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Design of U-Slot Rectangular Patch Antenna for Wireless LAN at 2.45GHz

Conference Paper · December 2013

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 9th International Conference on Microwaves, Antenna, Propagation and Remote Sensing
ICMARS-2013, Jodhpur, INDIA, 11th – 14th December, 2013

Design of U-Slot Rectangular Patch Antenna for

Wireless LAN at 2.45GHz
Panchatapa Bhattacharjee, Vivek Hanumante, Sahadev Roy
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, NIT, Arunachal Pradesh
Yupia, INDIA
asnomkac@rediffmail.com
vivekhanumanteece10@gmail.com
sdr.ece@nitap.in

Abstract—This paper presents design and analysis of an efficient

U-Slot Rectangular microstrip patch antenna for the application
of Wireless LAN for operating frequency 2.45 GHz.U-shaped slot
on the patch of the coaxially fed rectangular patch antenna
increase the bandwidth. Parafin with relative permittivity 2.24
and loss tangent 200e-6 was used as Dielectric substrate material
with a height of 4.75 mm. The antenna was designed and
simulated using FEKO, Electromagnetic solver software. A
bandwidth of 374.733 MHz was achieved with a gain of 7.1304
dBi. Performance parameters like VSWR, Reflection coefficient
and Impedance are very good in arguments. Both performance
and design parameters have been tabulated under.Various
tables, graphs showing these comparisons with detailed analysis
have been included in this paper.

Keywords— Microstrip, U-Slot, Reflection coefficient, VSWR,

FEKO Fig.1.FEKO model of a U-slot Rectangular Patch Antenna

I. INTRODUCTION II. DESIGN OF THE ANTENNA

It is well known that microstrip antennas have very narrow
impedance bandwidth, typically a few per cent. One of the The geometry of the above proposed U-slot rectangular
methods of widening the bandwidth is to cut a U-shaped slot patch antenna is described in Fig.1.
on the patch of the coaxially fed rectangular patch antenna [l].
Microstrip antennas have been widely used in many modern
communication systems, because of its planar profile, and low
cost [2].Most of these antennas operate at their fundamental
mode TM 01 , which results in broadside beam [3]. The U-
shaped slot along with the finite ground plane are used to
achieve an excellent impedance matching to increase the
bandwidth[4].Being such advantageous, a slot of U-shaped on
the rectangular shaped patch antenna is considered for our
design. The U-slot introduces a capacitive component to
counteract the large input inductance when thick substrate is
used [5]. These features have attracted a huge area of interest
and have been widely used in satellite communications,
aerospace, mobile and many more applications. In this paper
basic structure of Microstrip patch antenna was taken under
design consideration. Microstrip patch antenna uses a Fig.2.Dimensions detail of U-slot Rectangular Patch Antenna
radiating patch of perfectly conducting material separated
from the copper ground plane using dielectric substrate Here the ground plane is of length L g and width W g as with
material. Coaxial probe feed method, being easy and flexible the patch length and width, L and W respectively. The patch
(as it can be placed at any desired location to match consists of a U-slot which has a slot width of D, slot height of
impedance), was considered for our design. C, height of slot from base of the patch H and the width
between the upper layer and lower layer of U-slot, E and F
respectively.

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 9th International Conference on Microwaves, Antenna, Propagation and Remote Sensing
ICMARS-2013, Jodhpur, INDIA, 11th – 14th December, 2013

III. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The height of slot from base H is given as [6]:
Here the center frequency f o is taken as 2.45 GHz with H=L-E+2d L-E-H -1/ {ε eff (pp)} 1/2[c/f high -(2C +D)], where c is
lower bound frequency f low as 2.00 GHz and upper bound speed of light.
frequency f high as 2.90 GHz. The antenna was designed for the H. Feeding Technique & Location
application of wireless LAN that uses operating frequency The most common technique Coaxial-probe feeding was
2.45 GHz as per IEEE 802.11b/g standards. used for microstrip patch antennas. The main advantage of this
Dielectric material PARAFIN with dielectric constant 2.24 type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at any
and loss tangent 200e-6 was used. Substrate height was taken desired location inside the patch in order to match with its
4.75 mm to minimize inductive impedance and surface waves input impedance [8]. The impedance match will depend on its
[6]. location on the patch. Feed point locations in order to match 50
A. Calculation of Patch Dimensions ohm impedance were calculated using the following equation
[11]:
Width of the patch of conducting patch material can be Along the width of patch:
calculated using the below formula [7]: 𝑊𝑊
𝑋𝑋𝑓𝑓 =
𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜 2 2
𝑊𝑊 = � Along the length of patch:
2𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 (1 + 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 )
𝑌𝑌𝑓𝑓 = 𝑌𝑌0 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Where c 0 is the free-space velocity of light i.e. 3×108 m/s
𝐿𝐿 50
and ε r is the dielectric constant of material here 2.24. Where 𝑌𝑌0 = cos −1 �
𝜋𝜋 𝑍𝑍0
The value of the effective dielectric constant is given by
[8]: Z 0s =�50 ∗ 𝑍𝑍𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
−1� 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 2 𝐿𝐿
𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 + 1 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 − 1 ℎ2
𝑍𝑍𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 90 ∗ ( )2
𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = + �1 + 12 � 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 − 1 𝑊𝑊
2 2 𝑊𝑊
Where h and W are the height and width of substrate The calculated feed point coordinates are X f =24.05 and
material for an antenna respectively. Y f =11.04. However this equation only provides an
Length of the patch can be calculated as: approximation. Impedance matching was achieved after a lot
𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜 of iteration, the exact co-ordinates are given in Table I.
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = − 2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 �𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
TABLE I
The dL is the length extension due to the fringing field and DESIGN PARAMETERS
can be calculated using the equation Normal Patch Readings
𝑊𝑊
�𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 0.3� � + 0.264� Width (W) (mm) 48.10
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.412ℎ ℎ
𝑊𝑊 Length (L) (mm) 38.38
�𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 0.258� � + 0.8�
ℎ Width of Ground(W g ) (mm) 76.6
B. Calculation of Ground Dimensions Length of Ground (L g )(mm) 66.88
Feed point location (original)
The ground dimension for the antenna can be calculated as (24.05,11.04)
(mm)
below:
U Slot Patch Readings
Width of the ground is given as: W g = W + 6h
Length of ground is given as: L g = L + 6h Slot Width (D)(mm) 23.3796
Slot Height(C)(mm) 17.5347
C. Calculation of U -SLOT parameters
Height of Slot From Base (H)(mm) 14.146
Slot thickness E and F is given by [9]:
Slot Thickness (E=F) (mm) 2.04
E=F=wavelength of light / 60. Feed point taken (after
(24.05,8.5)
Slot width D is given by [9]: iterations)(mm)
D= c 0 /2f low ( ε reff) 1/2-2( L+ dL - E),where c 0 is the speed of
light.
Slot height C is given by [10]: IV. SIMULATION & RESULTS
C=D*0.75 This antenna was designed and simulated using
Other parameters are calculated as [10]: Electromagnetic solver software FEKO which uses Method of
Moment (MoM) technique. The feed point location using the
ε eff (pp)=( ε r +1)/2 +(ε r -1)/2 * {1+(12*T)/(D-2F)}-1/2,
earlier mentioned formula was calculated at (24.05, 11.04). But
where , ‘T’ is the thickness of dielectric substrate. the best impedance matching was obtained at feed point
2d L-E-H =0.824*T [(ε eff (pp) +0.3){(D-2F)/T +0.262}]/ location (24.05, 8.5), where the impedance was found to be
[(ε eff (pp) -0.258) {(D-2F)/T +0.813}] 49.9834 Ω. At this feed point the VSWR and Reflection

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 9th International Conference on Microwaves, Antenna, Propagation and Remote Sensing
ICMARS-2013, Jodhpur, INDIA, 11th – 14th December, 2013

coefficient were also found minimum. The Table II presents

the performance parameters of antenna.
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
Performance Parameters
Resonance Frequency (GHz) 2.3218
Gain ( dBi ) 7.31074
Impedance (Ω) 49.9834
VSWR (absolute value) 1.01285
Reflection Coefficient (dB) -43.9004
-3 dB Bandwidth (MHz) 374.773
-10 dB Bandwidth(MHz) 117.491
-3dB Half Power Beam-
123.504
width(deg)

Fig.4. Magnitude of the Reflection Coefficient (dB)

The antenna was found to be resonating at 2.3218GHz with
a gain of 7.31074 dBi. The values of VSWR and Reflection
coefficient are very low and close enough to ideal values.
The bandwidth 374.773 MHz is a very good figure in the
context of patch antennas. Bandwidth (BW) % can be
calculated as follows[9]:
BW (%) = ((f high -f low )/ f 0 ) * 100
BW (%) = (0.9/2.450) * 100
BW (%) = 36.73469%
Hence a bandwidth with 36.73469% was achieved. The
following graphs show the plots of various performance
parameters. Figure 8 shows the 3-D radiation pattern of
antenna.

. Fig.5. Absolute value of VSWR

Fig.3.Gain of the antenna

Fig.6. -3dB Bandwidth

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 9th International Conference on Microwaves, Antenna, Propagation and Remote Sensing
Fig.7.Polar Plot and -3db Half powerbeamwidth
Fig.8 -3 db Radiation Pattern side view
V. CONCLUSIONS
Nowadays, microstrip patch antenna is an attractive candidate
with low profile, light weight, conformability, and easy
fabrication properties [12].The antenna designed for the
purpose of Wireless LAN communication purpose at the
frequency of 2.45GHz holds good for the performance
parameters. The VSWR and return loss have been minimized
and a very good bandwidth and gain are obtained. Also the
antenna is compact in size and can be used for various
applications. Hugely, U-slot antennas are designed for
wideband, multiband or frequency tuning operation [13].
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ICMARS-2013, Jodhpur, INDIA, 11th – 14th December, 2013
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards
Prof.(Dr.)C.T. Bhunia, Director, NIT AP, Dr. Pinaki
Chakraborty, Dean (R&D) and all the Professors and staffs
of the Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering of NIT AP for their kind support and motivation
in carrying out this study.
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