Lab 8

Energy and Hydraulic

Grade Lines
Phillip Russell
February 23, 2010
MEMT 313-003
Partner(s): None
 Objective
The purpose of this lab is to use data collected in previous labs to generate grade lines for
various pipe designs. The Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines (EGL and HGL) will be generated
using a form of the Energy Equation.

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 Procedure
First, we gathered the necessary data for each of the 7 cases of pipe design given in Lab 7. The data
needed was the pressure at certain points, the flow rate, and the inlet and outlet heads. The 7 pipe
designs used are given in the following list:

1. Straight 10.5mm diameter

2. Tapered diameter from 10mm to 20mm
3. Tapered diameter from 20mm to 10mm
4. Step-change diameter from 10mm to 20mm
5. Step-change diameter from 20mm to 10mm
6. Four sharp 90° bends
7. Four smooth 90° bends

Using this data we then calculated the numerical values for the EGL and HGL by inserting the data into
the following equations:

𝑃
𝐻𝐺𝐿 = + 𝑧 ≅ 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
𝛾

𝑃 𝑣22
𝐸𝐺𝐿 = + + 𝑧 ≅ 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝛾 2𝑔

We then were able to draw the EGL and HGL for each particular pipe design by inserting the calculated
values for EGL and HGL into a line chart. We then included the head added by the pump (hp) and drew a
total system EGL and HGL for one of the four bend pipe designs.

Finally, we used data from Lab 4, which recorded the pressure differential across the 10.5mm straight
pipe. This data was used to calculate the head loss associated with the design for each trial done using
the full Energy Equation given:

𝑃𝑖 𝑣𝑖2 𝑃𝑜 𝑣𝑜2
+ + 𝑧𝑖 + ℎ𝑝 = + + 𝑧𝑜 + ℎ𝑡 + ℎ𝑙
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

We also used that loss to calculate the power loss in Watts.

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 Results

Case 1
450
400
350
300
Head (mm)

250
200 EGL

150 HGL
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Length Along Pipe (mm)

Figure 1 – EGL and HGL for Case 1 with Pipe Drawing

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 Case 2
500
450
400
350
Head (mm)

300
250
EGL
200
HGL
150
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Length Along Pipe (mm)

Figure 2 – EGL and HGL for Case 2 with Pipe Drawing

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 Case 3
600

500

400
Head (mm)

300
EGL

200 HGL

100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Length Along Pipe (mm)

Figure 3 – EGL and HGL for Case 3 with Pipe Drawing

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 Case 4
400

350

300

250
Head (mm)

200 EGL
150 HGL
100

50

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Length Along Pipe (mm)

Figure 4 – EGL and HGL for Case 4 with Pipe Drawing

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 Case 5
500
450
400
350
Head (mm)

300
250 EGL
200 HGL
150
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Length Along Pipe (mm)

Figure 5 – EGL and HGL for Case 5 with Pipe Drawing

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 Case 6
500
450
400
350
Head (mm)

300
250 EGL
200 HGL
150
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Length Along Pipe (mm)

Figure 6 – EGL and HGL for Case 6 with Pipe Drawing

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 Case 7
500
450
400
350
Head (mm)

300
250 EGL
200 HGL
150
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Length Along Pipe (mm)

Figure 7 – EGL and HGL for Case 7 with Pipe Drawing

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 System Grade Lines (Case 6)
700

600

500
Head (mm)

400

300 Sys EGL

200 Sys HGL

100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Length Along Pipe (mm)

Figure8 – Overall System EGL and HGL for Case 6 with Pipe Drawing

Inlet Outlet Pressure Head Power

Indicated Flowrate
Pressure Pressure Drop Loss Loss
RPS (m3/s)
(Pa) (Pa) (Pa) (mm) (W)
40 3135.75 1224.90 1910.85 194.98 1.67E-04 0.31847
42 4017.68 2195.02 1822.65 185.99 1.67E-04 0.30378
50 4507.64 930.93 3576.71 364.97 2.36E-04 0.84450
50 5379.77 1959.84 3419.93 348.97 2.36E-04 0.80748
Table 1 – Lab 4 Data with Head Loss and Power Loss
Calculations due to Pressure Differential

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 Discussion and Conclusions
In the first part of this lab, the EGL and HGL drawings came out as expected. There was an apparent
general loss in energy along the length of each of the pipe for each of the cases. The trends that are
illustrated by the drawings are consistent with the head loss calculations that we made in Lab 7. Cases 6
and 7 (the 4-bend pipes), shown in Figures 6 and 7, had more dramatic losses than the straight pipes, as
expected. The changing diameter pipes that experienced a change from small to large diameters (Cases
2 and 4), shown in Figures 2 and 4, gained a little bit of energy back as the diameter of the pipe opened
up. This gain is most likely due to the fact that the flow became less restricted. The changing diameter
pipes that experienced a change from large to small diameter (Cases 3 and 5), shown in Figures 3 and 5,
experienced a dramatic loss in energy after the diameter change. This loss is most likely due to the fact
that the flow became very restricted by forcing the flow into a section of the pipe that was half the
diameter of its previous section.

The next part of the lab was a drawing of the overall system EGL and HGL for the four-bend sharp
corners pipe design. This included the head added by the water pump, as well as the outlet to the
reservoir system. Adding these heads to the drawings resulted in an overall increase in energy
throughout the system, since the pump adds pressure to the system.

The last part of the lab involved calculating head loss across a 10.5mm straight pipe. Using the pressure
differential across the pipe, we were able to determine how much head was lost along the length of the
pipe. We also used this pressure differential to determine the power loss associated with the pipe. As
expected, a larger pressure differential led to a greater head and power loss. The power loss calculated
in this lab was different to the power loss calculated in Lab 4. In Lab 4, we were to calculate the
difference in the power between an unrestricted flow and the restricted flow. The power loss in this lab
was associated with the head loss across that pipe. The methods of calculation were very different.

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 Appendices
A) Original Data

MEMT 313 Sect 3, Wed Lab

#7

Case 1
10.5mm straight pipe
experiment
Flow Rate cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cm cm
L sec P1 P2 P3 P4 Vari Inlet Vari Outlet
1 7.72 25.6 14.5 46.3 15.4
1 7.76
1 7.69

tapered pipe, small

Case 2 diameter to entry
Flow Rate cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cm cm
L sec P1 P2 P3 P4 Vari Inlet Vari Outlet
1 15.09 43.2 7.6 18.6 18.4 46.9 18.5
1 15.53
1 15.1

tapered pipe, large

Case 3 diameter to entry
Flow Rate cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cm cm
L sec P1 P2 P3 P4 Vari Inlet Vari Outlet
1 13.7 47.8 47.5 42.9 12.7 46.5 15
1 13.22
1 13.36

stepped pipe, small

Case 4 diameter to entry
Flow Rate cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cm cm
L sec P1 P2 P3 P4 Vari Inlet Vari Outlet
1 6.33 16.2 9.7 15.2 16.4 46.6 16
1 6.16
1 6.36

stepped pipe, large

Case 5 diameter to entry
Flow Rate cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cm cm
L sec P1 P2 P3 P4 Vari Inlet Vari Outlet
1 6.46 42.7 42 18.4 11.9 45.2 15.2
1 6.49
1 6.68

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 4 bend, sharp
Case 6 corners
Flow Rate cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cm cm
L sec P1 P2 P3 P4 Vari Inlet Vari Outlet
1 14.96 42.6 7.2 46.7 15.1
1 14.67
1 15.21

4 bend, smooth
Case 7 angles
Flow Rate cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cmH20 cm cm
L sec P1 P2 P3 P4 Vari Inlet Vari Outlet
1 8.55 32.2 13.4 46.3 15.2
1 8.74
1 8.88

Lab 4 Flowrate
3
Data (m /s)
Outlet Inlet Outlet Pressure
Indicated
Head Pressure Pressure Drop Rotameter
RPS
(mm) (Pa) (Pa) (Pa)
40 150 3135.748 1224.9 1910.85 0.00016667
42 250 4017.677 2195.02 1822.65 0.00016667
50 150 4507.638 930.925 3576.71 0.00023611
50 250 5379.768 1959.84 3419.93 0.00023611

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B) Sample Calculations

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