Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

1. Public Transportation System

Public Transportation is a shared passenger-transport service which is

available for use by the general public, as distinct from modes such as taxicab,

carpooling, hired buses, and transportation network companies, which are not

shared by the general public without private arrangement.

Public transport modes include city buses, jeepney, light rails, taxi cabs, ferries

etc.

2. Urban Transportation

Urbanization is one of the dominant contemporary processes as a growing

share of the global population lives in cities. Following this trend, urban

transportation issues are of importance to support the passengers freight mobility

requirements of large urban agglomerations. Transportation in urban areas is

highly complex because of the modes involved, the multitude of origins and
destinations, and the amount and variety of traffic. Traditionally, the focus of urban

transportation has been on passengers as cities were viewed as locations of

utmost human interactions with intricate traffic patterns linked to commuting,

commercial transactions and leisure/cultural activities. However, cities are also

locations of production, consumption and distribution, activities linked to

movements of freight. Conceptually, the urban transport system is intricately linked

with urban form and spatial structure. Urban transit is an important dimension of

mobility, notably in high density areas. Alonso, W. (1964)

3. Awareness on Traffic Rules and Regulations

Raising awareness about serious dangers of distracted driving, including,

talking/texting while driving, and encouraging both drivers and passengers to do

what they can to end the dangerous practice driving while distracted. (Sexton and

McCutchen, 20)

4. Driver’s Self Awareness

Awareness has two crucial components self-awareness (insight) and

knowledge. In order to take up new ideas, skills and knowledge, drivers need to

be aware of their capabilities and their limitations the existing gaps in their

capability, additionally drivers must be aware of the inner self, that is, having a

sense of one’s internal states, being able to observe and reflect on the various

experiences encountered in life.

 5. Awareness of Sustainable transportation

Services should be designed in such a way that accommodates the service

levels required by customers, in order to attract potential users. the choice of

transport is influenced by factors such as individual characteristics and lifestyle,

journey type. Beirao and Cabral (2007)

Foreign Studies

1. Awareness on Traffic Rules and Regulations

Due to the importance of knowledge and awareness of traffic regulations

and bad driving practices in reducing traffic accidents, this study was conducted to

evaluate traffic regulations knowledge and awareness among drivers in Salalah,

Sultanate of Oman. To meet the objectives of this study a questionnaire was

developed and distributed among road users in Salalah. The survey was designed

to have three main sections; participant information, driving practices and finally

traffic regulations knowledge and awareness assessment. Data had shown that a

very low percentage of 37% of participants fully complied with speed limits, 88%.

580 fully complied with traffic signals and only 20% always used seatbelts, a high

percentage of 83% used mobile phone during driving, 8% drove while intoxicated
and 97% drove when feeling fatigued. Surprisingly, some of participants lacked the

knowledge of important traffic signs (Give Way and Two Directional Roads), which

could be one of the major reasons for high rate of accidents in the region. Data

from the awareness section of the survey showed that a high percentage of

participants were knowledgeable of wrong driving practices, high speed was

ranked as the first cause, then defect in vehicle, old roads and lack of experience.

Furthermore, 57% of participants were involved in at least one vehicular accidents

as drivers and were 18-25 years old when they were involved in an accident as

drivers.

In conclusion, this study showed that the participants had the knowledge of

wrong driving practices and lacked it in traffic regulations and signs. Based on this

study’s findings, it is recommended to increase the traffic safety awareness and

intensify promoting compliance with traffic regulations and the tragic

consequences of not doing so. In addition, and since most participants were

knowledgeable of wrong driving behaviors, authorities should increase the efforts

to enforce regulations especially speeding and the usage of mobile phones while

driving.

2. Awareness on Traffic Rules and Regulations

It is concluded that with the better trainings of the learner drivers and testing

techniques for issuing the license will reduce number of accidents. Awareness

program on road safety from the student level will also assist in reducing the

accidents at all levels.

 3. Anti-Distracted Driving

Drivers used their phones during 88-percent of the 570 million trips

analyzed. During an hour-long trip, drivers spent an average of 3.5-minutes using

their phones. (Budnick, 2017)

Distracted driving accidents killed 3092 people in 2010 according to the U.S.

Department of Transportation. Additionally, it is estimated that 18% of auto

accidents that year involved distracted drivers.

4. Factors Affecting Driver’s Behavior

The driver is a complex and uncertain individual, which might exhibit

different driving characteristics in different driving characteristics in different driving

situations (fatigue/drunk/drowsy/distracted driving). In addition, different road

adhesion, traffic conditions, and weather conditions will also impact driver

characteristics. (Changfu Zong et al, 2014)

5. Road Accidents

Current data suggest that 300,00 Filipinos will die of road crashes by 2020 if

preventive measures will not be taken (World Health Organization 2015, 2015).

6. Knowledge-based and Experience-based Drivers

Among the 241 drivers, 50 of them (20.7%) thought that the seat belt could cause

discomfort while driving, and 107 (44.4%) did not wear a seat belt while driving.

The study determined that there was a significant difference between the

knowledge and work experience of the drivers (p = 0.014). The 94 drivers (43.5%)
in the 31–40-year age group had positive attitudes towards traffic regulations

(among 216 drivers expressed positive attitudes) and 92 (44.4%) of the drivers in

this age group had safe practices towards traffic regulations (among 207 drivers

with safe practice).

7. Road Safety

Road safety is regarded as a national agenda in Thailand. Given the fact

that international travelers and tourists are mostly neglected in road safety

consideration, it is thus worthwhile to investigate their perceptions and awareness

regarding road safety. The study explored was such a notion utilizing a systematic

survey questionnaire to 1,091 international visitors from Africa, Asia, Australia,

Europe, and North America. From the analysis results, several comments can be

made.

First, respondents generally agreed that public transport was safe and traffic

signs were in good conditions. On the other hand, most of the respondents did not

feel safe using roads as a pedestrian or even as a driver. It should be noted also

that the level of perceptions and awareness regarding road safety were found to

be different among tourists with different origins. Respondents from Asian origins

largely rated road safety perceptions higher than their counterparts from other

regions. Possible reason may be that Thailand is also located in Asia and the road

environments and conditions may not be much different from what Asian tourists

would expect.
Local Literature

1. Republic Act 10913 or the Anti-Distracted Driving Act

The Anti-Distracted Driving Act, officially recorded as Republic Act No.

10913, is a law in the Philippines that prohibits distracted driving by restricting and

penalizing the use of mobile phones and other electronics devices while driving on

any public thoroughfare, highway or street in the Philippines. The republic act

defines "distracted driving" as "using mobile communications device to write, send,

or read a text-based communication or to make or receive calls" or "using an

electronic entertainment or computing device to play games, watch movies, surf

the internet, compose messages, read e-books, perform calculations, and other

similar acts" while behind the wheel of a moving vehicle or while temporarily

stopped at a red light.

2. Republic Act 4136 or the Land Transportation and Traffic Code

. Speed limits are set under Republic Act No 4136 or the Land Transportation and Traffic

Code which mandates the allowable speed limits on open country roads, city and

municipal streets, and thoroughfares. Under RA 4136, these speed limits are uniform

nationwide. This means that no provincial, city, or municipal authority can enforce any

ordinance or resolution specifying speed limits other than those prescribed in the law.
3. Anti-Drunk Driving

Under the pursuant of R.A. 10586, Section 12, driving a motor vehicle while under

the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or similar substance upon final

conviction by a regular court of competent jurisdictionThe Republic Act 10586 or

the "Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013" indicates that blood alcohol

content (BAH) should be 0.05% for non-professional drivers and 0.01% for

motorcycle riders and professional drivers.

Local Studies

1. Vehicular Accidents

The Philippine National Police High Patrol Presented at the DLSU Research

Congress 2017 De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines June 20 to 22, 2017

Group (PNP-HPG) shows an alarming increase in vehicular accidents across the

country which that in 2014, there were 15572 vehicular accidents, which resulted

in 1252 deaths. The number increased in 2015 with 24,565 which lead to 1040

deaths. In 2016, PNP-HGP has already recorded 10656 vehicular accidents in the

whole country resulting in 549 deaths. This report is an alarming situation in the

country (Ager, 2016). In the Philippines, jeepneys, called as “jeep” is a very popular

means of transportation. There are several people who are using jeepneys as a

way of supporting their lives. Jeepney drivers perform multi-tasking. They are focus
on their driving activities, at the same time, they are also the ones performing the

accounting functions of the business

2. Road Accidents

In 2008, there were 7.7 road deaths per 100,000 population (World Health

Organization, 2013). According to data compiled by the Traffic Management Group

of the Philippine National Police, the top 5 causes of road accidents in 2001 were

determined to be: (1) failure to yield right of way to other vehicle or pedestrian, (2)

reckless overtaking, (3) improper turning, (4) following too closely or tailgating and

(5) exceeding lawful speed limit (Palmiano, 2006).

In 2008, DOH reported road crashes as the 4th leading cause of death in

the Philippines.

3. Effect of Adequacy and Ergonomic Factor of Jeepneys to Drivers

With these analyses, the researchers had found out that the current

dimensions of the jeepneys are inadequate and not ergonomic enough to fit the

built of a driver based from the anthropometric measurements of average Filipino

workers. However, by looking at the complete set of data gathered, the dimensions

of these jeepney units vary in a significantly large quantity. It is in this light that the

researchers deem it important to redesign the dimensions of the jeepney such that

the average value of the measurements gathered in this study is followed.

References:

 http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/services/driverslicense/new-license-how-

to-apply-for-a-professional-license/

 http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/conferences/dlsu-research-congress-

proceedings/2017/HCT/HCT-II-027.pdf

 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9605/4c17be5ddc81a518c44356b847a07

f4a8ff9.pdf

 https://studymoose.com/traffic-rules-implementation-essay

 https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:11686/FULLTEXT01.pdf

 https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Importance-of-Obeying-Traffic-Laws-

F3C7AW43TJ

 https://www.blog.zendrive.com/distracted-driving/

 https://www.mccutchenbuckley.com/distracted-driving-awareness/

 https://www.shanesmithlaw.com/library/anti-distracted-driving-pledge-

increases-awareness.cfm

 Road Safety Awareness and Comprehension of Road Signs from

International Tourist's Perspectives: A Case Study of Thailand Kasem

Choocharukula*, Kerkritt Sriroongvikraib, Department of Civil Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

10330

 Assessment of Traffic Safety and Awareness Among Road Users in

Salalah, Sultanate of Oman. Ahmad M. Abu Abdo and Yousuf A. Al-Ibrahim.

Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, American University of

Ras Al Khaimah, P.O. Box 10021, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. Department of

Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dhofar University, P.O. Box 2509,

Salalah, 211 Sultanate of Oman