. Title of the assignment.

2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student number . Title of the assignment.
2. The name and code of the module for which the assignment is being prepared.
3. Module convener to whom the assignment is being handed.
4. Date on which assignment is / was due.
5. Your name and initials.
6. Your student numberAmnesty International published a policy on protecting sex workers from human rights violations and abuses
and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex act is a victim of sexual exploitation and that states must take appropriate
measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9] Amnesty International published a policy on protecting sex workers from
human rights violations and abuses and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex act is a victim of sexual exploitation
and that states must take appropriate measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9] Amnesty International published a
policy on protecting sex workers from human rights violations and abuses and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex
act is a victim of sexual exploitation and that states must take appropriate measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9]
Amnesty International published a policy on protecting sex workers from human rights violations and abuses and it recognises that a
child involved in a commercial sex act is a victim of sexual exploitation and that states must take appropriate measures to prevent
exploitation and abuse of children.[9] Amnesty International published a policy on protecting sex workers from human rights
violations and abuses and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex act is a victim of sexual exploitation and that states
must take appropriate measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9] Amnesty International published a policy on
protecting sex workers from human rights violations and abuses and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex act is a
victim of sexual exploitation and that states must take appropriate measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9]
Amnesty International published a policy on protecting sex workers from human rights violations and abuses and it recognises that a
child involved in a commercial sex act is a victim of sexual exploitation and that states must take appropriate measures to prevent
exploitation and abuse of children.[9] Amnesty International published a policy on protecting sex workers from human rights
violations and abuses and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex act is a victim of sexual exploitation and that states
must take appropriate measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9] Amnesty International published a policy on
protecting sex workers from human rights violations and abuses and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex act is a
victim of sexual exploitation and that states must take appropriate measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9]
Amnesty International published a policy on protecting sex workers from human rights violations and abuses and it recognises that a
child involved in a commercial sex act is a victim of sexual exploitation and that states must take appropriate measures to prevent
exploitation and abuse of children.[9] Amnesty International published a policy on protecting sex workers from human rights
violations and abuses and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex act is a victim of sexual exploitation and that states
must take appropriate measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9] Amnesty International published a policy on
protecting sex workers from human rights violations and abuses and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex act is a
victim of sexual exploitation and that states must take appropriate measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9]
Amnesty International published a policy on protecting sex workers from human rights violations and abuses and it recognises that a
child involved in a commercial sex act is a victim of sexual exploitation and that states must take appropriate measures to prevent
exploitation and abuse of children.[9] Amnesty International published a policy on protecting sex workers from human rights
violations and abuses and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex act is a victim of sexual exploitation and that states
must take appropriate measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9] Amnesty International published a policy on
protecting sex workers from human rights violations and abuses and it recognises that a child involved in a commercial sex act is a
victim of sexual exploitation and that states must take appropriate measures to prevent exploitation and abuse of children.[9] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an
abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery
and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not
only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use
of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors,
in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual
exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and adolescents and a form of economic
exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those who use girls and boys and
adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual
exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child
prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] The
ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and right of children and
adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime on the part of those
who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but also those who are
“clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind
(commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars,
hotels, restaurants.[8] The ILO considers commercial sexual exploitation of children an abhorrent violation of the human dignity and
right of children and adolescents and a form of economic exploitation similar to slavery and forced labour, which also implies a crime
on the part of those who use girls and boys and adolescents in the sex trade – not only those who offer children in prostitution but
also those who are “clients”.[8] Commercial sexual exploitation of children is the use of girls and boys in sexual activities
remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels,
discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants.[8] However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex
work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and
improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
However, there are other groups who are against recognising sex work as a genuine option for women such as other legitimate
occupations as this diminishes the possibility of getting women out and improving their lives.[3]
Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour and needs to be eliminated, and whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labour” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which
it is performed.[6]
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection meth ods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection methods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection meth ods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection meth ods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection meth ods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection meth ods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection meth ods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection meth ods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection meth ods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection methods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection methods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection meth ods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
13
She woke up in the motning with the most awful headache and she started talking abou thow everything was conectedMeasurement
of exposures and outcomes
"

2.3. Measurement of exposure

Data on the exposures of interest may be obtained through personal
interviews (either face-to-face or by telephone), self-administered questionnaires,
diaries of behaviour, reference to records, biological measurements
and measurements in the environment. If a subject is too young,
too il, or dead, it is also common to obtain data from a proxy respondent,
usually a member of their family.
The method chosen to collect data depends on many factors: the type
of study; the type and detail of data required; availabilty of existing
records collected for other purposes; lack of knowledge or poor recaIl of
the exposure by subjects; sensitivity of the subjects to questioning about
the exposure; frequency and level of the exposure, and their variabilty
over time; availabilty of physical or chemical methods for measuring the
exposure in the human body or in the environ ment; and the costs of the
various possible methods. Often, more than one approach is used.
Different components of the data often require different collection meth ods,
and using several methods of data collection can help to validate data
and to reduce error in measurement (see Section 2.6).
The information obtained should include details of the exact nature of
the exposure, its amount or dose, and its distribution over time.
2.3.1 Nature of the exposure
The information collected should be as detailed as possible. For
instance, it is better to enquire about different forms of tobacco smoking
separately (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), rather than to enquire simply about
 tain
'smoking'. Questions on types of cigarette may also be asked to ob

information on their tar content. Enquiries should also be made about

the route of exposure to the agent (for example, in a study of contraceptives
and breast cancer, it is important to distinguish oral contraceptives
from other types of contraceptive), as weIl as about any behaviour
that may protect against exposure (for example, in an occupational
study, it is important to ask about any behaviour that may have protected
the workers from being exposed to hazards, such as use of protective
cIothing).
2.3.2 Dose
Exposure is seldom simply present or absent. Most exposures of interest
are quantitative variables. Smokers can be classified according to the number
of cigarettes smoked daily; industrial exposures by the extent of exposure
(often achieved by classifying workers according to the duration of
employment and type of job); infections by dose of agent or age at exposure;
breast-feeding by duration; and psychological exposures by sorne
arbitrary scale of severity. Thus the simple situation of two groups, one
exposed and one unexposed, is rare, and the conclusions of a study are
greatly strengthened where there is a trend of increasing disease incidence
with increasing exposure-an exposure-response relationship.
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