deg. to 870 deg. Fahr., the latter for
Welsh steam coal. It is acknowledged that only
finely divided pyrites can be dangerous; large
massesdo not oxidise appreciably, nor do heaps of
free from carbonaceous matter. Professor
pyrites
ewes regards the true explanation as rtly
physical and partly chemical. Charcoal con enses
gases upon its surface, freshly won coal absorbs
1;}
from to times its volume of oxygen from the
3
air, and there circulation of the air through the
is
a
interstices of the mass. This absorption slow at
is
low temperature, but rapid over 100 deg. Fahr.
The oxygen absorbed is, after some time, given off
as carbonic oxide and water vapour. and becomes
moreactive in heapsby compression,and by elimina
tion of the nitrogen. Carbon powder in zinc cases
ignites at 250 deg. Fahr. within few hours. The
a
effectof mass well illustrated by statistics. For
is
349
cargoesof under 500 tons, ignition casesamount to
per cent. only in cargoesof over 2000tons they
;
rise to per cent. The ports alsohave their in
; 9
fluence European ports are pretty safe, the
Cape of Good Hope knows of many cases. The
efl'ect of moisture to swell and break up the
is
coal, and in this respect moisture injurious in
is
the presence of pyrites also moisture increases
;
the capacity for absorption, as Percy's tables show.
Ventilation with cool air would be remedy,
a
but impossible on board the fast liners where
is
bunker fires are, Mr. Lewes asserted, not infrequent
though not admitted, especially when the boilers
are close to the bunkers. It might be objected that,
this were so, the seat of fire should be near the
if
bulkhead, whilst usually found near the centre
is
it
and outside; but Professor Lewes showedbya little
sketch that the openings towards the deck are not
above one another, so that whilst the charring starts
near the bulkhead, as has been proved, the ignition
takes place some way ofi', where the air has access.
Sir Lowthian Bell claimed competencyto speak, as
he has been burning 2000 tons of coal a day for the
last twenty years and more. He took up the one
argument of Mr. Lewes that the pyrites might
cause suflicient rise of temperature locally, though
could not heat the whole mass sufliciently, and
it
he mistrusts his pyrites still; moreover, why did
ignition never start at the top
'1
Professor Vernon
Harcourt also thought that Mr. Lewes had made
his good casetoo strong by speaking of the ignition
temperature of coal, whilst was question of
it
a
sulphur. Mr. Bauermann questioned that the
oxidation of sulphur would yield anything but acid
compounds, but reminded the section that pulpy
lignites, when pressed, ignite far below their
supposed ignition tem erature, in which he
was supported by Dr. edson, who had ex eri
mented with the gasesgiven off by heatedcoal ust.
Mr. Spiller believedless in Dr. Bedson's resins and
parafiins than in organic sulphur compounds,which
would become dangerous on exposure to air; the
moisture would act as a starter, and the physical
conditions would be of great influence. Professor
M‘Leod wished to settle experimentally what kind
of bodies causedignition, whether gas or sul
a
phur hydro-carbon, which might be extracted. Sir
Frederick Bramwell put the best question, whether
Mr. Lewes was going to give supplementarypaper
a
how to prevent ignition. Mr. Lewes had s means
;
he suggests secondbulkhead in. from the first,
9
seawater to be circulated between the two by one
pump, so that the coal would practically be water
jacketted, remedy which he also recommendsfor
a
powder magazines. As regards the chemistry, he
fancies bituminous compounds more than sulphur
combinations, and does not favour an oxidation of
gases. The fire originated at the bottom and not
at the top, becausethere was the greatest mass to
keep the heat in. Dr. Bedson probably had a much
higher temperatureinside his ovens.
Nxcsnr. CARBON Oxnm.
To the very comprehensive character of his re
searcheson this subject, Mr. Ludwig Mond probably
oweshis admission to the Royal Society. It will be
seen that the investigations, in which Mr. Mond
was most ably assisted by Dr. Carl Lsnger and Dr.
Frederick Quincke, open wide perspective of
a
useful application. In 1889 was observed that
it
nickel completely dissociated carbonic oxide at
350 deg. Cent., whilst Victor Meyer did not suc
ceed in completely dissociating this gas by heat
alone at 1690deg. A very small quantity of nickel
suflices for the dissociation of large quantities of
carbonic oxide, and becomes converted into a
voluminous black mass, which takes fire on ex
posure to air, gas being generated at the same
a
time in which the investigators at first suspected
the gnomium of Kriiss and Schmidt, but which con
tained no metallic element but nickel. Nickel and
carbonic oxide therefore gave gaseouscompound
a
which was condensed into colourless, mobile,
a
very volatile liquid of characteristic odour, soluble
in many organic solvents, alcohol, ether, benzole
boils at 43 deg. Cent. and explodes when sud
it
denly heatedand as vapour mixed with air. Profes
sor Vernon Harcourt inquired how liquid of such
amiable properties—it poisonous, too, and when
is
injected into rabbits depressed the temperature
in an extraordinary degree—could be sealed in
a
tube he had himself made little of the substance
s
;
which kept on exploding spontaneously, so that he
was pleased to leave alone. Mr. Mond simply
it
pointed to the long tube in his hand, which had
35° ENGINEERING. [SEP'r. 25, 1891.

RICHMOND MAIN DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS.

.\IR. J. C. MELLISS, ENGINEER, LONDON.

(For Description, see Page 345.)

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