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AP CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS

Throughout the exam the following symbols have the definitions specified unless otherwise noted.
L, mL = liter(s), milliliter(s) mm Hg = millimeters of mercury
g = gram(s) J, kJ = joule(s), kilojoule(s)
nm = nanometer(s) V = volt(s)
atm = atmosphere(s) mol = mole(s)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
E = energy
E = hν ν = frequency
c = λν λ = wavelength
Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 × 10−34 J s
Speed of light, c = 2.998 × 108 m s−1
Avogadro’s number = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1
Electron charge, e = −1.602 × 10−19 coulomb

EQUILIBRIUM

[C]c [D]d
Kc = , where a A + b B R c C + d D Equilibrium Constants
[A]a [B]b
Kc (molar concentrations)
(PC )c (PD )d
Kp = Kp (gas pressures)
(PA )a (PB )b Ka (weak acid)
 
Ka = [H ][A ] Kb (weak base)
[HA] Kw (water)
 
Kb = [OH ][HB ]
[B]
Kw = [H ][OH−] = 1.0 × 10−14 at 25°C
+

= K a × Kb
pH = −log[H+] , pOH = −log[OH−]
14 = pH + pOH

pH = pKa + log [A ]
[HA]
pKa = −logKa , pKb = −logKb

KINETICS

ln[A] t − ln[A] 0 = − kt k = rate constant

t = time
1  1 = kt t ½ = half-life
>A @t >A @0
t ½ = 0.693
k

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GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS
P = pressure
V = volume
PV = nRT
T = temperature
moles A n = number of moles
PA = Ptotal × XA, where XA =
total moles m = mass
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + . . . M = molar mass
D = density
n = m KE = kinetic energy
M
v = velocity
K = °C + 273
A = absorbance
D= m a = molar absorptivity
V
b = path length
KE per molecule = 1 mv 2 c = concentration
2
Molarity, M = moles of solute per liter of solution Gas constant, R = 8.314 J mol−1 K−1

A = abc = 0.08206 L atm mol−1 K−1

= 62.36 L torr mol−1 K−1
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr
STP = 273.15 K and 1.0 atm
Ideal gas at STP = 22.4 L molí1

THERMODYNAMICS / ELECTROCHEMISTRY
q = heat
q = mc∆T m= mass
c = specific heat capacity
∆S° = Ç SD products  Ç SD reactants T= temperature
S° = standard entropy
∆H° = Ç DHfD products  Ç DHfD reactants
H° = standard enthalpy
G° = standard Gibbs free energy
∆G° = Ç DGfD products  Ç DGfD reactants n = number of moles
E° = standard reduction potential
∆G° = ∆H° − T∆S° I = current (amperes)
= −RT ln K q = charge (coulombs)
= − n E° t = time (seconds)
q Faraday’s constant,  = 96,485 coulombs per mole
I =
t of electrons
1 joule
1 volt =
1 coulomb

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