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Buoyancy Factor Method

The Buoyancy Factor Method

Hassan Abd El Rahman November 04, 2017 design drill string design
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Buoyancy

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Ensures that buckling is restricted to the drill collars and no buckling  occurs in
the heavy-weight drill pipe (HWDP)  or  drill  pipe above  the drill collars. 

The required collar length to provide a desired weight on bit can be calculated
as follows,

where,
WOB = desired weight on bit, lb 
SF= safety factor (1.1-1.15) 
BF= buoyancy factor
Wc= drill collar weight in air, lb/ft
I= maximum hole angle at BHA, degrees

This method does not take into account the hydraulic forces acting on the
bottom end of the drill collars and on the shoulder areas between the drill
collar and the HWDP or DP.

You must understand that the drill collar length calculated by previous
equation is not enough to provide all the desired weight on the bit, and,
therefore, the remainder of the weight will be provided by the HWDP or DP
above the drill collars.

Buckling
Buckling is a problem that must be avoided at all times. Buckling in HWDP or DP
induces stresses in the pipe which will cause premature pipe fatigue and pipe
failure. Lubinski de ned the buckling neutral point as the point in the drill collar
string below which the pipe is buckled (under compression) or will have a tendency
to buckle, and above (Also under compression) which no buckling will occur. The
buckling neutral point is calculated by the following equation,

Above Equation states that no buckling occurs above the drill collars as long as the
weight on the bit does not exceed the buoyed weight of the drill collars.

The hydraulic forces are a result of the

hydrostatic pressure of the mud and are computed by multiplying the hydrostatic
pressure times the respective section area.

In some cases it may be necessary to calculate the axial stress in the drill string or
locate the axial stress neutral point. When axial stress must be determined, all
forces acting on the BHA must be considered including the hydrostatic forces.

To determine the axial stresses in the HWDP above the drill collars, consider the free
body diagram. 

The  BHA  here consists  of  drill  collars  of  length  LC    and HWDP  of  length  LH.  

The  hydraulic  force acting on the cross sectional area between the DC and HWDP is
denoted by F1.

The hydraulic force acting on the bottom of the drill collars is denoted by F2.
The weight on bit WOB acts on the formation, but since for every action there is a
reaction equal in magnitude, there will be a reaction force equal to WOB acting
upward on the bottom end of the drill collars.
The total weights of the HWDP and DC are denoted by W1 and W2 respectively. The
tensile force acting at the cut o point in the HWDP is denoted by FT. Now for the
system to be in static equilibrium, the forces acting upward must be equal to the
forces acting downward, or

Where
W1 = LH WH               W2 = LC WC
F1   = P1 (A2-A1)         F2   = P2 A2

WH  = weight in air of HWDP, lb/ft

WC  = weight in air of drill collars, lb/ft
LH    = length of HWDP, ft
LC    = length of drill collars, ft
P1    = hydrostatic pressure at top of drill collars, psi
P2    = hydrostatic pressure at bottom of drill collars, psi
A1   = steel cross sectional area for HWDP, in2
A2   = steel cross section area for drill collars, in2
FT   = tensile force, lb

It should be noted that FT is assumed to be a tensile force. If the magnitude of FT is

negative then it is a compressive force.

To determine the axial stresses in the drill collars consider the free body diagram.
Note that in this case there is no hydrostatic force acting on the top of the drill
collars because there is no change in diameter (no shoulder area). Adding the forces
gives,
Summary

The number of drill collars calculated by the Buoyancy Factor method is not
enough to provide all the WOB. Some of the WOB will be provided by the DP or
HWDP directly above the drill collars. For this reason the DP or HWDP above
the drill collars will be in compression but not buckled. It is an acceptable
practice to use HWDP or DP in compression as long as it is not buckled.
The buckling neutral point is always near the top of the drill collars. The drill
collars below the neutral point will have a tendency to buckle. The drill collars
and HWDP above the neutral point will not buckle as long as the actual weight
applied on the bit while drilling does not exceed the WOB used in the
calculations. If the actual WOB exceeds the WOB used in the calculations then
the number of drill collars must be increased, otherwise, the HWDP or DP
above the drill collars will buckle. DP or HWDP should never be used in a
buckled condition.

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