LTE

RF Planning Guide
Version: 1.0
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Table of Contents

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iProtect: Internal
iProtect: Internal
iProtect: Internal
List of Tables

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iProtect: Internal
List of Figures

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Revision History

Reference

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Acronyms and Definitions

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1. How to Use This Guide

1.1. Introduction

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 Figure 1: LTE Generic Architecture

1.2. Document Scope

1.3. Quick Guide to Contents

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Table 1: Guide to Chapter Contents

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2. LTE Air Interface Overview and Basic Spectrum Planning

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Air Interface Overview

2.2.1. OFDMA

2.2.2. Number of Subcarriers

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2.2.3. Symbol Size

Figure 2: OFDM Symbol Structure

copy

Cyclic
Prefix

TCP Symbol Time

2.2.4. Subcarrier Types

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 Figure 3: Subcarrier Types

Channel Bandwidth

DC
Subcarrier

Reference Reference Reference Reference

Signal Signal Signal Signal

Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data

Guard Guard

Frequency Domain

2.2.5. Frames

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2.2.5.1. FDD - Type 1 Frame

Figure 4: LTE Type 1 FDD Frame Structure

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 Figure 5: Resource Block

One DL slot Tslot

.
.
.

Resource Block

Resource Element

.
.
.

7 or 6 Symbols

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 Figure 6: Downlink Reference Signals

2.2.5.2. TDD - Type 2 Frame

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 Figure 7: LTE Type 2 TDD Frame Structure

DL DL DL DL DL DL
DL Special UL or or DL or or or or
Special
UL UL UL UL UL

Subframe 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Slot (0.5 ms)

Subframe (1 ms)

One Radio Frame (10 ms)

Figure 8: Special Subframe Structure

D U
w p
G
P P
P
T T
S S

1 ms

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 Table 2: Frame Type 2 Uplink-Downlink Configurations
Uplink-downlink Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number
configuration Switch-point periodicity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2.2.5.3. FDD-TDD Frame Summary

Table 3: FDD/TDD Frame Comparison

Configuration Frame Type 1 Frame Type 2

2.2.6. UL Allocation (SC-FDMA)

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 Figure 9: OFDMA vs. SC-FDMA Subcarrier Coding

Serial Bit Stream

OFDMA Subcarrier Coding SC-FDMA Subcarrier Coding

Symbol Time Symbol Time

Subcarrier 1 CP Subcarrier 1 CP

Subcarrier 2 CP Subcarrier 2 CP

Subcarrier 3 CP Subcarrier 3 CP

Subcarrier 4 CP Subcarrier 4 CP

Subcarrier 5 CP Subcarrier 5 CP

Subcarrier 6 CP Subcarrier 6 CP

Subcarrier 7 CP Subcarrier 7 CP

Subcarrier 8 CP Subcarrier 8 CP

Subcarrier 9 CP Subcarrier 9 CP

Subcarrier 10 CP Subcarrier 10 CP
Subcarrier 11 CP Subcarrier 11 CP
Subcarrier 12 CP Subcarrier 12 CP

2.2.7. Modulation Techniques

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2.2.8. Error Correction

2.2.9. LTE Overview Summary

Table 4: LTE Overview Information

Channel Bandwidth
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Sampling Frequency (MHz)
Number of Subcarriers
(FFT size)
Subcarrier Spacing (kHz)
Number of Occupied
Subcarriers

Subframe Duration (ms)

Number of Resource Blocks
(per slot)
Number of OFDM symbols per
subframe
(Short/Long CP)

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2.3. Basic Spectrum Planning

2.3.1. Operating Bands

Table 5: LTE (E-UTRA) Frequency Bands

Uplink Downlink
E- Frequency Band Frequency Band
Duplex
UTRA (MHz) (MHz)
Mode
Band BS receive BS transmit
UE transmit UE receive

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 Uplink Downlink
E- Frequency Band Frequency Band
Duplex
UTRA (MHz) (MHz)
Mode
Band BS receive BS transmit
UE transmit UE receive

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 Figure 10: Frequency Impact to Pathloss

2.3.2. Channel Bandwidths

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 Table 6: Channel Bandwidths per LTE Operating Band

2.3.3. Channel Spacing

Nominal Channel Spacing BW BW 2

channel 1 channel 2

BWchannel(1) BWchannel(2)

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Downlink:

Uplink:

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Table 7: LTE (E-UTRA) Channel Numbers

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 Table 8: Default User Equipment Tx-Rx Frequency Separation
E-UTRA TX - RX Carrier Center
Operating Band Frequency Separation, MHz

2.3.4. Guard Band Considerations

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 Figure 11: Guard Band Diagram

2.3.5. Additional Spectrum Information

2.3.5.1. United States

2.3.5.1.1. 2.5 GHz Band

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Figure 12: BRS-EBS Band Plans

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2.3.5.1.2. 2.3 GHz Band

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Figure 13: WCS Spectrum (e.g. United States 2.3 GHz)

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2.3.5.1.3. 700 MHz Band

Figure 14: 700 MHz Band Plan for Commercial Services

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2.3.5.1.4. AWS Band Plan

Figure 15: Advanced Wireless Services (AWS-1) Band Plan

2.3.5.2. Outside of the United States

2.3.5.2.1. 2.5 GHz Band

2.3.5.2.2. 2.3 GHz Band

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2.4. References

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3. RF Link Budget

3.1. Introduction

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Figure 16: Percentage of Sites Based Link Budget Improvement

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Figure 17: RF Link Budget Gains & Losses

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3.2. LTE RF Link Budget

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3.2.1. Effective Radiated Power

Table 9: Transmit EIRP Example

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3.2.1.1. Transmit RF Power

3.2.1.2. Transmit Diversity Gain

GCC 10 log NTx

NTx

3.2.1.3. Tx RF Line Loss

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 Table 10: Example of Main Transmission Line Losses
Coax Diameter 800 MHz 1900 MHz 2600 MHz

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3.2.1.4. Transmit Antenna Gain

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3.2.1.5. Transmit Adaptive Array Gain

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3.2.2. Effective Receiver Faded Sensitivity

Table 11: Effective Rx Faded Sensitivity Example

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3.2.2.1. Thermal Noise

kT

3.2.2.2. Subcarrier

Table 12: Subcarriers Bandwidth

CompositeChBwUL 10 log SubCarrierBandwidth UL _ Re sourceBlocks 12

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CompositeChBwDL 10 log SubCarrierBandwidth DL _ Re sourceBlocks 12

Figure 18: UL Occupied Subcarrier Link Budget Impact

3.2.2.3. Noise Figure

NFdB 10 log( F )

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 F2 1 F3 1 F4 1
FTotal F1
G1 G1 G 2 G1 G 2 G 3

Fn

Gn

GdB 10 log(GLinear )

G1
F1

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 Figure 19: Examples of Cascaded Noise Figure

Table 13: Receive Path Noise Figures and Gains Example

2.51 1
FTotal 2 5.02 NFdB 10 log(5.02) 7.0dB
0.5

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 2 1 2.51 1
FTotalwithTTA 1.78 2.03 NFdB 10 log(2.03) 3.08dB
15.85 15.85 0.5

3.2.2.4. Ambient Noise

3.2.2.5. SNR

1
Lee, William C.Y. "Mobile Communications Engineering", Copyright 1982, McGraw-Hill Inc. pg. 33-40.

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Table 14: Supported MSC Levels

Table 15: Minimum AWGN SNR

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 TF 10 log 10 2 MPR 1.25 1

3.2.2.6. Implementation Margin

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3.2.2.7. Fast Fading

Table 16: Fast Fade Margin Examples

2
The channel impulse response models are presented in Recommendation ITU-R M.1225: Guidelines for
Evaluation of Radio Transmission Technologies for IMT 2000, 1997

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3.2.2.8. Receive Diversity Gain

Figure 20: Two Branch MRC

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3.2.2.9. HARQ Gain

3.2.2.10. Receive Antenna Gain

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3.2.2.11. Rx RF Line Loss

3.2.3. System Gain

Table 17: Maximum Allowable Pathloss

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3.2.3.1. Building Loss

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Figure 21: In-Building Propagation Scenarios

Table 18: Building Loss Guidelines

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3
Turkmani, Parsons and Lewis, "Measurement of building penetration loss on radio signals at 441, 900 and 1400
MHz", Journal of the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers, Vol. 58, No. 6 (Supplement), pp. S169-S174,
September-December 1988
4
Turkmani and Toledo, "Modelling of radio transmissions into and within multistory buildings at 900, 1800 and
2300 MHz", IEEE Proceedings-I, Vol. 140, No. 6, December 1993
5
S. Aguirre, L.H. Loew and Y. Lo, "Radio Propagation Into Buildings at 912, 1920, and 5990 MHz Using
Microcells", Proc. Third Int’l Conf. Universal Personal Communications, April 1994, pp. 129-134
6
S. Stavrou and S.R. Saunders, Centre for Communication System Research University of Surrey, UK, “Factors
influencing outdoor to indoor radio wave propagation”

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 Figure 22: Examples of Chicago Houses used for 2.5GHz

Table 19: Example of Penetration Loss in Houses (2.5 GHz)

Residential Mean (dB) Std. Dev. (dB) 90th% (dB) Max. Loss (dB)

Figure 23: Example of House used for 800 and 1900 MHz

7
J. Toone, S. Benes, “800 MHz and 1.9 GHz penetration into Residential Homes” Motorola Internal Report, April
1996.

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Figure 24: CDF Results of the 1.9 GHz Residential Data

Figure 25: CDF Results of the 800 MHz Residential Data

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 Table 20: Residential Building Loss at 800 and 1900 MHz

Figure 26: Building Loss Based on Construction Material

Table 21: Sample Shopping Warehouse Building Loss

th
Commercial Mean (dB) Std. Dev. (dB) 90 % (dB) Max. Loss (dB)

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Figure 27: 0.8, 1.9, 3.5 GHz: First Floor Building Loss Penetration

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 Figure 28: 0.8, 1.9, 3.5 GHz: Typical Buildings

Figure 29: 0.8, 1.9, 3.5 GHz: First Floor Building Loss CDF

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Figure 30: Measure Signal Strength Versus Location in House

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Figure 31: Impact of Subscriber Location

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3.2.3.2. Vehicle Loss

3.2.3.3. Body Loss

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3.2.3.4. Foliage Loss

Table 22: Example of Foliage Loss

Average Foliage Loss
90th% Loss
Maximum Loss
RSS Std. Dev. with Foliage
RSS Std. Dev. without Foliage

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 Figure 32: Measured Signal Strength with and without Foliage

3.2.3.5. Interference Margin

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3.2.3.6. Log Normal Margin

Figure 33: Impact of Fade Margin on Reliability

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 1 1 xo x
Pxo( R) erf
2 2 2

Pxo(R)

xo

1 1 2ab 1 ab
Fu 1 erf a exp 2 1 erf
2 b b

8
Jakes, W.C., “Microwave Mobile Communications”, IEEE Press Reissue 1993 (Wiley, New York, 1974), pp. 125-
127

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 xo
a
2

10nLog10 (e)
b
2

Fu
Pxo

2 2 2
xy x y 2 xy x y

xy

xy

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 y

xy

2
xy 8 2 10 2 2 0 8 10 164

xy 12.8

2 2 2
c 1 2 i

i i

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Figure 34: Edge Reliability vs. Fade Margin (Jake’s Model)

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Figure 35: Area Reliability vs. Fade Margin (Jake’s Model)

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 Figure 36: Area Reliability vs. Fade Margin

3.2.3.7. Maximum Allowable Pathloss

3.3. Limiting RF Link

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3.4. Subscriber Types

3.4.1. Fixed versus Mobile

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3.5. Base Station Types

3.5.1. Remote Radio Head

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3.5.2. Frame Based

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3.6. Reference

3.6.1. Watts to dB Conversion

PowerdBW 10 log( PowerWatts )

PowerdBm 10 log( PowerWatts 1000) PowerdBW 30

Table 23: Watts to dB Conversion

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3.6.2. Log-Normal Fade Margin

Table 24: Log-Normal Fade Margin with Antenna Beamwidth

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4. RF Propagation Models

4.1. Introduction

Figure 37: RF Path - BTS to/from Subscriber

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4.2. Free Space

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 d

PR PT GT GR
4 d

PT

GT

GR

2 2
PT 4 d 4 df
PR c

PT 4
LFS (dB) 10 log 20 log 20 log( f ) 20 log(d )
PR c

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LFS (dB ) 147.56 20 log( fHz ) 20 log(dmeter )

LFS ( dB) 32.44 20 log( fMHz ) 20 log(dkm)

LFS (dB) 27.55 20 log( fMHz ) 20 log(dmeter )

LFS ( dB) 36.58 20 log( fMHz ) 20 log(dmiles )

LFS ( dB) 37.87 20 log( fMHz ) 20 log(dfeet )

4.3. Hata

Lp

4.3.1. Model Equations

Hb

Hm

LU (dB) 69.55 26.16 log( f ) 13.82 log( Hb ) a ( Hm) 44.9 6.55 log( Hb ) log(d )

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a(Hm)

a ( Hm ) 1.1log( f ) 0.7 Hm 1.56 log( f ) 0.8

2
a Hm 8.29 log 1.54 Hm 1.1 f

2
a Hm 3.2 log 11.75 Hm 4.97 f

2
LsU (dB ) LU 2 log f 5.4
28

2
Lqo (dB ) LU 4.78 log f 18.33 log( f ) 35.94

2
Lro(dB ) LU 4.78 log f 18.33 log( f ) 40.94

4.3.2. Example

Hb

Hm

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a ( Hm ) 1.1 log(700) 0.7 2 1.56 log(700) 0.8 1.22
LU (dB ) 69.55 26.16 log(700) 13.82 log(30) 1.22 44.9 6.55 log(30) log(d )

LU (dB) 122.3 35.22 log(d km )

2
LsU (dB) 122.3 35.22 log d km 2 log 700 5.4 122.3 9.3 35.22 log d km
28

LsU (dB ) 113.0 35.22 log d km

4.3.3. References

4.4. COST-231 Hata

4.4.1. Model Equations

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 f

Hb

Hm

LU (dB) 46.3 33.9 log( f ) 13.82 log( Hb ) a ( Hm) 44.9 6.55 log( Hb ) log(d ) Cm

a(Hm)

a ( Hm ) 1.1 log( f ) 0.7 Hm 1.56 log( f ) 0.8

Cm

Cm

LsU (dB ) LU 2 log f 5.4

28

2
Lqo(dB ) LU 4.78 log f 18.33 log( f ) 35.94

2
Lro(dB ) LU 4.78 log f 18.33 log( f ) 40.94

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4.4.2. Example

Hb

Hm

a ( Hm ) 1.1 log(2500) 0.7 2 1.56 log(2500) 0.8 1.57

LU (dB ) 46.3 33.9 log(2500) 13.82 log(30) 1.57 44.9 6.55 log(30) log(d ) 0

LU (dB) 139.5 35.22 log(d km )

2
LsU (dB ) 139.5 35.22 log d km 2 log 2500 5.4 139.5 13.0 35.22 log d km
28

LsU (dB) 126.5 35.22 log d km

4.4.3. References

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4.5. Erceg-Greenstein

4.5.1. Model Equations

Hb

Hm

L(dB) A 10 log(d / do) Xf Xh

A 20 log(4 do / )

a bhb c / hb

Xf 6 log( f MHz / 2000)

Xh 10.8 log(hm / 2)

Xh 20 log(hm / 2)

c 3 10 8 m / s
f Hz f Hz

do

a, b, c

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 Table 25: Erceg-Greenstein Constants

4.5.2. Example

Hb

Hm

4 100
A 20 log 80.4
3 x10 8
2500 x10 6

4 0.0065 30 17.1 / 30 4.375

Xf 6 log(2500 / 2000) 0.58

Xh 10.8 log(2 / 2) 0

L(dB) 80.4 10 4.375 log(d / 100) 0.58 0 80.98 43.75 log 1 43.75 log d
100

L(dB) 43.75 log d 6.52

L(dB) 43.75 log 1000 6.52 124.73

L(dB ) 43.75 log d km 124.73

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4.5.3. References

4.6. Comparison of Models

Hb

Hm

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Figure 38: Erceg-Greenstein and COST-231 Hata Comparison

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Figure 39: Measured and Predicted Coverage Range

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L1 (dB ) Slope pathloss log d km _ 1 Intercept1km

L 2 (dB) Slope pathloss log d km _ 2 Intercept1km

L1 L2 Slope pathloss log d km _ 1 Intercept1km Slope pathloss log d km _ 2 Intercept1km

d km _ 1
L1 L2 Slope pathloss log d km _ 1 log d km _ 2 Slope pathloss log
d km _ 2

d km _ 1
L Slope pathloss log
d km _ 2

L
d km _ 1 Slope pathloss
10
d km _ 2

2
2 L
d km _ 1 Slope pathloss
10
d km _ 2

2 2
d km _ 1 5 2
10 35
0.72 51.8%
d km _ 2

4.7. Semi-Deterministic Models

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Figure 40: Examples of Signal Levels with and without Roads

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4.8. Ray Tracing Model

4.9. Factors Impacting Propagation Models

4.9.1. Frequency

Hb Hm

L _ 2500 MHz ( dB) 43.75 log d km 124.73

L _ 3500 MHz (dB) 43.75 log d km 128.53

43.75 log d 2500 MHz _ km 124.73 43.75 log d 3500 MHz _ km 128.53

d 3500 MHz _ km 3.8 / 43.75

10 0.819
d 2500 MHz _ km

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 2
d 3500 MHz _ km 3.8 / 43.75 2
10 0.67 67%
d 2500 MHz _ km

Hb Hm

Figure 41: 2.5 GHz Propagation Advantage Over 3.5 GHz

4.9.2. Antenna Heights

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 f
Hm

Figure 42: BTS Antenna Height Impact to Erceg B

Figure 43: BTS Antenna Impact to COST-231 Hata Suburban

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 f Hm pathloss

Figure 44: Impact of BTS Antenna Height Example

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 f Hb

Figure 45: Subscriber Antenna Height Impact to Erceg B

Figure 46: Subscriber Antenna Impact to COST-231 Hata Suburban

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4.10. Limitations to Coverage

Table 26: Maximum Cell Range Due to PRACH Timing

Number of CP Duration GT Duration Max Delay
Preamble Maximum Cell
Allocated ( s) ( s) Spread ( s)
Format Radius (km)
Subframes

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5. LTE Capacity

5.1. FDD Frame Structure

Figure 47: Frame Structure Type 1

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe

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 Table 27: Frequency Domain Numerology

9
This number of subcarriers (12) assumes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing.

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Figure 48: Resource Block

One downlink slot Tslot

DL
N symb OFDM symbols

DL RB
k N RB N sc 1

Resource block
DL
N symb N scRB resource elements

Resource element (k , l )

k 0
DL
l 0 l N symb 1

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 Table 28: Resource Elements and Blocks per Frame

5.2. Layer 1 Overheads

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 Figure 49: Physical Layer Channels

5.2.1. Downlink Throughput

10
Except for multicast channels (i.e. PMCH), all other physical channels are supported in Release 1.0.

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 Figure 50: Downlink Resource Map for 10 MHz

Type of physcial channel or signal contained in RE Notes:

0 Sub-frame index 5 Sub-frame index n = 1...4 or 6...9

0 1 Slot index 10 11 Slot index 2n 2n + 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Symbol index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Symbol index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB 28 RB 28

RB 27 RB 27

RB 26 RB 26

RB 25 RB 25

RB 24 RB 24

RB 23 RB 23

RB 22 RB 22

RB 21 RB 21

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 Table 29: PBCH/PSS/SSS Overhead

11
In initial phases, the value of PCFICH will be statically configured.

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Figure 51: Downlink Cell Specific Reference Signals

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Table 30: PDSCH Throughput (RE/frame)

Table 31: %PDSCH (2 Tx Ant)

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5.2.2. Uplink Throughput

Figure 52: Uplink Resource Map for 10 MHz

10 MHz - UL RB Configuration for the Radio Frame

Sub-frame index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Slot index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Subcarri
er index
(k)
599
RB 49 to
588
587
RB 48 to Resource Block containing PUCCH
576
575
RB 47 to
564
563
RB 46 to Resource Block containing PUCCH
552
551
RB 45 to
540
539
RB 44 to Resource Block containing PUCCH
528
527
RB 43 to
516
515
RB 42 to Resource Block containing PUCCH
504

311
RB 25 to
300
299
RB 24 to
288

95
RB 7 to Resource Block containing PUSCH
84
83
RB 6 to
72
71
Resource Block containing PRACH (TS 36.211, Table 5.7.1.2 -
RB 5 to
60 PRACH Configuration 3, Preamble 0)
59
RB 4 to
48
47
RB 3 to
36
35
RB 2 to
24
23
RB 1 to
12
11
RB 0 to
0

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12
The options for 5 or 10 PRACH per frame are not supported in early releases.

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Table 32: Initial Resource Size (RB pairs) for PUSCH

Table 33: PUSCH Throughput (RE/frame)

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 Table 34: %PUSCH and PUSCH Throughput

5.3. TDD

Figure 53: Frame Structure Type 2

Table 35: Uplink - Downlink Configurations

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 Table 36: Special Subframe Configurations (Normal CP)

5.3.1. TDD Capacity

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Figure 54: Special Subframe

DwPTS

UpPTS

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 Table 37: TDD Capacity Scalar

FDD
D-UUU D-UUU
D-UUD D-UUD
D-UDD D-UDD
D-UUU DDDDD
D-UUD DDDDD
D-UDD DDDDD
D-UUU D-UUD

5.4. Peak Instantaneous Throughput

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Peak Instantaneous Throughput

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 Table 38: MCS Index and Peak Instantaneous Throughputs

MCS DL Tput UL Tput DL Tput UL Tput DL Tput UL Tput

DL DL MPR UL UL MPR
Index (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps)
0.200
0.250
0.310
0.410
0.500
0.620
0.730
0.860
0.980
1.110
1.230
1.230
1.410
1.600
1.800
2.010
2.140
2.280
2.520
2.770
3.010
3.010
3.250
3.510
3.770
4.020
4.260
4.450
4.630

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5.5. Maximum Sustainable Throughput & Retransmissions

Maximum Sustainable Throughput

13
An ARQ retransmission rate assuming infinite retries is 1 / (1 – FER).

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5.6. Capacity and MPR and CINR Distributions

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 Figure 55: MPR vs. CINR

5.7. MAC Scheduler

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 Figure 56: Packet QoS Hierarchy

i ri
SE
T

SE i
ri
Ti

SE CINR SE

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SEi A log(1 B CINR )

A B

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5.8. Reference Capacity Figures

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 Table 39: Reference Capacity Assumptions

Full Buffer
Uniform
Uniform

Table 40: Reference Sector Capacity

Inputs

Results

Downlink

Uplink

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 Figure 57: SINR CDF by Pathloss Slope

SINR for Various Pathloss Slopes (Ref RSSI = 107)

SINR - dB

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 Figure 58: SINR CDF by Ref RSSI

SINR for Pathloss Slope of 35 dB for Various Ref RSSI values

SINR - dB

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5.9. System Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz)

5.10. Workload Modeling

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5.11. References

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6. RF Antenna Systems

6.1. Introduction

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6.2. Antenna Parameters

6.2.1. Antenna Gain

Figure 59: dBd versus dBi

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6.2.2. Physical Size

6.2.3. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

RLdB 20 log 1
p

VSWR 1
p
VSWR 1

Vmax
VSWR
Vmin

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 VSWR 1.5 1.5
1

1.5 1 0.5
p 0.2
1.5 1 2.5

RL dB 20 log 1 13.98 dB
0.2

6.2.4. Power Rating

6.2.5. Antenna Polarization

6.2.6. Antenna Beamwidth

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Figure 60: Example Horizontal Pattern (~85º)

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 Figure 61: Example Vertical Pattern (~8º)

6.2.7. Front to Back Ratio

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6.2.8. Side and Back Lobes

Figure 62: Example Side Lobe in a Horizontal Pattern

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6.2.9. Downtilt

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 Figure 63: Downtilt: Flat Earth

d Ht TAN 90

d1 25 TAN 90 5 286m

d2 25 TAN 90 2 716m

Figure 64: Downtilt: Rise in Elevation

d Ht E TAN 90

230
1 90 ATAN 5 deg
25 5

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Figure 65: Downtilt: Decrease in Elevation

d Ht E TAN 90

1000
2 90 ATAN 2 deg
25 10

Figure 66: Vertical Beamwidth Null Point

d1 30 TAN 90 10 170m

L(dB ) 43.75 log d km 124.73

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Hb
Hm

LSU (dB) 131.77 35.22 log(d km )

Figure 67: Example Vertical Antenna Pattern

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Figure 68: Scenario 1 - Vertical Pattern not Impacting Range

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 LU (dB) 145.96 35.22 log(d km )

Figure 69: Scenario 2 - Vertical Pattern Impacting Range

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 Figure 70: Scenario 3 - Vertical Pattern Impacting Range

Figure 71: Scenario 4 - Vertical Pattern Downtilted to Minimize Impact

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Figure 72: Antenna Height and Vertical Pattern Nulls

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Figure 73: Varying Degrees of Downtilt

Figure 74: Excessive Downtilt

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6.2.10. CPE Antenna Variations

14
L.J. Greenstein and V. Erceg, “Gain reductions due to scatter on wireless paths with directional antennas”, IEEE
Communications Letters, Vol. 3, No. 6, June 1999 (also in VTC’99 Conference Proceedings, Amsterdam,
September 1999)

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6.3. Smart Antennas

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7. Frequency Reuse

7.1. Introduction

7.1.1. Resource Block Group Reuse Sub-Pattern

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7.2. Reuse Patterns

Figure 75: Three Sector Coverage with Narrow Beamwidth Antennas

7.2.1. 1x3x1

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7.2.2. 1x3x3

Figure 76: 1x3x3 Reuse Patterns

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 Figure 77: Comparison of 1x3x3 Reuse Patterns

7.3. Carrier to Interference plus Noise Ratio

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7.4. LTE Methods for Reducing Low CINR Impact

7.4.1. Resource Block Group Assignments

7.4.2. Frequency Selective Scheduling

7.4.3. Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)

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7.5. Methods to Reduce Co-channel Interference

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8. Inter System Interference

8.1. Introduction

8.1.1. Background

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8.1.2. Controlling Inter-System Interference

Motorola generally recommends ½ channel width as a starting point.

8.1.3. Interference Mechanism: ACI and Overload

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