3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

INSTRUCTION cum EXPERIMENTS

MANUAL

FOR

3D EQUILIBRIUM APPARATUS
MODEL MT-084

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

WARRANTY CERTIFICATE

Supply of 3D EQUILIBRIUM APPARATUS MODEL MT-084

The above instrument is warranted to be free from defects in workmanship and material and if it
proves so defective within 15 (Fifteen months) calendar months from the date of shipment to the
original purchaser, named above it shall be repaired or replaced free of charge provided
The Purchaser sends promptly to M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
102, Regency, New Link Road, Dahisar (West), Mumbai 400 068. INDIA, notice of defect and
satisfactory proof thereof as abolishing that the instrument has been properly maintained and operated
within the limits of rated capacity and normal usages, and
 Assumes the obligation of all expenses of returning the defective instrument, properly packed
to the Factory at the address given in (a) above, if required.
 On parts of products incorporated in the instrument but not manufactured by M/s. SCI-
TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED, this warranty is limited to extending to the
purchaser the same warranty as given by the supplier of such part or products.
This guarantee dose not covers consumable parts such as Bulbs, Fuses, and Rubber Seals etc.
Under the circumstances shall M/s SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED, have any
liability whatsoever for loss of use or for any indirect or consequential damages.
We can only undertake to send our men to a distance to investigate and put right alleged defects on
the distinct understanding that we are paid for their time and expenses in every case.
M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED decision about repairing or replacing the
equipment or its parts will be final and binding on all concerned parties.
Unless superseded or in contractual form, this warranty is made expressly in lieu of all the other
liabilities and obligations on our part.
For SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
Place: Mumbai/INDIA

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

INDEX

Sr. No. Description Page no.

1. WARRANTY CERTIFICATE 2

2 PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION 4

3 INSTALLATION POCEDURE 5

4 PRECAUTIONS 6

5 THEORY 7

6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 13

7 EXPERIMENT NO-1 15

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION

Mirror

Pulley

Transparent Resultant
Acrylic
Weights

Cord

Weights

Leveling
screws

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

Cord

Pulley

Weights

3D EQUILIBRIUM APPARATUS

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

1. Remove the packing material and clean the component with dry cloths.

2. Place the apparatus on a clean and even surface.

3. If surface is not even use leveling screws.

4. Cords and weights should be placed precisely.

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

PRECAUTIONS

1. Place the trainer on a leveled even surface.

2. Ropes should be free of knots.

3. Rotations of pulley should be smooth.

4. While taking the readings do not disturb the apparatus.

5. Clean the equipment before and after the experiment with dry cloths.

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

THEORY

The concept of equilibrium is introduced to describe a body which is stationary or which is

moving with a constant velocity. A body under such a state is acted upon by balanced forces

and balanced couples only. There is no unbalanced force or unbalanced couple acting on

it. In statics, the concept of equilibrium is usually used in the analysis of a body which is

stationary, or is said to be in the state of static equilibrium.

The concept of equilibrium is the most basic and most important concept in engineering

analysis. The concept must be really understood by every student. The ability to understand

mechanics and many other engineering disciplines is dependent on mastering the concept of

equilibrium.

Particles and Rigid Bodies

PARTICLES: A particle is a body whose size does not have any effect on the results of

mechanical analyses on it and, therefore, its dimensions can be neglected. The size of a

particle is very small compared to the size of the system being analyzed.

RIGID BODY: A body is formed by a group of particles. The size of a body affects the

results of any mechanical analysis on it. A body is said to be rigid when the relative

positions of its particles are always fixed and do not change when the body is acted upon by

any load (whether a force or a couple). Most bodies encountered in engineering work can be

considered rigid from the mechanical analysis point of view because the deformations that

take place within these bodies under the action of loads can be neglected when compared to

other effects produced by the loads. All bodies to be studied in this book are rigid, except

for springs. Springs undergo deformations that cannot be neglected when acted upon by

forces or moments. For the analyses in this book, only the effects of the deformations of

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

springs on a rigid body interacting with the springs are considered but the springs themselves

will not be analyzed as a body.

In general, force acting on a particle tends to cause the particle to translate. Also, a force on a

body not only tends to cause the body to translate (as in the case of the particle) but also tends

to cause the body to rotate about any axis which does not intersect with or is not parallel to

the line of action of the force. This tendency to rotate is called the “moment” and is

measured quantitatively by the methods

FREE BODY: Mechanical analysis of a structure, in general, is started by applying

Newton’s law to the whole structure, or to part of the structure. To see what actually happens

to any particular part of a structure, that part has to be isolated from the other parts of the

body. The concept of isolating the part which is the target of analysis is a very important

concept in mechanical analysis. The part which is isolated is called a free body.

MECHANICAL SYSTEM: A mechanical system is defined as a body system that can be

isolated from other bodies. The system can be formed by a single body, part of a body, or a

group of connected bodies. The bodies forming the system can either be rigid or non-

rigid. A mechanical system can be solid, fluid, or even a combination of solid and fluid.

FREE-BODY DIAGRAM (FBD): The isolation of a mechanical system is achieved by

cutting and isolating the system from its surroundings. The isolation enables us to see the

interactions between the isolated part and the other parts. The part which has been cut

(imaginarily), forms a free body. A diagram which portrays the free body, complete with the

system of external forces acting on it due to its interaction with the parts which have been

removed, is called the free-body diagram (FBD) of the isolated part.

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

The FBD of a body system shows all loads acting on the external boundary of the isolated

body. The loads include active forces applied on the free body by the parts removed from

it. Note that the internal forces acting on a structure becomes external forces when exposed

by the imaginary “cutting” process carried out to form the free body.

EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS FOR A RIGID BODY:

A rigid acted upon by any applied load will tend to translate than rotate about a particular

axis. The tendency to translate is due to the action ot the resultant force on the body and the

tendency to rotate is due to the action of the resultant couple. Equilibrium will occur on the

body if the resultant force as well as the resultant couple is both zero. Mathematically,

equilibrium is determined by the conditions:

∑F = 0

∑M = 0 (3.1)

Where ∑F is the resultant force and ∑M the resultant moment

The first expression of Equation 3.1 says that, for equilibrium, the sum of all forces acting on

the body is zero. The second expression says that the sum of the moment about any axis

must be zero. The two conditions manifested by Equation 3.1 are necessary and sufficient for

equilibrium. It is said to be necessary because fulfilling the first condition only will result in

in equilibrium in terms of rotation. Similarly, if only the second condition is fulfilled, in

equilibrium occurs in terms of translation. The two conditions are said to be sufficient

because equilibrium takes place when both the conditions are met without the need for any

additional condition.

For the purpose learning, the study on equilibrium in this book will be divided into two

stages:

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

(1) The equilibrium of bodies acted upon by planar force systems, and

(2) The equilibrium of bodies acted upon by a general spatial force system.

EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS (2D):

The resultant force vector for a planar force system acts on the pane of action of the original

force system. The resultant moment vector acts perpendicular to that plane. Hence the

resultant force vector can be represented by its two perpendicular components acting on the

plane. On the other hand, the resultant moment vector can be represented by a circular arrow

which indicates it sense of action. For example, if the surface of this book is taken as the

plane of action of the given force system, say plane x-y, the following relationships are

obtained:

∑F = ∑Fx + ∑Fy

∑MO = ∑|r × F| = ∑Fd

Where d is the perpendicular distance between any moment center O and the line of action

of F.

The second expression in this equation gives the magnitude of the resultant moment. The

direction of the ∑MO vector is perpendicular to this page; its sense of action is indicated by

the circular arrow which acts in the clockwise or anti-clockwise direction, depending on the

sense of r and F

Using the relationships stated above, the equilibrium equation for the two-dimensional case

can be written in the scalar form:

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

∑Fx = 0

∑Fx = 0 (3.2)

∑MO = 0

The first two equations in Equation (3.2) state that the sum of the force components in the x-

and y- directions is both zero. The third expression states that the moment about any

point O (i.e. about any axis which is perpendicular to the x-y plane and passing through O is

zero.

All three expressions of Equation are necessary for equilibrium. In addition, if a body is

supported in such a way that all forces acting on the body can be determined by using

Equation alone, then the equation is said to be sufficient. In this early stage of their study, the

students are required to handle only problems that can be solved using Equation. Thus

Equation is necessary and sufficient for the equilibrium of all bodies.

RESULTANT OF CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM (3D):

Resultant of a force system is a force or a couple that will have the same effect to the body,

both in translation and rotation, if all the forces are removed and replaced by the resultant.

The equations involving the resultant of force system are the following:

The x-component of the resultant is equal to the summation of forces in the x- direction.

Rx= ΣFx= Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+……………. (1)

The y-component of the resultant is equal to the summation of forces in the y-direction.

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

Ry = ΣFy = Fy1+Fy2+Fy3+.................... (2)

The z-component of the resultant is equal to the summation of forces in the z-direction.

Rz = ΣFz= Fz1+Fz2+F𝑧3+........................ (3)

Using equation (1), (2),(3) we get,

Resultant Force = √(𝐹𝑥)2 + (𝐹𝑦)2 + (𝐹𝑧)2

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Start the experiment by loading the weights on each cord hanger and also on the

resultant hanger.

2. Consider one transparent acrylic as X-Z and other as Y-Z plane such that Z be the

vertical axis and X-Y horizontal.

3. Start reading the co-ordinates of each force i.e. F1, F2, F3, F4, and FR in X-Z and Y-Z

plane respectively such that the 100-mm mark on the cord is coincident with the

reflection of scale in the mirror.

4. Note down all the readings in the observation table.

5. Start the calculation by making vector equations of each force. (except resultant force)

6. Calculate all the unit vectors of the forces.

7. Now calculate force vectors i.e. F1, F2, F3, and F4.

8. Adding all the forces in X-direction, Y-direction, Z-direction respectively we will get

FX, FY and FZ.

9. Calculate the resultant force i.e. FR.

10. Compare the resultant force got from observation and the one calculated.

11. Note down the results.

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OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this experiment is to study the system to be in equilibrium under the

influence of concurrent forces.

APPARATUS:

1. Weights

2. Cord

3. 3D Equilibrium

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

EXPERIMENT NO .1

AIM: Demonstration of Reaction of 3D concurrent forces.

OBSERVATIONS:
Dead weights= 100grams each

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr
No. W1 W2 W3 W4 WR (x, y, z)1 (x, y, z)2 (x, y, z)3 (x, y, z)4 (x, y, z)R
300 300 200 200 700 (60,-50,120) (-40,-50,120) (-65,70,130) (70,50,110) (10,0,65)

1
200 200 200 200 400 (55,-50,135) (-40,-60,140) (-80,70,170) (90,30,165) (20,-35,105)

STEPS:
1. Note down all the readings by observation.

2. Start the calculation by first writing the vector equations of each force with respect to
resultant.
e.g. F1=(x,y,z)=(10,6,8) ; FR=(x,y,z)=(2,8,3)

F1 = Individual force;
FR = Resultant Force
F1= (FRx - F1x) i - (FRy – F1y) j + (FRz – F1z) k = (2-10)i – (8-6)j + (3-8)k = -8i-2j-5k

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

3. Calculate all the unit vectors.

Formula:
x𝐢+y𝐣+z𝐤
Unit vector =
√(x)2+(y)2+(z)2

4. Calculate all the force vectors i.e. F1, F2, F3, and F4.
Formula:
F1 = (Force in N)  Unit vectors
Similarly for F2, F3 and F4.
e.g. F1= (300  9.81)  Unit vectors

5. Calculate all the forces in X, Y, Z direction respectively i.e. Fx,Fy, and Fz.

6. Calculate the resultant force with Fx, Fy, Fz.

Formula:

FR= √(Fx) 2 + (Fy) 2 + (Fz) 2

7. Compare the resultant force of observation and calculated one.

CALCULATION:

Reading 1:

1. Vector equations of each force.

W1= (10-60) i - (0+50) j + (65-120) k = -50i – 50j – 55k

W2= (10+40) i - (0+50) j + (65-120) k = 50i – 50j – 55k
W3= (10+65) i - (0-70) j + (65-130) k = 75i + 70j – 65k
W4= (10-70) i - (0-50) j + (65-110) k = -60i + 50j – 45k

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2. Unit vectors.

−50𝐢 −50𝐣−55𝐤 −50𝐢 −50𝐣−55𝐤

W1= =
√(−𝟓𝟎)𝟐 +(−𝟓𝟎)𝟐 +(−𝟓𝟓)𝟐 89.58

50𝐢 −50𝐣−55𝐤 50𝐢 −50𝐣−55𝐤

W2= =
√(𝟓𝟎)𝟐 +(−𝟓𝟎)𝟐 +(−𝟓𝟓)𝟐 89.58

75𝐢 −70𝐣−65𝐤 75𝐢 −70𝐣−65𝐤

W3= =
√(75)2 +(70)2 +(−65)2 121.44

−60𝐢 +50𝐣−45𝐤 −60𝐢 +50𝐣−45𝐤

W4= =
√(−60)2 +(50)2 +(−45)2 90.138

3. Force vectors.

F1= (300  9.81)  W1= -1642.5i - 1642.5j- 1806.75k

F2= (300  9.81)  W2= 1642.5i - 1642.5j - 1806.75k

F3= (300  9.81)  W3= 1211.7i - 1130.92j - 1050.14k

F4= (300  9.81)  W4= 1305.6i - 1088j - 979.2k

4. Calculating Fx , Fy, Fz:

FX = -1642.5 + 1642.5 + 1211.7 + 1305.6 = 2517.3 N

FY = -1642.5 - 1642.5 + 1130.92 + 1088 = -1067 N

FZ = -1806.75 - 1806.75 - 1050.14 - 979.2 = -5642.84 N

5. Resultant Force:

FRcal = √(Fx) 2 + (Fy) 2 + (Fz) 2 = √(2517.3)2 + (−1067)2 + (−5642.84)2

= 6270.32 N
FRobs = 7009.81= 6867 N.

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

Reading 2:

1. Vector equations of each force.

W1= (20-50) i - (-35+50) j + (105-135) k = -35i – 15j – 20k

W2= (20+40) i - (-35+60) j + (105-140) k = 60i – 25j – 35k

W3= (20+80) i - (-35-70) j + (105-150) k = 100i + 105j – 45k

W4= (20-60) i - (-35-95) j + (105-135) k = -40i + 130j – 30k

2. Unit vectors.

−35𝐢 – 15𝐣 – 20𝐤 −35𝐢 – 15𝐣 – 20𝐤

W1= =
√(−35)2 + (−15)2 + (−20)2 43.011

60𝐢 – 25𝐣 – 35𝐤 60𝐢 – 25𝐣 – 35𝐤

W2= =
√(−35)2 + (−15)2 + (−20)2 73.824

100𝐢 + 105𝐣 – 45𝐤 100𝐢 + 105𝐣 – 45𝐤

W3= =
60𝐢 – 25𝐣 – 35𝐤 151.82

−40𝐢 + 130𝐣 – 30𝐤 −40𝐢 + 130𝐣 – 30𝐤

W4= 100𝐢 + 105𝐣 – 45𝐤 = 139.28

3. Force vectors.

F1= (200  9.81)  W1= -1596.56i – 684.24j - 912.32k

F2= (200  9.81)  W2= 1594.2i – 664.25j – 929.95k

F3= (200  9.81)  W3= 1293i + 1357.65j – 581.85k

F4= (200  9.81)  W4= -563.2i + 1830.4j – 422.4k

4. Calculating Fx, Fy, Fz:

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 3D Equilibrium Apparatus Model MT-084

FX = -1596.56 + 1594.2 + 1293 -563.2 = 727.44 N

FY = -684.24 – 664.25 + 1357.65 + 1830.4 = -1839.56 N

FZ = -912.32 – 929.95 – 581.85 – 422.4 = -2846.52 N

5. Resultant Force:

FRcal = √Fx) 2 + (Fy) 2 + (Fz) 2 = √(727.44)2 + (−1839.56)2 + (−2846.52)2

= 3466.38 N

FRobs = 4009.81= 3924 N.

RESULT:

By Calculations By Observations

1) FR = 6270.32 N FR = 6867 N

2) FR = 3466.38 N FR = 3924 N

3)

4)

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