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CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY

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I. INTRODUCTION

Communication is one of the fastest developing fields of today. As one of the

fundamental part of our daily activities, technologies involving communication was

developing fast to give us a life of comfort. Wireless Communication is an significant part

of our era and it has impacted the world in many important ways. Communication,

networks, and systems technologies are developed for the purpose of information

processing which involves identification, communication, control and security. This gives

us a steadfast communication around the world.

One of the most reliable acclaimed means of communication is through microwave

technology. Microwave transmission is the transmission of information or energy by

microwave radio waves. It provides high radio frequency signal between two points. It is

widely used for point-to-point communication because of its short wavelength that allows

conveniently sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams and can be pointed directly

at the receiving antenna.

About 35 percent of all terrestrial communication is maintained by microwave radio

relay systems. There are various types of microwave radio communication systems,

operating anywhere between 15 miles to 4,000 miles. Microwave communication rapidly

progresses each year due to its low cost but highly reliable characteristic. The remarkable

increase in use of the microwave spectrum by the new telecommunication technologies

in recent years gave tremendous traffic in the spectrum resulting to poor services among

telecommunication’s providers.

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Presenting a design project that will bring wireless communications in a higher

level of performance is the absolute purpose of this group. This project intends to provide

service to a huge number of users by providing usage of the frequency beyond 1GH,

which will offer a wider bandwidth usage. The group believes this is one of the resolutions

on the problem of spectrum crowding.

This project aims to provide a dependable and efficient wireless communication

system between the town of Sto Tomas and San Fernando City located in the province

of Pampanga. This project is supported with the principles of microwave communications

theory.

II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

To address the present situation in the area wherein there is a lack of bill payment

centers to accommodate unremitted collections of the Pampanga Electric

Cooperative (PELCO).

III. DESIGN OBJECTIVES

A. General Objective:

To provide an effective and reliable microwave system design taking assurance

of the line-of-sight that will obtain a system reliability of 99.99% and can be used

for the bill payment centers in the area.

B. Specific Objectives:

 The proponents ought to determine a possible and accessible setting for the

design tower that will serve a vital role in the design.

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 To accomplish accurate computations that will make this design realistic and

functional.

 To provide a list of mandatory equipment for the design.

 To apply the knowledge we have learned from Wireless Communications

subject.

IV. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

A. SCOPE

• The area of study is from San Fernando City to Sto. Tomas in the

province of Pampanga.

• The equipment with their corresponding specifications are included.

• NTC purchasing permits are included in the design.

• The designers presumed that they were the first to put up a wireless

communication network for bill payment centers.

• Information about the site was obtained based on the internet and

PAGASA.

• The computation of possible gains and losses, coordinates, great

circle distance, antenna height, signal strength and other

encountered necessary calculations for the designs were included.

• The frequency use was based on the frequency assigned by the

NTC.

B. DELIMITATIONS

• There is no actual field survey made.

• No costing and return of the investment computed and included.

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• The topographical maps from NAMRIA are not up dated.

• The distance between the sites is limited to 20 kilometers.

• The group did not take in to account other microwave system in the

area that may interfere or affect the performance of the system.

V. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to provide a reliable, practical, and sustainable wireless

communication system between Sto. Tomas and San Fernando City. A side from

that the proponents want to extend its benefits to the following:

To the Public. This project will provide a steadfast and excellent service in

wireless communication in the inhabitants of Sto. Tomas and San Fernando.

To the Students. This will serve as an inspiration for them to study more

and be exposed in the communication field. This will help them understand the role

of an Electronics Engineer in designing and planning. The proponents encourage

them to create more of projects like this for the greater good in the future.

To the Microwave Technology Field. This project will be added to the

development of the field of Microwave Communication. The researchers aimed to

find solutions in the existing problems in the field.

VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS

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Antenna. a conductor or set of conductors used to radiate RF energy into space

or to collect if energy from space or to do both.

Antenna Gain. refers to the directivity gain of an antenna compared to a reference

antenna (isotropic antenna).

Attenuation. progressive decrease of power density or signal power as distance

increases

Bandwidth. the difference between the highest usable frequency of a device

(upper frequency limit) and the lowest usable frequency of the device (lower

frequency limit)

Communication System. the totality of mechanism that provides information link

between source and destination

Decibel (symbol dB). means of expressing change of power level with respect to

specific reference power level: dBm, dBk, dBμ, dBW

Earth Bulge. refers to equivalent sea level height

Effective Isotropic. the output power on the transmitter side. Especially

Radiated power (EIRP). signal reflections from the terrain and beam banding

due to variations in the atmosphere.

Fade Margin . measure of how much signal attenuation due to the multipath and

rain fading can be accommodated by the radio system without exceeding a

minimum level of performance

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Free Space. space that does not interfere with the normal radiation and

propagation of waves

Free Space Loss. radio transmission loss disregarding variable factors (a

theoretical condition).

Free Space. used to predict the received signal strength when the

Propagation Model. transmitter and receiver have a clear and unobstructed Line-

of- Sight between them

Frequency. the number of times a periodic action occurs in a unit of time,

expressed in Hertz.

Fresnel Clearance. is the criterion to determine whether the earth is sufficiently

removed from the radio horizon of signal to allow free space propagation

Fresnel Zone. series of concentric ellipsoid surfaces which surrounds the straight

line path between the antennas.

Hertz (symbol Hz). measure of frequency equal to one cycle per second; named

after Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894), a German physicist who studied

electromagnetism

Hop. a single transmission path from transmitter to receiver.

Improvement Threshold. this is the point at which the RF carrier-to-noise ratio

Is equal to 10dB.

Interference contamination by extraneous signals usually man-made or a form

similar to the desired signal

K – Factor. ratio of a hypothetical effective earth radius over 6370km

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Line -of -Sight (symbol LOS). straight line from a radar antenna to a target Major

lobe. the maximum lobe in the radiation pattern in which the greatest amount of

radiation occurs

Microwave. are generally described as electromagnetic waves with frequencies

that range from 500MHz to 300GHz or more

Microwave Communication. high radio frequency link specifically designed to

provide signal connection between to specific points

Microwave Radio. propagates signal through Earth’s atmosphere between

transmitters and receivers often located on top of towers

National Telecommunication Commission (NTC). is a government agency that

exercises jurisdiction over the supervision, adjudication and control over all

telecommunications services throughout the Philippines.

Net Path Loss. the sum of all the gains and losses within the path length

Pampanga Electric Cooperative. Is an electric power distribution utility that

distributes sufficient and stable power supply in the province of Pampanga.

Panning. refers to the degree of tilt the antenna must be tilted in order to ensure

a Line of Sight Connection

Path Analysis. means of determining the system performance as a function of the

desired path length, required configuration, and prevailing climate and terrain

characteristics of the area under consideration.

Path Profile. graph showing the path of the beam relative to the Earth’s surface

indicating high and low contours taken from a set of topographical maps.

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Path Unavailability. percent of time that the system is expected to operate without

outage.

Point–to-Multipoint. a communication link from a certain station towards two or

more stations.

Point-to-Point. a communication link between two stations.

Power Output. the power of the radio signal as it leaves the RF unit.

Propagation. movement of electromagnetic front as it moves away from the

source

Propagation Models. used in predicting the average received signal strength at a

given distance from the transmitter

Radio Frequency (RF). any frequency of electromagnetic energy capable of

propagation into space.

Radio wave. made up of a combination of both electric and magnetic fields.

Radome. a dome-shaped cover made from a material through which radio waves

can pass used to protect antenna.

Receive Signal Level (RSL). is the magnitude of the signal receive by a

receiving antenna.

Receiver. an electronic device that converts a radio signal from a modulated radio

wave into usable information.

Receiver Sensitivity. the minimum signal level required for proper receiver

operation.

Receiver Thermal Noise. absolute noise threshold.

Receiving Antenna. the device used to pick up the RF signal from space.

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Reliability. the assurance that a component will perform in a specified manner for

a specified time under a set of specified conditions.

Repeater. is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a

higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that

the signal can cover longer distances.

Signal. time-varying quality such as voltage and current.

Surface Wave. radio waves that travel along the contours of the earth by being

highly attenuated.

Superhigh frequencies (SHF). are signals in the 3 GHz to 30 GHz range and are

include the majority of the frequencies used for microwave and satellite radio

communications systems

System Gain. the sum of the transmitter power output and the receiver sensitivity.

Topographic Maps . also called contour maps, topo maps or topo quads (for

quadrangles), are maps that show topography, or land contours, by means of

contour lines

Transmission line. cable that connects the transmitter to the antenna or the

antenna to the receiver

Transmission Line Loss (TLL). the power loss that occurs with the signal travels

in a bounded medium.

Transmission Medium. a means of transferring intelligence from point to point,

includes light, smoke, sound, wire lines, and radio frequency waves.

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Transmitter. a collection of electronic components and circuits designed to

convert the information into a signal suitable for transmission over a given

communication medium

Transmitted Power. it is the amount of microwave carrier output, usually

expressed in dBm (decibel reference 1milliwatt

Transmission Medium. a means of transferring intelligence from point to point,

includes light, smoke, sound, wire lines, and radio frequency waves

Transmitting Antenna. the device used to send the transmitted signal energy into

space

Unavailability. expression of the degree to which a system, subsystem, or

equipment is not operable.

Unfaded Received Signal . signal entering the receiver in the absence of

multipath and rain fading

Unidirectional. describes a device which radiates or receives energy more

efficiently from a single direction than from all other directions

Watt. the scientific unit of electrical power, rate of doing work at the rate of one

joule per second; named after a Scottish engineer and inventor James Watt (1736-

1819)

Wavelength (symbol λ). length or distance between successive points of equal

amplitude and phase on a wave

Wide Band. digital channels having high speed transmission

Wireless Communication. the transfer of information in a short or long distances

without the use of a wire or simply wireless

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CHAPTER 2
SITE OVERVIEW

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I. OVERVIEW OF PAMPANGA PROVINCE

A. Brief Description

Pampanga or Pampaŋga (shown in Figure 2.1) is a province in the

Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Lying on the northern shore of Manila

Bay, Pampanga is bordered by Tarlac to the north, Nueva Ecija to the

northeast, Bulacan to the east, the Manila Bay to the centralsouth, Bataan to

the southwest and Zambales to the west. Its capital is the City of San Fernando.

Angeles City, while geographically within Pampanga, is classified as a first-

class, highly urbanized city and is governed independently of the province.

The name La Pampanga was given by the Spaniards, who encountered

natives living along the banks (pampáng) of the Pampanga River. Its creation

in 1571 makes it the first Spanish province on Luzon Island (Cebu in Visayas

is older as it was founded by the Spaniards in 1565). The town of Villa de

Bacolor in the province briefly served as the Spanish colonial capital when

Great Britain invaded Manila as part of the Seven Years' War. At the eve of the

Philippine Revolution of 1896, Pampanga was one of eight provinces placed

under martial law for rebellion against the Spanish Empire; it is thus

represented on the Philippine national flag as one of the eight rays of the sun.

Pampanga is served by Clark International Airport (formerly Diosdado

Macapagal International Airport), which is in Clark Freeport Zone, some 16

kilometres (9.9 mi) north of the provincial capital. The province is home to two

Philippine Air Force airbases: Basa Air Base in Floridablanca and the former

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United States Clark Air Base in Angeles City. By 2015, the province has

2,198,110 inhabitants, while it has 1,079,532 registered voters.

B. PAMPANGA PROVINCE

Figure 2.1: Map of Pampanga

Coordinates : 15 04’ N 120 40’ E

Region : Central Luzon (Region III)
Founded : December 11, 1571
Capital : San Fernando
No. of Barangays : 505
Total Area : 2,002.20 km2 (773.05 sq. mi.)
Population (2015 Census)
 Total : 2,198,110
 Density : 1,100/km2

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C. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION

Legend: Principal Capital and Component City † Component City *

Municipality Highly Urbanized City ‡

City or municipality District Population ±% p.a. Area Density Brgy. Coordinates

(2015) (2010) km2 sq. mi /km2 /sq mi

Angeles ‡ 1st — 411,634 326,336 4.52% 60.27 23.27 6,800 18,000 33 15°08′24″N 120°35′16″E

Apalit 4th 4.9% 107,965 101,537 1.18% 61.47 23.73 1,800 4,700 12 14°57′01″N 120°45′36″E

Arayat 3rd 6.1% 133,492 121,348 1.83% 134.48 51.92 990 2,600 30 15°09′00″N 120°46′03″E

Bacolor 3rd 1.8% 39,460 31,508 4.38% 71.70 27.68 550 1,400 21 14°59′47″N 120°39′05″E

Candaba 4th 5.1% 111,586 102,399 1.65% 176.40 68.11 630 1,600 33 15°05′33″N 120°49′39″E

Floridablanca 2nd 5.7% 125,163 110,846 2.34% 175.48 67.75 710 1,800 33 14°58′33″N 120°31′43″E

Guagua 2nd 5.3% 117,430 111,199 1.04% 48.67 18.79 2,400 6,200 31 14°57′55″N 120°38′01″E

Lubao 2nd 7.3% 160,838 150,843 1.23% 155.77 60.14 1,000 2,600 44 14°56′16″N 120°36′01″E

Mabalacat ∗ 1st 11.4% 250,799 215,610 2.92% 83.18 32.12 3,000 7,800 27 15°13′22″N 120°34′24″E

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Macabebe 4th 3.5% 75,850 70,777 1.33% 105.16 40.60 720 1,900 25 14°54′30″N 120°42′53″E

Magalang 1st 5.1% 113,147 103,597 1.69% 97.32 37.58 1,200 3,100 27 15°12′53″N 120°39′42″E

Masantol 4th 2.6% 57,063 52,407 1.63% 48.25 18.63 1,200 3,100 26 14°53′04″N 120°42′35″E

Mexico 3rd 7.0% 154,624 146,851 0.99% 117.41 45.33 1,300 3,400 43 15°03′53″N 120°43′12″E

Minalin 4th 2.2% 47,713 44,001 1.55% 48.27 18.64 990 2,600 15 14°58′04″N 120°41′09″E

Porac 2nd 5.7% 124,381 111,441 2.11% 314.00 121.24 400 1,000 29 15°04′20″N 120°32′28″E

San Fernando † 3rd 14.0% 306,659 285,912 1.34% 67.74 26.15 4,500 12,000 35 15°01′45″N 120°41′34″E

San Luis 4th 2.5% 54,106 49,311 1.78% 56.83 21.94 950 2,500 17 15°02′21″N 120°47′27″E

San Simon 4th 2.4% 53,198 48,353 1.83% 57.37 22.15 930 2,400 14 14°59′42″N 120°46′45″E

Santa Ana 3rd 2.5% 55,178 52,001 1.14% 39.84 15.38 1,400 3,600 14 15°05′41″N 120°45′57″E

Santa Rita 2nd 1.9% 40,979 38,762 1.06% 29.76 11.49 1,400 3,600 10 14°59′56″N 120°37′05″E

Santo Tomas 4th 1.8% 40,475 38,062 1.18% 21.30 8.22 1,900 4,900 7 14°59′38″N 120°42′16″E

Sasmuan (Sexmoan) 2nd 1.3% 28,004 27,254 0.52% 91.80 35.44 310 800 12 14°56′10″N 120°37′21″E

Total 2,198,110 2,014,019 1.68% 2,002.20 773.05 1,100 2,800 505

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Table 2.1: Administrative Division of Pampanga

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II. TOPOGRAPHY

Pampanga covers a total area of 2,002.20 square kilometers (773.05 sq mi)

occupying the south-central section of the Central Luzon region. When Angeles City

is included for geographical purposes, the province's area is 2,062.47 square

kilometers (796.32 sq mi). The province is bordered by Tarlac to the north, Nueva

Ecija to the northeast, Bulacan to the east, the Manila Bay to the central-south, Bataan

to the southwest, and Zambales to the northwest.

Its terrain is relatively flat with one distinct mountain, Mount Arayat and the

notable Pampanga River. Among its municipalities, Porac has the largest land mass

with 314 square kilometers (121 sq mi); Candaba comes in second with 176 square

kilometers (68 sq mi); followed by Florida blanca with 175 square kilometers (68 sq

mi). Santo Tomas, with an area of 21 square kilometers (8.1 sq mi), is the smallest.

III. CLIMATE

The province of Pampanga has two distinct climates, rainy and dry. The rainy

or wet season normally begins in May and runs through October, while the rest of the

year is the dry season. The warmest period of the year occurs between March and

April, while the coolest period is from December through February.

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Figure 2.1: Temperature Graph of Pampanga

Figure 2.2: Wind Speed and Gust Graph of Pampanga

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Figure 2.3: Cloud and Humidity Graph of Pampanga

Figure 2.4: Sun Hours and Sun Days Graph in Pampanga

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Figure 2.5: Pressure Graph of Pampanga

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A. STO. TOMAS PAMPANGA (Site A)

Sto Tomas has a tropical climate. The summers here have a good deal

of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The temperature here averages

27.2 °C. Precipitation here averages 2181mm.

Figure 2.6: Rain Graph of Sto. Tomas Pampanga

The least amount of rainfall occurs in February. The average in this month is 12

mm. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in July, with an average of 477 mm.

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B. SAN FERNANDO PAMPANGA (SITE B)

This city has a tropical climate. Most months of the year are marked by

significant rainfall. The short dry season has little impact. The temperature

here averages 26.8 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2395 mm.

Figure 2.7: Rain Graph of San Fernando Pampanga

The least amount of rainfall occurs in January. The average in this month is 11

mm. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in August, with an average of 538 mm.

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IV. POPULATION

The following figures are the results of Philippine Statistics Association (PSA)
formerly known as the National Statistics Office (NSO) Census in the Pampanga
Province. (source: www.psa.com)

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V. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Climatological Normal. period averages computed for a uniform and relative long

period comprising at least three (3) consecutive 10-year periods.

Rainfall (mm). the amount of precipitation (rain, hail, etc.) expressed in millimeters

depth, of the layer of the layer of the water has fallen.

Rainy Days (RD). a rainy day is defined as a period of 24 hours beginning at 8AM

to 8Am of the next day during which 0.1mm of rain is recorded.

Maximum Temperature (°C). the maximum temperature in °C recorded for the

day, Usually occurring in the early afternoon.

Minimum temperature (°C). the minimum temperature in °C recorded for the day,

usually occurring during early hours of the morning (before sunrise).

Mean Temperature (°C). Mean Temp. = (Maximum +Maximum) / 2

Dry Bulb Temperature (°C). It gives the temperature in °C at the time of

observation.

Wet Bulb Temperature (°C). It gives the temperature in °C that an air parcel would

have if cooled adiabatically to saturation at constant pressure by evaporating water

in it.

Dew point (°C). the temperature in °C at a given pressure, to which the air must

be cooled to become saturated. It is the temperature when atmospheric moisture

begins to condense to liquid forming “dew” upon objects.

Vapor Pressure (MBS). denotes the partial pressure of water vapor in

atmosphere. As the water evaporates, additional water vapor is introduced into

space above and pressure increases slightly as the new vapor is added.

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CHAPTER 3
SITE CONSIDERATION

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I. SITE CONSIDERATIONS

 Adequate source of power and water

 Terrain mapping for possible obstruction

 Geographical location for possible line-of-sight path obstruction

 The possibility of extreme and unusual weather condition such as maximum expected wind velocity and
ranges of temperature

 Total land area

 The number of potential subscriber in the vicinity

 The availability of the site to install one or more antennas

 Potential future obstruction

 Grounding system

 State of economy of the place

 Security

 Susceptibility of the place from floods

 Distance of the place from Aviation Companies like NAIA

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II. FREQUENCY CONSIDERATIONS

 The frequency band used in the microwave system design is 15GHz.

 The frequency allocation is based on the Microwave channel plan given by National Telecommunication
Commission.

 Distance of a point-to-point path link is also considered.

III. EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS

A. Antenna Considerations
 The antenna diameter was based on our 14.20-15.350 GHz operating frequency range.

 The gain mid-band of the antenna is 48.9dBi.

 Polarization is also a factor to be considered.

 Environmental specification including survival wind speed and ambient temperature.

B. Radio Considerations
 The amount of radio gain available is 25dBm as determined by transmitter power output based on the
specification.

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 Bit rate capacity 8E1 of Signal Processing Unit.

 The radio’s range of frequency band includes 15GHz which is the design’s pre-assigned operating
frequency.

 Equipment maintenance and supervisory functions built in, such as order wire, auxiliary data channel and
control.

 Equipment reliability.

 The equipment can work with different modulation formats. It supports 16QAM modulation

C. Tower Considerations
 The size and weight of the antenna and the transmission line system.

 The height of the tower must be enough in order to avoid obstructions.

 The anticipated wind loading was identified under harsh condition and additional loading.

 The required antenna beam stability

 The amount of land and type of soil for the erection of the tower must also be considered for any ground
movement to prevent the tower from swaying.

D. SHELTER CONSIDERATION
 The shelter should be large enough to accommodate all needed equipment and at the same time allow
people to move freely around the area.

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 The shelter should be able to keep sensitive radio equipment safely.

IV. POWER EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATION

 A standby equipment should be provided for possible power interruption to maintain system operation.

 Generators and batteries are to be provided which serve as standby power equipment.

V. LIGHTNING SYSTEM CONSIDERATION

 The tower height of 21 to 150 feet towers needs 2 obstruction lights.

VI. LIGHTNING PROTECTION CONSIDERATION

 The lightning protection that will be used must contain appropriate conductive path for lightning currents.

 Able to disperse atmospheric discharge in order to prevent surge current to enter the equipment and
ensure safety in the facility.

 Economical and easy to install.

VII. GROUNDING SYSTEM CONSIDERATION

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 Availability of area for installation of grounding system. This leads to the requirement and utilization of
chemical rods or wells.

 Water table and seasonal changes.

 Soil condition and resistivity.

 Must be coordinated with lightning protection in order to prevent abrupt surge entering to the equipment
thus making the equipment safe.

 Must be installed at every equipment inside the facility.

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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN COMPUTATION

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I. COORDINATES OF THE SITES

Figure 4.1: Coordinates of Site A

A. Site A (San Pedro Rd., Sto Tomas, Pampanga)

Researched Coordinates: 15° 0’ 37.50’’ N, 120° 42’ 18.64’’ E

∆𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
Latitude = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
2 −𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1

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𝑦′
= (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒2 − 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1 ) + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑦
1.15𝑘𝑚
= [15°05′ 00′ ′ − 15°00′00′′] + 15°00′00′′
9.2𝑘𝑚

= 𝟏𝟓° 𝟎’ 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟎’’ 𝑵

∆𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
Longitude = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
2 −𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1

𝑥′
= (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒2 − 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1 ) + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑥

4.15𝑘𝑚
= 8.98𝑘𝑚 [120°45′ 00′ ′ − 120°40′00′′] + 120°40′00′′

= 𝟏𝟐𝟎°𝟒𝟐′𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟒′′ 𝑬

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Figure 4.2: Coordinates of Site B

B. Site B (Telabastagan, San Fernando, Pampanga)

Researched Coordinates: 15°7’13.04’’ N, 120°36’7.70’’ E

∆𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
Latitude = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
2 −𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1

𝑦′
= (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒2 − 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1 ) + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑦
4.10𝑘𝑚
= [15°10′ 00′ ′ − 15°05′00′′] + 15°05′00′′
9.2𝑘𝑚

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= 𝟏𝟓°𝟕′ 𝟏𝟑. 𝟕′′ 𝑵

∆𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
Longitude = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
2 −𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1
𝑥′
= (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒2 − 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒1 ) + 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑥
2.03𝑘𝑚 ′
= 8.98𝑘𝑚 [120°40′ 00′ − 120°35′ 00′′ ] + 120°35′ 00′′

= 𝟏𝟐𝟎°𝟑𝟔′𝟕. 𝟖𝟐′′ 𝑬

II. Great Circle Distance

Using the computed coordinates:

Latitude A: 15° 7’ 13.7” N Longitude A: 120° 36’ 7.82” E
Latitude B: 15° 0’ 37.5” N Longitude B: 120° 42’ 18.64” E

Cos (d) = cos(90-LatitudeA)cos(90-LatitudeB)

+ sin(90-LatitudeA)sin(90-LatitudeB)cos (LongitudeA- Longitude B)

= cos (90-15° 7’ 13.7”) cos (90-15° 0’ 37.5”) + sin(90-15° 7’ 13.7”)

sin (90-15° 0’ 37.5”)cos (120° 36’ 7.82”- 120° 42’ 18.64”)

= 0.9999966484

d= cos-1 (0.9999966484)
d= 0.1483426755 x 60 x (1852/1000)

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d= 16.483838811km

III. Frequency Allocation

Center Frequency

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝒇𝑪 = √𝒇 𝒙 𝒇′

Where: fC = Center Frequency

f = Low band Frequency = 14500 MHz
f’ = High band Frequency = 15350 MHz
𝑓𝐶 = √14500 𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑥 15350 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝐶 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟖 𝑮𝑯𝒛

Frequency Separation

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑭𝑺 = 𝒇′ − 𝒇

= 15350 – 14500
= 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝐌𝐇𝐳

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FREQUENCY RF CHANNEL ARRANGEMENTS REMARKS

BAND
14500-15350 CH # F F' ITU-R Rec. 636-4
MHz 1 14515 14935 Recommended RF channel
POINT-TO- arrangements for
POINT 2 14529 14949 fixed wireless systems for
RADIO channel spacing of 14 MHz
SYSTEM 3 14543 14963 Previous channel
arrangements may also
be used for
4 14557 14977 systems upgrade only,
however, the use of these
5 14571 14991 channel arrangements is
encouraged.
6 14585 15005
7 14599 15019
8 14613 15033
9 14627 15047
10 14641 15061
11 14655 15075
12 14669 15089
13 14683 15103
14 14697 15117
15 14711 15131
16 14725 15145
17 14739 15159
18 14753 15173
19 14767 15187
20 14781 15201
21 14795 15215

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Note: The 22 14809 15229 Radio-frequency

based on 23 14823 15243 ITU-R REC 636-
24 14837 15257
4 channel arrangements for
25 14851 15271
fixed 26 14865 15285 wireless systems
operating 27 14879 15299 in the 14.4-15.35
GHz 28 14893 15313 band will be used
by our 29 14907 15327 company
CAPLAB that will be availed at the National Telecommunications Commissions (NTC) –Radio Frequency Planning
Division.

Table 4.1: NTC Frequency Allocation

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IV. Antenna Height

Assumption: F=1; a1=19 meter

Solving for a2:
𝐻
𝐹= ; 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑛
𝐻𝑛
𝑑 𝑥𝑑2
𝐻𝑛 = 17.3√𝑓 1
𝐺𝐻𝑧 𝐷

(2.32)(14.18)
𝐻𝑛 = 17.3√(14.9189)(16.4838)
𝐻𝑛 = 6.327485247 = 𝐻
𝑑1 (ℎ2 −ℎ1 )
𝐻= − ℎ0 + ℎ1
𝐷
Since h1 = a1 + e1
ℎ1 = 19 𝑚 + 1 𝑚
ℎ1 = 20 𝑚
(14.18)(ℎ2 −20𝑚)
6.327485247 = − (58 + 15 + 1.9351529) + 20
16.4838
ℎ2 = 91.216032 𝑚
Since h2 = a2 + e2
91.216032 𝑚 = 𝑎2 + 73 𝑚
𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎

V. Antenna Gain

Given Parameters:
Bft (Diameter in ft) = 7.87401575 ft

45
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fC (Center Frequency) = 14.9189 GHz

𝐴𝐺 = 20 log 𝑓𝐶 + 20 log 𝐵𝑓𝑡 + 7.5
𝐴𝐺 = 20 log(14.9189) + 20 log(7.87401575) + 7.5
𝑨𝑮 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟒𝒅𝑩

From the specification sheet of the Antenna:

a. Diameter: 2.4 m
b. Frequency Band: 15 GHz
c. Antenna Gain: 48.9 dB

VI. Losses
A. Transmission Line Loss (TTL)
Note: Multiplier for the attenuation factor was obtained from the antenna height with an allowance of 2m
for both sites
For site A: (19 m + 2 m) = 21 m
For site B: (18.2 m + 2 m) = 20.2 m

Coaxial Attenuation = 76 dB Coaxial Attenuation = 76 dB

76 𝑑𝐵 76 𝑑𝐵
𝑇𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑋 = 1000 𝑚 𝑥 21 𝑚 𝑇𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑋 = 1000 𝑚 𝑥 20.2 𝑚
𝑻𝑳𝑳𝑻𝑿 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟔 𝒅𝑩 𝑻𝑳𝑳𝑻𝑿 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟓𝟐 𝒅𝑩

B. Free Space Loss (FSL)

Using the equation: 𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 20 log 𝑓𝐶(𝐺𝐻𝑧) + 20 log 𝐷𝑘𝑚 + 92.44

Where: fC (Center Frequency) = 14.9189 GHz

46
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D (Distance) = 16.4832

𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 20 log 𝑓𝐶(𝐺𝐻𝑧) + 20 log 𝐷𝑘𝑚 + 92.44

𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 20 log 14.9189 + 20 log 16.4832 + 92.44

𝑭𝑺𝑳 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟔 𝒅𝑩

C. Miscellaneous Loss

i. Water Vapor Absorption Loss

3 9 4.3
𝐴𝐻2 𝑂 = (0.067 + + + ) 𝑥 𝑓 2 𝛼𝑥10−4 𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚
(𝑓 − 22.3) + 7.3 (𝑓 − 183.3) + 6 (𝑓 − 323.8)2 + 10
2 2

𝐴_(𝐻_2 𝑂) = (0.067 + 3/((14.9189 − 22.3)^2 + 7.3) + 9/((14.9189 − 183.3)^2 + 6) + 4.3/((14.9189 − 323.8)^2

+ 10))𝑥 〖14.9189〗^2 (12𝑥〖10〗^(−4))𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚

𝑨𝑯𝟐 𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟒 𝒅𝑩

ii. Oxygen Absorption Loss

6.09 4.81
𝐴𝑜 = (7.19𝑥10−3 + 𝑓2 +0.227 + (𝑓−57)2 +1.5) 𝑥𝑓 2 𝑥10−3 𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚

47
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6.09 4.81
𝐴𝑜 = (7.19𝑥10−3 + (14.9189)2 +0.227 + (14.9189−57)2 +1.5) 𝑥(14.9189)2 𝑥10−3 𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚

𝑨𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒅𝑩

iii. Rain Attenuation Loss

Note: Method used for this computation is Crane Method

log 𝑓1−log fx
M= log f1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓2
log(12)−log (14.9189)
M= log(12) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(15)
M = 0.9757

K = log-1[logk1 – M (log k1 – logk2)]

K = log-1[log (0.0168) – 0.9757 (log (0.0168) – log (0.0335))]
K = 0.0329

α = α1 – M (α1 – α2)
α = 1.217 – 0.9757 (1.217 – 1.154)
α = 1.1555

d = 3.8 – 0.6 x ln (Rp)

d = 3.8 – 0.6 x ln (0.0001)
d = 9.32620

b = 2.3 x Rp-0.17
b = 2.3 x (0.0001)-0.17
b = 11.00849

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c = 0.026 – 0.03 x ln (Rp)

c = 0.026 – 0.03 x ln (0.0001)
c = 0.30231

ln (b x ecd )
µ= 𝑑
ln (11.00849 x e0.30321 x 9.32620 )
µ= 9.32620
µ = 0.55951

𝑒 µ𝛼𝑑 − 1 𝑏 𝑐𝛼 𝑒 µ𝛼𝑑 𝑏 𝑐𝛼 𝑒 µ𝛼𝐷

Ar = K x Rpα x [ − − ]
µ𝛼 𝑐𝛼 𝑐𝛼
𝑒 0.55951 𝑥 1.1555 𝑥 9.32620 − 1
Ar = 0.03163 x (0.0001)1.1555 x [ −
0.55951 𝑥 1.1555
11.008490.30231 𝑥 1.15925 𝑒 0.55951 𝑥 1.1555 𝑥 9.32620 11.008490.30231 𝑥 1.15925 𝑒 0.55951 𝑥 1.1555 𝑥 16.3848
− ]
0.30321 𝑥 1.1555 0.30321 𝑥 1.1555

Ar = 0.21330 dB

VII. Reliability

Given Parameters:

FC = 14.9189 GHz

D = 16.4838 km

B = 7.874015 ft (2.4m)

AG = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟒 dB

Radome Loss (RL) (see specification) = 1.8 dB

49
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VIII. Path Profiling

Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
0 16500 0 75 Residential/ 75 75
Urban
100 16400 0.096470588 73 Residential/ 73.09647059 73.09647059
Urban
200 16300 0.191764706 73 Residential/ 73.19176471 15 88.19176471
Urban
300 16200 0.285882353 72 Residential/ 72.28588235 72.28588235
Urban
400 16100 0.378823529 73 Residential/ 73.37882353 73.37882353
Urban
500 16000 0.470588235 70 Residential/ 70.47058824 70.47058824
Urban
600 15900 0.561176471 71 Residential/ 71.56117647 71.56117647
Urban
700 15800 0.650588235 71 Residential/ 71.65058824 15 86.65058824
Urban
800 15700 0.738823529 70 Residential/ 70.73882353 70.73882353
Urban
900 15600 0.825882353 69 Residential/ 69.82588235 69.82588235
Urban
1000 15500 0.911764706 66 Residential/ 66.91176471 66.91176471
Urban
1100 15400 0.996470588 69 Woodland 69.99647059 69.99647059
1200 15300 1.08 65 Woodland 66.08 66.08
1300 15200 1.162352941 66 Woodland 67.16235294 67.16235294

50
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Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
1400 15000 1.323529412 69 Woodland 70.32352941 70.32352941
1500 14900 1.402352941 64 Residential/ 65.40235294 65.40235294
Urban
1600 14800 1.48 61 Residential/ 62.48 15 77.48
Urban
1800 14700 1.556470588 62 Residential/ 63.55647059 63.55647059
Urban
1900 14600 1.631764706 62 Residential/ 63.63176471 63.63176471
Urban
2000 14500 1.705882353 62 Residential/ 63.70588235 63.70588235
Urban
2100 14400 1.778823529 59 Woodland 60.77882353 60.77882353
2200 14300 1.850588235 59 Woodland 60.85058824 60.85058824
2300 14200 1.921176471 58 Woodland 59.92117647 59.92117647
2400 14100 1.990588235 58 Woodland 59.99058824 59.99058824
2500 14000 2.058823529 59 Woodland 61.05882353 61.05882353
2600 13900 2.125882353 58 Residential/ 60.12588235 60.12588235
Urban
2700 13800 2.191764706 55 Residential/ 57.19176471 15 72.19176471
Urban
2800 13700 2.256470588 57 Residential/ 59.25647059 59.25647059
Urban

51
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Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
2900 13600 2.32 55 Residential/ 57.32 57.32
Urban
3000 13500 2.382352941 54 Residential/ 56.38235294 56.38235294
Urban
3100 13400 2.443529412 54 Residential/ 56.44352941 56.44352941
Urban
3200 13300 2.503529412 54 Residential/ 56.50352941 15 71.50352941
Urban
3300 13200 2.562352941 52 Residential/ 54.56235294 54.56235294
Urban
3400 13100 2.62 53 Residential/ 55.62 55.62
Urban
3500 13000 2.676470588 51 Residential/ 53.67647059 53.67647059
Urban
3600 12900 2.731764706 50 Residential/ 52.73176471 15 67.73176471
Urban
3700 12800 2.785882353 50 Residential/ 52.78588235 52.78588235
Urban
3800 12700 2.838823529 49 Residential/ 51.83882353 51.83882353
Urban
3900 12600 2.890588235 49 Residential/ 51.89058824 51.89058824
Urban
4000 12500 2.941176471 58 Residential/ 60.94117647 15 75.94117647
Urban
4100 12400 2.990588235 49 Residential/ 51.99058824 51.99058824
Urban
4200 12300 3.038823529 46 Residential/ 49.03882353 49.03882353
Urban

52
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Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
4300 12200 3.085882353 46 Residential/ 49.08588235 49.08588235
Urban
4400 12100 3.131764706 46 Residential/ 49.13176471 49.13176471
Urban
4500 12000 3.176470588 45 Residential/ 48.17647059 48.17647059
Urban
4600 11900 3.22 46 Residential/ 49.22 49.22
Urban
4700 11800 3.262352941 46 Residential/ 49.26235294 15 64.26235294
Urban
4800 11700 3.303529412 44 Residential/ 47.30352941 15 62.30352941
Urban
4900 11600 3.343529412 45 Residential/ 48.34352941 48.34352941
Urban
5000 11500 3.382352941 44 Residential/ 47.38235294 47.38235294
Urban
5100 11400 3.42 42 Woodland 45.42 45.42
5200 11300 3.456470588 42 Woodland 45.45647059 45.45647059
5300 11200 3.491764706 41 Woodland 44.49176471 44.49176471
5400 11100 3.525882353 40 Woodland 43.52588235 43.52588235
5500 11000 3.558823529 40 Cultivated Land 43.55882353 43.55882353
5600 10900 3.590588235 39 Cultivated Land 42.59058824 42.59058824

53
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Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
5700 10800 3.621176471 39 Cultivated Land 42.62117647 42.62117647
5800 10700 3.650588235 39 Cultivated Land 42.65058824 42.65058824
5900 10600 3.678823529 39 Cultivated Land 42.67882353 42.67882353
6000 10500 3.705882353 39 Cultivated Land 42.70588235 42.70588235
6100 10400 3.731764706 39 Residential/ 42.73176471 42.73176471
Urban
6200 10300 3.756470588 38 Residential/ 41.75647059 41.75647059
Urban
6300 10200 3.78 37 Residential/ 40.78 15 55.78
Urban
6400 10100 3.802352941 36 Residential/ 39.80235294 15 54.80235294
Urban
6500 10000 3.823529412 34 Residential/ 37.82352941 15 52.82352941
Urban
6600 9900 3.843529412 33 Cultivated Land 36.84352941 36.84352941
6700 9800 3.862352941 33 Cultivated Land 36.86235294 36.86235294
6800 9700 3.88 32 Cultivated Land 35.88 35.88
6900 9600 3.896470588 32 Cultivated Land 35.89647059 35.89647059
7000 9500 3.911764706 31 Cultivated Land 34.91176471 34.91176471

54
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Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
7100 9400 3.925882353 31 Residential/ 34.92588235 34.92588235
Urban
7200 9300 3.938823529 33 Residential/ 36.93882353 36.93882353
Urban
7300 9200 3.950588235 33 Residential/ 36.95058824 15 51.95058824
Urban
7400 9100 3.961176471 29 Residential/ 32.96117647 15 47.96117647
Urban
7500 9000 3.970588235 29 Residential/ 32.97058824 32.97058824
Urban
7600 8900 3.978823529 30 Woodland 33.97882353 33.97882353
7700 8800 3.985882353 30 Woodland 33.98588235 33.98588235
7800 8700 3.991764706 30 Woodland 33.99176471 33.99176471
7900 8600 3.996470588 28 Woodland 31.99647059 31.99647059
8000 8500 4 27 Woodland 31 31
8100 8400 4.002352941 27 Residential/ 31.00235294 31.00235294
Urban
8200 8300 4.003529412 26 Residential/ 30.00352941 30.00352941
Urban
8300 8200 4.003529412 25 Residential/ 29.00352941 29.00352941
Urban
8400 8100 4.002352941 24 Residential/ 28.00235294 28.00235294
Urban

55
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Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
8500 8000 4 23 Residential/ 27 27
Urban
8600 7900 3.996470588 22 Woodland 25.99647059 25.99647059
8700 7800 3.991764706 23 Woodland 26.99176471 26.99176471
8800 7700 3.985882353 21 Woodland 24.98588235 24.98588235
8900 7600 3.978823529 19 Woodland 22.97882353 22.97882353
9000 7500 3.970588235 21 Woodland 24.97058824 24.97058824
9100 7400 3.961176471 18 Residential/ 21.96117647 21.96117647
Urban
9200 7300 3.950588235 18 Residential/ 21.95058824 15 36.95058824
Urban
9300 7200 3.938823529 19 Residential/ 22.93882353 15 37.93882353
Urban
9400 7100 3.925882353 20 Residential/ 23.92588235 23.92588235
Urban
9500 7000 3.911764706 20 Residential/ 23.91176471 23.91176471
Urban
9600 6900 3.896470588 16 Tropical Grass 19.89647059 19.89647059
9700 6800 3.88 17 Tropical Grass 20.88 20.88
9800 6700 3.862352941 17 Tropical Grass 20.86235294 20.86235294

56
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Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
9900 6600 3.843529412 17 Tropical Grass 20.84352941 20.84352941
10000 6500 3.823529412 19 Tropical Grass 22.82352941 22.82352941
10100 6400 3.802352941 17 Residential/ 20.80235294 20.80235294
Urban
10200 6300 3.78 19 Residential/ 22.78 22.78
Urban
10300 6200 3.756470588 17 Residential/ 20.75647059 15 35.75647059
Urban
10400 6100 3.731764706 16 Residential/ 19.73176471 15 34.73176471
Urban
10500 6000 3.705882353 15 Residential/ 18.70588235 18.70588235
Urban
10600 5900 3.678823529 16 Woodland 19.67882353 19.67882353
10700 5800 3.650588235 17 Woodland 20.65058824 20.65058824
10800 5700 3.621176471 16 Woodland 19.62117647 19.62117647
10900 5600 3.590588235 14 Woodland 17.59058824 17.59058824
11000 5500 3.558823529 11 Woodland 14.55882353 14.55882353
11100 5400 3.525882353 11 Cultivated Land 14.52588235 14.52588235
11200 5300 3.491764706 11 Cultivated Land 14.49176471 14.49176471

57
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_______________________________________________

Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
11300 5200 3.456470588 10 Cultivated Land 13.45647059 13.45647059
11400 5100 3.42 9 Cultivated Land 12.42 12.42
11500 5000 3.382352941 10 Cultivated Land 13.38235294 13.38235294
11600 4900 3.343529412 10 Residential/ 13.34352941 13.34352941
Urban
11700 4800 3.303529412 10 Residential/ 13.30352941 13.30352941
Urban
11800 4700 3.262352941 10 Residential/ 13.26235294 13.26235294
Urban
11900 4600 3.22 10 Residential/ 13.22 15 28.22
Urban
12000 4500 3.176470588 9 Residential/ 12.17647059 15 27.17647059
Urban
12100 4400 3.131764706 9 Residential/ 12.13176471 15 27.13176471
Urban
12200 4300 3.085882353 8 Residential/ 11.08588235 11.08588235
Urban
12300 4200 3.038823529 7 Residential/ 10.03882353 10.03882353
Urban
12400 4100 2.990588235 8 Residential/ 10.99058824 10.99058824
Urban
12500 4000 2.941176471 7 Residential/ 9.941176471 9.941176471
Urban
12600 3900 2.890588235 6 Woodland 8.890588235 8.890588235

58
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_______________________________________________

Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
12700 3800 2.838823529 6 Woodland 8.838823529 8.838823529
12800 3700 2.785882353 7 Woodland 9.785882353 9.785882353
12900 3600 2.731764706 6 Woodland 8.731764706 8.731764706
13000 3500 2.676470588 5 Woodland 7.676470588 7.676470588
13100 3400 2.62 6 Residential/ 8.62 8.62
Urban
13200 3300 2.562352941 6 Residential/ 8.562352941 8.562352941
Urban
13300 3200 2.503529412 4 Residential/ 6.503529412 6.503529412
Urban
13400 3100 2.443529412 3 Residential/ 5.443529412 15 20.44352941
Urban
13500 3000 2.382352941 3 Residential/ 5.382352941 15 20.38235294
Urban
13600 2900 2.32 5 Residential/ 7.32 15 22.32
Urban
13700 2800 2.256470588 5 Cultivated Land 7.256470588 7.256470588
13800 2700 2.191764706 3 Cultivated Land 5.191764706 5.191764706
13900 2600 2.125882353 5 Cultivated Land 7.125882353 7.125882353
14000 2500 2.058823529 5 Cultivated Land 7.058823529 7.058823529

59
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________

Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
14100 2400 1.990588235 3 Cultivated Land 4.990588235 4.990588235
14200 2300 1.921176471 5 Residential/ 6.921176471 6.921176471
Urban
14300 2200 1.850588235 5 Residential/ 6.850588235 6.850588235
Urban
14400 2100 1.778823529 5 Residential/ 6.778823529 6.778823529
Urban
14500 2000 1.705882353 5 Residential/ 6.705882353 6.705882353
Urban
14600 1900 1.631764706 5 Residential/ 6.631764706 6.631764706
Urban
14700 1800 1.556470588 4 Residential/ 5.556470588 15 20.55647059
Urban
14800 1700 1.48 4 Residential/ 5.48 15 20.48
Urban
14900 1600 1.402352941 3 Residential/ 4.402352941 15 19.40235294
Urban
15000 1500 1.323529412 3 Residential/ 4.323529412 4.323529412
Urban
15100 1400 1.243529412 4 Residential/ 5.243529412 5.243529412
Urban
15200 1300 1.162352941 3 Residential/ 4.162352941 4.162352941
Urban
15300 1200 1.08 2 Residential/ 3.08 3.08
Urban

60
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_______________________________________________

15400 1100 0.996470588 3 Residential/ 3.996470588 3.996470588

Urban

Path Profiling
Distance From Distance From Earth Bulge (m) Path Elevation Terrain Type Ground Trees and Obstruction
Point B (m) Point A (m) (m) Elevation Buildings Height
15500 1000 0.911764706 4 Residential/ 4.911764706 4.911764706
Urban
15600 900 0.825882353 5 Tropical Grass 5.825882353 5.825882353
15700 800 0.738823529 4 Tropical Grass 4.738823529 4.738823529
15800 700 0.650588235 5 Tropical Grass 5.650588235 5.650588235
15900 600 0.561176471 4 Tropical Grass 4.561176471 4.561176471
16000 500 0.470588235 5 Tropical Grass 5.470588235 5.470588235
16100 400 0.378823529 2 Cultivated Land 2.378823529 2.378823529
16200 300 0.285882353 2 Cultivated Land 2.285882353 2.285882353
16300 200 0.191764706 3 Cultivated Land 3.191764706 3.191764706
16400 100 0.096470588 3 Cultivated Land 3.096470588 3.096470588
16500 0 0 5 Cultivated Land 5 5

61