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Radiographic positioning terminology

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1. 1 projection Pelvic study unless hip injury is 14. Base connects lines from infraorbital margins to
suspected plane external auditory meatus (EAM) - AKA Frankfort
horizontal plane - orthodontics and carinal
2. 2 projections Forearm
topography to measure and locate specific
Humerus
crainal points of structures
Femur
hips 15. Body Sagittal - divides into right and left parts
tibia-fibula planes midsagittal - equal right and left parts
chest Coronal - divides into anterior and posterior
parts
3. 3 projections Joints - AP, PA, lateral and oblique
midcoronal - equal anterior and posterior parts
needed Fingers, toes, hand, wrist, elbow, ankle,
Horizontal (axial) - transverse plane at right
foot, knee
angle - superior and inferior portions
4. 3 Reasons to 1. superimposition of anatomic structures Oblique - longitudinal or transverse plane at an
take a minimum (may not be able to see everything on angle or slant - not parallel
of 2 projections one projection).
16. Body Supine - lying on back facing up
2. Localization of lesions or foreign
positions Prone - lying on abdomen, facing down
bodies - to determine exact location of
- general Erect - stand or sitting erect
the "nail" in the photo
Recumbent - reclining
3. Determination of alignment of fractures
Dorsal recumbent - lying on back
- to visualize full fracture site and to
Ventral recumbent - lying face down
determine alignment of fractured parts
Lateral recumbent - lying on side
5. Acanthiaoparietal CR enters at acanthion and exits at Trendelenburg - recumbent position with body
projection parietal bone - AP reverse Waters tilted with head lower than feet
method Fowler's position - recumbent position with body
6. Acute flexion of Used for special tangentatial projection tilted with head higher than feet
wrist for a carpal bridge view of the posterior Sims' position - when on left side, right knee and
aspect of the wrist thigh are flexed and left arm behind back - used
for rectal tube insertion for barium enema
7. Anterior superior Prominent anterior border of iliac crest.
Lithotomy position - recumbent with knees and
iliac spine Hipes, pelvis, sacrum. S1-2
hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated
8. Anteroposterior CR enters at Anterior surface and exits at externally, supported by ankle supports.
(AP) projection posterior surface
17. Body Posterior/dorsal - back half
9. AP axial Specific AP chest projecting for surfaces Anterior/ventral - front half, tops of feet, palms
projection- demonstrating the apices of the lungs. and parts Plantar - surface of foot (sole)
lordotic position Somes aka apical lordotic projection. In Dorsal foot - top of foot - aka dorsum
this case, the long axis of the body is Dorsal hand - back of hand
angled instead of the CR. (Man leaning Palmar - palm of hand
funny against the IR)
18. Calvarium skullcap
10. AP oblique A projection of a body part that is
19. Caudad Toward the feet or away from the head
projection rotated, shot anterior to posterior (should
also contain a qualifying "medial" or 20. Central (CR) - the center-most portion of the x-ray beam
"lateral" term) ray emitted from the x-ray tube; has the least
divergence
11. Asthenic Patient with a thorax that is narrow in
width and slender. Shallow from front to 21. Cephalad Toward the head
back and long in its vertical dimension. 22. Code of rules of acceptable conduct toward our patients
12. Axial Angled CR enters the plantar surface of ethics and other health care team members, as well as
plantodorsal (PD) the foot and exits the dorsal surface personal actions and behaviors. ARRT
projection
13. Axial projection Any angle of the CR of 10 degrees or
more along the long axis of the body or
body part
23. Decubitus Lying down on dorsal (back), front (ventral) 36. Inferior costal lateral inferior border of rib cage. Stomach,
or side (lateral). Performed with central ray margin GB and ribs. L2-3
going horizontal. Essential for detecting air-
37. Inferosuperior performed for shoulder and hip. CR enters
fluid levels or free air in a body cavity such
axial below or inferiorly and exits above or
as the chest or abdomen, where the air rises
projections superiorly .
to the uppermost part of the body cavity.
38. Inter Between
left lateral decubitus 39. Interior Inside of something, nearer to the center
right lateral decubitus
40. Intra Within or inside
dorsal decubitus
ventral decubitus 41. Ischial Lowermost, posterioroly located bony
tuberosity process of pelvis. Prone abdomen, colon,
24. Definable as described under radiological criteria
coccyx. 1-2 inches inferior to distal coccyx.
standard
42. Jugular notch Chest, sternum, clavicle, T-Spine. T2-3
25. Dorsoplantar angled CR enters dorsal surface and exits the
(DP) plantar surface. 43. Kyphosis abnormal or exaggerated thoracic curvature
projection with increased convexity. humpback
26. Erect standing or sitting upright 44. Lateral Right lateral position is with right side of
position body closest to the IR in both erect and
27. Exo Outside or outward
recumbent body positions.
28. Exterior Outside of something True positioning is 90 degrees.
29. Five parts of 1. Structures shown - describes anatomic 45. Left & right Left or right body part and posterior (back)
critiquing a parts shown posterior is closest to IR
radiograph 2. Position - a. placement of body part in oblique (LPO
relation to the IR and b. positioning factors and RPO
that are important for the projection. positions)
3. Collimation and CR - how collimation
46. Lithotomy Recumbent with knees and hip flexed and
borders should be seen in relation to the
position thighs abducted and rotated externally,
body part and location of the CR and center
supported by ankle supports.
of collimation
4. Exposure criteria - optimum exposure for 47. Longitudinal Can be sagittal, coronal and oblique -
that body part. No motion is a first priority section sections that run lengthwise in the direction
5. Image markers or time markers must be of the long axis of the body or any of its
placed correctly so not superimposed over parts, regardless of the position of the body,
anatomy erect or recumbent.

30. Fowler's Recumbent position with body tilted with 48. Lordosis exaggerated lumbar curvature - swayback -
position head higher than feet increased concavity
31. General rule minimum of 2 projections should be taken, as 49. Lordotic term that denotes curvature of the cervical
in diagnostic near to 90 degrees from each other as and lumbar spine.
radiology possible, except portable chest, single AP A specific position that demonstrates the
abdomen (KUB), and an AP of the pelvis. apices of the lungs, withouth
superimposition of the clavicles
32. Greater Bony process of proximal femur; to locate
trochanter requires firm palpation while rotating leg and 50. Lordotic The body is angled instead of the CR.
femu) Abdomen, pelvis, hip. Distal coccyx or position Lordosis denotes curvature. Special chest
slightly inferior to. projections.
33. Hypersthenic patient with a thorax that is broad and deep 51. Mediolateral Medial and lateral sides are determined with
from front to back. Massive build. Shallow in and the patient in the anatomic position.
verticial dimension. lateromedial
projections
34. Hyposthenic Nerer average body habitus.
52. Methods named positions, named for person who first
35. Image (IR) - the device that captures the
described a specific position: Towne,
receptor radiographic image that exits the patient;
Waters, Caldwell
film/screen cassettes and digital acquisition
devices 53. Oblique Aangled. Described by part closest to the IR
position
54. Occlusal plane biting surfaces of the upper and lower 67. Radiographic radiographically demonstrate or visualize
teeh with jaws closed - cervical spine and positioning specific body parts on image receptors
skull radiography reference plane. Also (IRs) Terms approved and published by
known as the Frankfort horizontal plane. the ARRT.
55. Other markers Tech's initials 68. Radiographic the direction or the path of the CR of the
Time indicators - show elapsed time in projection x-ray beam as it passes through the pt.,
intravenous urogram (IVU) procedure, e.g. projecing an image onto the IR.
Arrow indicating which side is up - for
69. Radiograph vs. radiograph - the recording medium AND
decubitus positions
X-ray film: the image
Inspiration or expiration (INSP) and (EXP)
x-ray film - physical piece of material on
markers for chest.
which a nonprocessed (latent)
Internal and external (INT) and (EXT)
radiographic image is stored.
markers for rotation projections like
proximal humerus and shoulder. 70. Radiography Process and procedures of producing a
radiograph
56. Palpation process of applying light pressure with
fingertips directly on the pt to locate 71. Recumbent Reclining
positioning landmarks. Be gentle. Inform Dorsal recumbent - lying on back
pt. when you are doing of the purpose; Ventral recumbent - lying face down
obtain permission. Lateral recumbent - lying on side

57. Parietoacanthial CR enters at cranial parietal bone and exits 72. Right and Left Left or right body part and anterior (front)
projection at the acanthion (junction of nose and anterior oblique is closest to IR
upper lip) - PA Waters method positions

58. Planes of the Base plane 73. Sagittal, coronal CT, MRI and sonography images
skull Occlusal plane and axial images

59. Position The patients general physical position 74. Scoliosis Abnormal lateral curvature of the
(supine, rpine, recumbent or erect) and vertebral column
specific body positions closest to the IR 75. Section Cut or slice image of body part.
(lateral/oblique)
76. Sims' position When on left side, right knee and thigh are
60. Posteroanterior CR enters at posterior surface and exits at flexed and left arm behind back - used for
(PA) projection anterior surface rectal tube insertion for barium enema
61. Projection the path or direction of the central ray (CR) 77. Sternal angle Raised area of junction of manubrium.
62. Prone lying on abdomen, facing down Chest and Sternum. T4-5

63. Proximal finger joint closest to the palm 78. Sthenic Athletic. Elongated abdomen and thorax.
interphalangeal Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint - joint at Average body habitus.
joint (PIP) distal end of the finger 79. Submentovertex CR enters below chin, mentum, and exits
64. Radial turn the hand toward the radius projection SMV at vertex or top of skull
deviation 80. Superoinferior Nasal bone. CR enters above or
65. Radiograph An image produced by x-rays on an image axial projections superiorlyand exits below or inferiorly.
receptor. If produced with film-screen 81. Supine lying on back facing up
technology - it is stored and displayed on
82. Symphysis pubis Anterior junction of pubic bones of pelvis.
film. If produced digitally, it is viewed and
Lower margin of abdomen, pelvis, hip,
stored on computers.
sacrum, coccyx. 1 Inch inferior to distal
66. Radiographic 1. position body and align with the IR and coccyx
exam 5 CR.
83. Tangential touching a curve or surface at only one
functions 2. Select radiation protection measures
projection point. Skim a body part. zygomatic arch,
3. Select exposure factors (radiographic
patella
technique) on the control panel (generator)
4. Patient instructions related to respiration 84. Transthoracic CR passes through thorax even though it
and initiation (making) of the exposure lateral does not include an entrance or exit site.
5. Processing of the IR projection
85. transverse or axial Sections at right angles along any point of the longitudinal axis of the body or its parts. Sagittal, coronal
section and axial images: CT, MRI and Sonography images are obtained in these 3 common orientations or views.
86. Trendelenburg recumbent position with body tilted with head lower than feet
87. Two markers that 1. patient ID and date
should always be 2. anatomic side markers
present
Place where least likely to cover essential anatomy. Place in collimation field so they will be exposed by the
x-ray beam.
88. Ulnar deviation turn the hand toward the ulna
89. Valgus bend a part away from the midline
90. Varus bend a part toward the midline
91. Vertebra prominens Upper margin of chest, C or T-spine. C7-T1
92. Verticosubmental Enters at top of skull and exits below mandible
projection VSM
93. View The radiographic image as seen from the vantage of the image receptor.
94. Viewing radiographs Display so patient is facing the viewer
95. Xiphoid process Distal portion of sternum. Sternum, stomach, GB, T-Spine, upper margin of abdomen. T9-T10

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