SCIENCE

Oogonium (Female)
- It is divided by mitosis
Follicles are divided into :
-Primary Oocyte
-Secondary Oocyte (meiosis II)

Spermatogonium (Male)
- It is divided by mitosis
-Primary Spermatocyte
-2 secondary Spermatocyte = undergoes meiosis II
Produces 4 haploid

Importance of Meiosis
- Divides the cell in order to form haploid so that when
they unite they will produce a diploid (NORMAL
ZYGOTE!!)
Importance of Mitosis
- Maintaining the number of cells

Structure of Sperm Cell

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The male reproductive cell
- From the Greek word “Sperma” which means seed
There are 2 types of Sperms
- Spermatozoon
- Spermatium – immobile :<
Sperms are generally around 60 microns

Tail Middle Piece

Neck Head
Outer
Inner Oval shape (enzymes)
Neck Large nucleus
Proximal
(connect- distal
Middle Piece (Mitochondria)
ing piece) Nebenkern (The spiral thingy)

Microtubules in
Tail (flagella) the tail
+ the energy source
9 outer pillars
manchette (the liquid inside)
2 inner pillars
Flagellum
- Propels the sperm
Head
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 - Contains the nucleus and acrosome.
- Nucleus contains the hereditary information
- Acrosome secretes enzymes (hyaluronidase)
- Acrosome releases acrosin (a trypsin-like protease
which digests the zona pellucida)
Neck
- Connecting Piece
Middle Piece
- Contain Mitochondria (the powerhouse)
-
Structure of Ovum
- Mature formed gamete in females
Oogonia -> primary oocyte ->mature ovum
- 0.2 diameter
- 1 follicle = 1 ovum

Corona Radiata
Germinal Vesicle
Zona Pellucida
Germinal spot
Corona Radiata
is consist of
Ooplasm cells
surrounding the
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known as
columnar cells.
Ooplasm = yolk
- formative and nutritive yolk
Germinal Vesicle
- contains the hereditary information (DNA)
Germinal Spot
- nucleolus
Corona Radiata
- protective layer
Zona Pellucida
- covers the egg

Male Reproductive System

Penis – the male organ for sexual intercourse (and peeing)
- It has 3 parts; glans, shaft, and root.
Scrotum – the loose pouch – like sac of skin that hangs
behind the penis.
- Contains the testicles (testes), as well as many nerves
and blood vessels.
- It also has a protective function and acts as a climate
control system for the testes.

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Testes (Testicles) – oval organs about the size of very
large olives that lie in the scrotum.
- Responsible for making testosterone (male sex
hormone)
Seminiferous – responsible for making sperm cells
through spermatogenesis.
- Leydig Cells – secretes testosterone
- Sertoli Cells – support development of sperm
Epididymis – responsible for carrying and storage of the
sperm cells that are produced in the testes
- Brings the sperm to maturity
Vas deference – a long muscular tube that travels from the
epididymis to the pelvic cavity to just behind the bladder.
- It transports mature sperm to the urethra to prepare
for ejaculation.
Urethra – tube that carries the urine from the bladder to
outside the body.
- Expels semen.
Seminal Vesicles – sac-like pouches that attach to the Vas
deference near the base of the bladder.
- Secretes alkaline fluids with enzymes fructose and
prostaglandins.
- It helps with sperm’s motility.
- Donut-shaped
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Prostate Gland - Secretes citrates which is the energy
source of the sperm.
- Sperm’s motility.
- Walnut-sized structure.
Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) – Produce clear
slippery fluid which serves as a lubricant in the urethra
and neutralizes any acidity that may be present due to
residual drops of urine in the urethra.

Female Reproductive System

The external parts:

The internal parts:

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Vagina – canal that joins the cervix to the outside of the
body.
- Receives the penis.
- Also known as the birth canal.
- Sphincter – protects the vagina
Uterus – Womb
- Hollow pear-shaped organ that is the home to a
developing fetus.
- It has 3 layers; the external: perimetrium, the middle:
myometrium and the internal layer: endometrium (the
fetus stays there)
Ovaries – small oval-shaped glands located on either side
of the uterus
- Produces eggs and hormones (Estrogen and
Progesterone)
Fallopian tube (Oviduct) – Narrow tubes that are attached
to the upper part of the uterus.
- Serves as pathways for the ova.
- Fertilization happens here,

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The Menstrual Cycle
- It is a cycle that lasts for 28 days
- Preparation for pregnancy but if the egg remains
unfertile, the uterus sheds its lining
Types of Feedbacks
Positive
- Occurs when the rate of process increases as the
concentration of the product increases (direct
relationship)
Negative
- The rate of process decreases as the concentration of
the product increases (inverse relationship)

There are 4 phases in this cycle:

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Menstruation – Lasts for about 5 – 7 days
- The endometrium lining is shed if the egg is not united
with a sperm.
Follicular Phase – 6 – 7 days
- High levels of estrogen stimulates the hypothalamus to
secrete GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone),
which stimulates the pituitary gland to start the
production of FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
- FSH travels through the blood stream to stimulate the
production of follicles.
- Ovarian follicles compete to grow fast.
- Only one follicle develops to an ovum (the one with
the most FSH receptors becomes the dominant one
while the other die)
Ovulation – happens in the around the 12th to 14th day of
the Menstrual Cycle
- High levels of LH triggers ovulation.
- The matured ovum is released from the ovary to the
fallopian tube.
Luteal Stage – 12 – 14 days
- The remains of the follicle turns into corpus luteum
- Luteinized theca cells respond to low levels of LH by
producing Progesterone (in the ovaries)

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 - Granulosa cells secretes inhibin which inhibits the
pituitary from making FSH so the levels of estrogen
drops (negative feedback)
- The egg is traveling down the fallopian tube to be
fertilized
HIGH levels of Progesterone
- Develops / thickens the uterine walls
LOW levels of Progesterone
- Shedding of the uterine walls (menstruation)

The Menstrual Calendar

IN A NUTSHELL:
1-7 = infertile 0-5%
8-10 = semi-fertile
40-50%
11-16 = most fertile
80%
17-19 = semi-fertile
40-50%
20-28 = infertile 0-
5%

Cervical Mucus Method

- The cervical mucus is a fluid secreted by the cervix
that is stimulated by the production of estrogen.
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 - During ovulation, estrogen levels increases, causing
the cervix to secrete more cervical mucus.
Causes of delay in Period
- Stress
- Sickness
- Started/Stopped taking birth pills
- Gain/Loss of Weight
- Exercise
- Miscalculation (of your menstrual calendar)
- Medical Condition
- Pregnancy

Stages of Fertilization
Orogenesis

- It is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the

end of gastrulation and goes until birth.
Zygote
- 30 hrs – 2 cells -> 45 hrs – 4 cells -> 72 hrs – 16 cells
- It is the product of the union of the sperm cell and the
egg cell.
- Also known as a fertilized ovum, the zygote begins as a
single cell but divides rapidly in the days following
fertilization.
- After this two-week period of cell division, the zygote
eventually becomes an embryo.
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Cleavage
- The process in which the zygote rapidly divides to
become a multicellular.
Blastula
- It is a hollow sphere of cells, or blastomeres, produced
during the development of an embryo by
repeated cleavage of a fertilized egg.

Morula
- It is a solid mass of blastomeres resulting from a
number of cleavages of a zygote, or fertilized egg.
Blastocyst
- It is a distinctive stage of the embryo. It is a form
of blastula that develops from a berrylike cluster of
cells, the morula.

Gastrula
- The gastrula develops from the hollow, single-layered
ball of cells called a blastula which itself is the
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 product of the repeated cell division, or cleavage, of a
fertilized egg.
- It has 3 layers:
Endometrium = most internal layer forms the gut and
other internal organs
Ectoderm = most exterior germ layer, forms skin,
brain and the cns
Mesoderm = a middle germ layer forms muscle,
skeletal and circulatory systems

Day 1 = cleavage

2 = 2 cell cleavage

3-4 = 4 cell
cleavage

8 cell
uncompacted
morula

4 = 8 cell
compacted morula

5 = early blastocyst

6-7 = late
blastocyst

8-9 = implantation

The Pregnancy Chart

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CLEBERAN FT. ANNe and jana (Anne3)