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2017 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Photonics (ICTP) 187

26-28 December, 2017, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Slotted-Microstrip Antenna with Modified Ground


Plane for Performance Parameters Enhancement
Chandan Roy1,* and Taimoor Khan2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Silchar-788010, India
*
croy68957@gmail.com

Abstract— This paper presents a compact slotted rectangular plane. An antenna consisting of planer and vertical patches has
microstrip antenna with modified ground plane. Performance been designed for gain improvement [10]. A wideband high gain
advancements with simple modifications of a reference antenna has antenna has been designed using the square patch on air substrate
been carried out in the entire work. The radiating patch and the [11]. Antenna without external filtering circuit consists of both
ground surface has been loaded by two asymmetrical slots and two driven patch and stacked patch have been designed for gain
symmetrical slots respectively. This slight change in antenna shape enhancement [12].
makes the microstrip antenna more compact. In addition, the
In this communication, a high gain, compact and directive
directivity, gain, and radiation efficiency have been enhanced
significantly. The overall antenna size is 41.3 mm × 48.5 mm × 1.6 microstrip antenna has been designed with higher radiation
mm. The proposed antenna provides 19.8% of the compactness efficiency. The performance parameters of the designed
along with 2.9dB of gain enhancement, directivity boost of 2.5dB and rectangular microstrip antenna are improved by two
radiation efficiency improvement of 25%, approximately. An asymmetrical slots embedded on the radiating surface along with
acceptable relationship is observed between co and cross two symmetrical slots inserted the ground plane. The paper is
polarization from achieved patterns which imply the antenna summarized as follows: section II describes the antenna
structure as a qualified radiator in terms of polarization purity. A geometry. Section III describes the results with validation.
prototype is fabricated with proper characterization. The measured Conclusion is given in section IV. Acknowledgment followed by
results have a good agreement with simulated results.
references is then included at the ending of the paper.
Index Terms—Microstrip antenna, rectangular patch,
symmetrical slots, asymmetrical slots, performance parameters. II. ANTENNA GEOMETRY
The top-view and the bottom view of the proposed antenna are
I. INTRODUCTION shown in Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 1(b), respectively. A rectangular patch
In the era of modern wireless communication, microstrip having the dimensions of 41.3 mm × 48.5 mm has been designed
antennas are commonly used because of their several attractive by employing two stacked Rogers Duroid 5880 (Ɛr1 = Ɛr2 = 2.2 and
features like low cost, low profile, light weight, ease of h1 = h2 = 0.762mm) substrates sheets which have the dimensions
fabrication, etc. However, the microstrip antennas are having the of 70 mm × 70 mm. For excitation, a 50Ω microstrip feed line of
laminations of narrow bandwidth and poor radiation dimensions 14.35 mm × 1.20 mm is used. For improving the
characteristics inherently [1]-[2]. These antennas work efficiently performance parameters of the patch antenna, the radiating patch
near the resonance frequency due to the narrow bandwidth is loaded by slot-1 and slot-2 (having the same dimension) are
problem. Thus, precise determination of the resonant frequency inserted in the ground surface as illustrated in Fig. 1.
of the antenna is mandatory. Patch dimension, effect of fringing
field as well as the effective dielectric permittivity are the major
issues which are required to take account on determining the
resonance frequency of the antenna accurately [3].
Antenna gain enhancement is advantageous for increasing the
transmission distance and for reducing the transmitter power
consumption as well. Different techniques [4]-[12] have been
employed to overcome the low gain problem of microstrip
antennas. Multiple patches in an array have been used to enhance
the antenna gain [4]. Slotted patch has removed the overall gain (a) (b)
characteristics [5]. Laminated conductors have been implemented (Center coordinates of the slots are indicated by P, Q, R and S. here, cm is used
as unit in the complete geometry)
in order to increase the gain [6]. Adding parasitic patch as well as Fig. 1 Geometry of proposed antenna. (a) Top view and (b) Bottom View
different types of feeding techniques have also been used to
improve the gain [7]. A circular headed dumbbell shaped defected Positions and dimensions of the slots on radiating patch and
ground plane with peak realized gain of 9 to 9.5dBi and ground surface are optimized respectively to enhance the
impedance bandwidth of 22% has been proposed in [8]. In [9], a performance parameters of the antenna for the frequency range of
high gain dual band resonance cavity antenna has been designed 1.75 GHz to 2.50 GHz. The antenna geometry is designed using
with orthogonal polarization using slotted patch over the ground finite element method based HFSS (high-frequency structure

978-1-5386-3374-8/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE


188

simulator) software [13]. Dimensions of the inserted slots are The resonant frequency of the designed antenna has been
mentioned in Table I. Here, the positions of the slots indicates the reduced by 0.125 GHz by inserting the slots on both of the
center location of the respective slots. radiating patch and the ground plane. Slots on the antenna
TABLE I
structure generally lengthens the surface current path which
PARAMETERS OF INSERTED SLOTS enhance the antenna length. As a result, the operating frequency
of the designed antenna is dropped by 5.49% with respect to the
Slot Parameters Value reference antenna (no slots). This operation results in 19.8%
Position of slot-1 P (x1 = -3.0 mm, y1 = -7.832 mm)
(approximately) of the patch size reduction for an expected
Position of slot-2 Q (x2 = 6.8 mm, y2 = -6.982 mm)
resonance frequency design. Thus, the optimized prototype
Position of slot-3 R (x3 = 0 mm, y3 = 32.5 mm)
Position of slot-4 S (x4 = 0 mm, y4 = -32.5 mm)
displays a good compactness in size.
Dimensions of slot-1 20 mm × 1.0 mm Fig. 4 depicts the contrast of simulated gain for reference
Dimensions of slot-2 26 mm × 2.5 mm antenna and the slotted optimized antenna. Numerically, 4.555dB
Dimensions of slot-3 55 mm × 5.0 mm of gain has been observed at the resonant frequency of the
Dimensions of slot-4 55 mm × 5.0 mm reference antenna. Slot insertion in the patch and ground surface
has enhanced the gain 7.44 dB at the particular operating
III. RESULTS AND VALIDATION frequency (2.155 GHz) while simulation result shows 7.02 dB of
Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b) illustrates the top view and bottom view gain at the operating frequency of 2.15 GHz. Thus, a significant
of the fabricated antenna, respectively. betterment in case of gain has been achieved by employing the
slots on both of the radiating patch and ground plane.

(a) (b)
Fig. 2 Snapshots of fabricated antenna (a) Top view and (b) Bottom view.

Fig. 3 depicts the S11 values comparison between the simulated


and measured results of the slotted optimized antenna with the
reference antenna where there is no slots in either of the patch or Fig. 4 Gain vs. Frequency comparison.
the ground plane. The Agilent N5230A network analyzer is used Friis formula of transmission is used to calculate the gain of
during the S11 parameters measurement of the fabricated the optimized slotted antenna as follows:
prototype.
PT GT Gr  2
PR  (1)
 4 R 
2

The experimental setup gives us PT = Cable Loss = -8.5 dB, PR


= Received Power (Max. at 00) = -36.56 dB and R = distance
between the testing antenna and the horn antenna = 200cm.
Now the wavelength, λ is computed as:
c
  13.92cm (2)
f
The intermediate factor used in (1) is computed as follows:
2 2
    13.92 
k      45dB (3)
 4 R   4  3.14  200 
Fig. 3 S11 vs. Frequency comparison.
Now, finally the gain (dB) is computed as follows:
2.275 GHz of the simulated resonance frequency has been Gr  PR  PT  GT  K  7.44dB (4)
observed for the reference antenna (without slots). In case of the
The simulated directivity and the radiation efficiency
slotted optimized antenna, the simulated resonant frequency has
comparison between reference antenna and slotted optimized
been found as fs = 2.15 GHz while measured resonance frequency
antenna are presented in Fig. 5(a) and Fig. 5(b), respectively. The
of the fabricated prototype, fm =2.155 GHz. Consequently, the
directivity of the patch antenna is observed as 5.06 dB whereas
measured and the simulated resonant frequency are observed as
for optimized antenna it is observed as 7.5578 dB. Similarly, the
close enough.
189

radiation efficiency of the reference antenna and the slotted A prototype of the proposed antenna design has been fabricated
optimized antenna is calculated as 70% and 95%, respectively. with proper characterization for validation. An excellent
convergence has been observed between the measured and the
simulated results. A significant improvement in different
performance parameters gain has been noticed by employing two
slots on the radiating patch and another two slots in the ground
surface. This encouraging amount of enhancement in four various
performance parameters has made the proposed antenna an
excellent alternative for enhanced radiation characteristics
applications for wireless communications.

(a)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
(b)
Fig. 5 Comparison of (a) Directivity and (b) Radiation Efficiency. The author is grateful to Indian Council of Cultural Relations
(ICCR) Fellowship for financial assistance. We are also thankful
The achieved radiation patterns of the designed antenna are to Prof. Binod Kumar Kanaujia for providing antenna fabrication
shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 6(a) and Fig. 6(b) illustrates co and cross and testing facility in the lab of IIT-Delhi, India.
polarization for E- plane respectively. A good agreement between
simulated and measured patterns is observed. Likewise, Fig. 6(c) REFERENCES
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
A novel slotted-microstrip antenna has been demonstrated with
a defected-ground plane to improve antenna performance such as
compactness, gain, directivity and radiation efficiency. These
parameters are improved in designed antenna compared to the
reference antenna, which has no slots in both radiating patch and
ground surface.

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