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College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
San Marcelino Street, Ermita, Manila
SUBMITTED BY:
ALFARAS, Alexander Allen S.
MURILLO, Ma. Cristine Bernadette A.
RUEDAS, Aina Dennice E.
VILLARETE, Meredith Mae Q.
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Pinky Joy Janaban
November 7, 2018
I. ABSTRACT
Leaching is concerned with the extraction of a soluble constituent from a solid by means of
a solvent. The process may be used either for the production of a concentrated solution of a
valuable solid material, or in order to remove an insoluble solid, such as a pigment, from a
soluble material with which it is contaminated. The one of the three modes of extraction;
single stage was done in this experiment using the beaker scale extraction operation. This
experiment uses mainly of the sand, NaCl and water mixture together with the series of
laboratory beakers. The extractions were carried out at different values of solvents for each
case. The solutions are withdrawn off after extraction process for the determination of
density using westphal balance. The density-concentration plot aids in the calculation of the
amount of solute in the final extract and raffinate for different cases. The efficiencies were
computed using the formula for extraction efficiency. The obtained efficiencies showed that
a large amount of solute was removed from the solution.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. To make a single – stage and multistage beaker-scale extraction operation.
2. To calculate single stage extraction efficiencies.
Extraction uses the property of solubility to transfer a solute from one phase to
another phase. In order to perform an extraction, the solute must have a higher solubility
in the second phase than in the original phase. In liquid-liquid extraction, a solute is
separated between two liquid phases, typically an aqueous and an organic phase. In the
simplest case, three components are involved: the solute, the carrier liquid, and the solvent.
The initial mixture, containing the solute dissolved in the carrier liquid, is mixed with the
solvent. Upon mixing, the solute is transferred from the carrier liquid to the solvent. The
denser solution settles to the bottom. The location of the solute will depend on the
properties of both liquids and the solute.
In leaching it is assumed that there is sufficient solvent present so that all the solute
in the entering solid can be dissolved into the liquid, equilibrium is reached when the solute
is dissolved. Hence, all the solute is completely dissolved in the first stage. It is also
assumed that the solid is insoluble, and no adsorption will happen for the solute in the solid,
meaning that the solution in the liquid phase leaving a stage is the same as the solution
remaining with the solid matrix in the settled slurry leaving the same stage. The settled
solid leaving a stage always contains some liquid. This solid-liquid stream is called the
underflow or slurry stream. The liquid is called the overflow stream. The concentration of
oil or solute in the overflow stream is equal to that in the liquid solution accompanying the
slurry or underflow stream. Hence, on an xy plot the equilibrium line is on the 45o line.
Since, there are three components: solute (A), inert or leached solid (B), and solvent
(C), a rectangular diagram is used to show the equilibrium data. The concentration of inert
or insoluble solid B in the solution mixture or the slurry mixture is defined as
𝑘𝑔 𝐵 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝑁= =
𝑘𝑔 𝐴 + 𝑘𝑔 𝐶 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
For the overflow, N = 0, for the underflow, N depends on the solute concentration
in the liquid. The compositions of solute A in the liquid as weight fractions are
𝑘𝑔 𝐴 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑥𝐴 = 𝑘𝑔 𝐴+𝑘𝑔 𝐶 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (overflow liquid)
𝑘𝑔 𝐴 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑦𝐴 = 𝑘𝑔 𝐴+𝑘𝑔 𝐶 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (liquid in slurry)
For the entering solid feed to be leached, N is kg inert solid/kg solute A and yA =
1.0. For pure entering solvent N = 0 and xA = 0.
Figure 4. Graph of a Leaching Process.
The following figure shows a single-stage leaching process where V is kg/h of overflow solution
with composition xA and L is the kg/h of liquid in the slurry solution with composition yA based
on a given flow rate B kg/h of dry solute-free solid.
Solvent. The liquid chosen should be a good selective solvent and its viscosity should be
sufficiently low for it to circulate freely. Generally, a relatively pure solvent will be used initially,
although as the extraction proceeds the concentration of solute will increase and the rate of
extraction will progressively decrease, first because the concentration gradient will be reduced,
and secondly because the solution will generally become more viscous.
Temperature. In most cases, the solubility of the material which is being extracted will
increase with temperature to give a higher rate of extraction. Further, the diffusion coefficient will
be expected to increase with rise in temperature and this will also improve the rate of extraction.
In some cases, the upper limit of temperature is determined by secondary considerations, such as,
for example, the necessity to avoid enzyme action during the extraction of sugar.
Agitation of the fluid. Agitation of the solvent is important because this increases the eddy
diffusion and therefore the transfer of material from the surface of the particles to the bulk of the
solution, as discussed in the following section. Further, agitation of suspensions of fine particles
prevents sedimentation and more effective use is made of the interfacial surface.
VI. PROCEDURE
A. Construction of Density – Concentration Plot for NaCl solution
Using seven (7) 100mL beakers, weigh corresponding amount of NaCl to make 0, 4, 8,
12, 16, 20, and 25% (by weight) salt dissolved in water. Then, add clean dry sand equivalent
to the amount of the water added. Stir properly and measure the liquor density of each beaker.
Lastly, plot the density (y-axis) against the weight percent NaCl (x-axis).
Weight 4 dry 1-L beaker and label from numbers 1-4, then place into each beaker the
sand-salt mixture pack. The pack contains150g sand; the amount salt is unknown. Pour 150mL
of water into each beaker and mix thoroughly. Then measure the liquor density of beaker IV.
This is the fresh feed liquor density and after that, determine the weight percent composition
of the fresh feed.
Pour another 50mL of water to beaker 1, 100 mL to beaker 2, and 200mL to beaker 3.
Then stir well and allow settling. Decant the supernatant liquid from each beaker with a volume
equal to that added in step C-1 into separate containers. Then determine the densities of the
liquors in each beaker. Convert densities to weight percent salt using the density-concentration
plot. Lastly, calculate the single-stage salt extraction efficiencies.
VII. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
A. Construction of Density – Concentration Plot for NaCl solution
Density (g/ml) %
0 0
0.04167 4
0.07765 8
0.13698 12
0.19077 16
0.25015 20
0.33345 25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Concentration
Table 1 shows the overall composition of the fresh feed. The composition of the
fresh feed is determined using the density-concentration plot for NaCl solution. The total
mass of solution in the feed is 136 g.
The experiment investigates the batch leaching of NaCl-Sand mixture with water as
solvent in a beaker scale set-up. The group generated a single-stage and multistage leaching
operation to measure the extraction of the salt-sand mixture by calculating the extraction
efficiencies in each stage involved. The results indicated that as the number of stages
increases, the extraction efficiency increases as well. The group recommends the use of a
Westpal balance to accurately identify the density of a given solution. In addition, ensure
that all the salt-sand mixture in each stage are properly transferred into the next one to
avoid errors in the computation.
IX. REFERENCE
https://www.jove.com/science-education/5538/solid-liquid-extraction
http://www.gunt.de/images/download/extraction_english.pdf
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50481a041?journalCode=iechad
Perry, Chemical Engineering Handbook, 8th Edition
X. APPENDICES
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
A. Construction of Density – Concentration Plot for NaCl solution
% Salt + Sand Water
(g) (ml)
0 0 35
4 1.40 33.60
8 2.5219 32.4781
12 4.2167 30.7833
16 5.6072 29.3928
20 7.0033 27.9967
25 8.7523 26.2477
Beaker III
Initial Final
Mass Sand+Salt (g) 72 112
Water (ml) 300 120.3
Density 0.24 0.440565
ATTENDANCE SHEET
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
A. Construction of Density – Concentration Plot for NaCl solution
1.40 𝑔
𝜌= = 0.04167 𝑔/𝑚𝑙
33.60 𝑚𝑙
2.5219 𝑔
𝜌= = 0.07765𝑔/𝑚𝑙
32.4781
B. Preparation of the Fresh Feed
72 𝑔
𝜌= = 0.72 𝑔/𝑚𝑙
100 𝑚𝑙
64 𝑔
𝜌= = 0.71991 𝑔/𝑚𝑙
88.9 𝑚𝑙
C. Single Stage Extraction Operation
Beaker I:
Initial:
72 𝑔
𝜌= = 0.48 𝑔/𝑚𝑙
150 𝑚𝑙
Final:
50 𝑔
𝜌= = 0.430293 𝑔/𝑚𝑙
116.2 𝑚𝑙
Extraction Efficiency:
0.48 − 0.430293
𝛾= 𝑥100 = 10.35570855
0.430293
DOCUMENTATION