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Parallel computing aided design of earthing systems for electricalsubstations


in non-homogeneous soil models

Conference Paper · February 2000


DOI: 10.1109/ICPPW.2000.869143 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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Ignasi Colominas
University of A Coruña
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Preprint of the paper

"Parallel computing aided design of earthing systems for electrical substations


in non homogeneous soil models"
J. Gómez-Calviño, I. Colominas, F. Navarrina, M. Casteleiro, J.M. Cela (2000)
En "Proceedings of the 2000 ICCP Workshops", 381---388; P. Sadayappan (Ed.); IEEE
Computer Society Press, USA. (ISBN: 0-7695-0771-9)

http://caminos.udc.es/gmni
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RYBZjI t‚%‚„ }„‚%s$j -20.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 (m)
!t Y‚ BY‚„ YstI Bt{‚ Y‚ j‚s,s‚ {Z„„‚t YsR
A‚‚t BAs$t‚I Y‚ {BR BP {B8}Z$t Y‚ ‚JZ$%sj‚t 3$Z„‚ d s„A‚„?
s „BZtI$t RkR‚8U
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$t }B‚t$sj s stk $%‚t }B$t wtB„8sjjk s Y‚ ‚s„Y w d( ,zD BAs$t‚I Ak ZR$t s Zt$PB„8 RB$j
RZ„Ps{‚D Ak 8‚stR BP wD Btjk „‚JZ$„‚R 5w&€D B}‚„sT 8BI‚j
$BtR R$t{‚ € R‚„$‚R BP {Bt„$AZ$BtR BP k}‚ wMD Ys%‚
B A‚ {B8}Z‚I PB„ ‚%‚„k ‚j‚8‚t <Bb‚%‚„ $P $ $R
t‚{‚RRs„k B {B8}Z‚ }B‚t$sjR s s js„‚ tZ8A‚„ BP
}B$tR w$‚ B I„sb {BtBZ„RD {B8}Z$t $8‚ 8sk A‚ }„B‚{R s Bsj s„‚s BP EE(( 81  qY‚ „$I YsR A‚‚t
$8}B„st I$R{„‚$9‚I $t ;(M j$t‚s„ j‚s,s‚ {Z„„‚t ‚j‚8‚tR bY${Y
$8}j$‚R 1nM I‚„‚‚R BP P„‚‚IB8 qY‚ p„BZtI _B‚t$sj
x _s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt BP Y‚ e s}}„Bs{Y i$R‚ wp_iD {BtR$I‚„‚I $t Y$R RZIk YsR A‚‚t d( ,z
stI s}}j${s$Bt B s }„s{${sj {sR‚ qY$R „BZtI$t RkR‚8 YsR A‚‚t {sj{Zjs‚I Ak ZR$t
s Zt$PB„8 RB$j 8BI‚j w ) (3(dE w EDd D stI s 8B„‚
xd *‚R{„$}$Bt BP Y‚ ‚s„Y$t RkR‚8 $t‚„‚R$t bBTjsk‚„ RB$j 8BI‚j wY‚ {BtIZ{$%$$‚R BP
Y‚ Z}}‚„ stI Y‚ jBb‚„ jsk‚„ s„‚ d ) (3((xw EDd
qY$R ABZtIs„k ‚j‚8‚t s}}„Bs{Y YsR A‚‚t $t‚T stI 1 ) (3(dEw EDd „‚R}‚{$%‚jk stI Y‚ Y${,t‚RR
„s‚I $t s ]B8}Z‚„ V$I‚I *‚R$t RkR‚8 PB„ „BZtIT BP Y‚ Z}}‚„ jsk‚„ $R d( 8D
$t stsjkR$R yt Y$R R‚{$Bt b‚ b$jj I$R{ZRR Y‚ $8}j‚T 3$Z„‚ d RYBbR Y‚ }B‚t$sj I$R„$AZ$Bt Bt Y‚
8‚ts$Bt BP Y‚ tZ8‚„${sj {BI‚ stI $R }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt ‚s„Y RZ„Ps{‚ BAs$t‚I PB„ Y‚ Zt$PB„8 RB$j {sR‚ stI
Ys $R Y‚ I$R„$AZ$Bt BP I$&‚„‚t sR,R BP Y‚ }„BT 3$Z„‚ 1 IB‚R PB„ Y‚ bBTjsk‚„ RB$j 8BI‚j qY‚ ‚JZ$%sT
„s8 s8Bt R‚%‚„sj }„B{‚RRB„R W‚- I$R{ZRR$Bt b$jj A‚ j‚t „‚R$Rst{‚ stI Y‚ Bsj RZ„‚ {Z„„‚t BP Y‚ ‚s„YT
$jjZR„s‚I b$Y $R s}}j${s$Bt B s „‚sj {sR‚ $t B„I‚„ $t RkR‚8 {B8}Z‚I $t ‚s{Y {sR‚ YsR A‚‚t (nd1M
B ‚R Y‚ }s„sjj‚j {BI‚ BtB s js„‚ „$IU Y‚ s„A‚„? s stI y)nd ,V wPB„ Y‚ Zt$PB„8 RB$j 8BI‚jD stI
RZARs$Bt t‚s„ Y‚ {$k BP s„{‚jBts $t 7}s$t qY$R (n(; stI y)1E ,V wPB„ Y‚ bBTjsk‚„ RB$j 8BI‚jD
‚s„Y$t RkR‚8 $R PB„8‚I Ak s „$I BP ;(M R‚8‚tR VR b‚ {st R‚‚ $t Y$R ‚-s8}j‚ „‚RZjR BAs$t‚I Ak
BP {kj$tI„${sj {BtIZ{B„ BP Y‚ Rs8‚ I$s8‚‚„ wd1Mx ZR$t s 8Zj$}j‚Tjsk‚„ RB$j 8BI‚j {st A‚ tB${‚sAjk I$PT
88D AZ„$‚I B s I‚}Y BP M( {8 qY‚ „BZtI$t RkRT P‚„‚t P„B8 YBR‚ BAs$t‚I Ak ZR$t s R$tj‚ jsk‚„ wB„
‚8 YsR s „$YTstj‚I „$stj‚ RYs}‚ BP d;n M 8 stI Zt$PB„8D RB$j 8BI‚j qY‚„‚PB„‚ $ {BZjI A‚ sI%$RsAj‚ B
(m)

160.00 qsAj‚ d s„A‚„? s p„BZtI$t 7kR‚8U ]_=


$8‚ $t R‚JZ‚t$sj ‚-‚{Z$Bt PB„ ‚s{Y
}„B{‚RR BP Y‚ tZ8‚„${sj s}}„Bs{Y
140.00

_„B{‚RR q$8‚wRD
120.00 *ss yt}ZU (n
*ss _„‚}„B{‚RR$tU ((;x
100.00 s„$- p‚t‚„s$BtU d1n1(
N$t‚s„ 7kR‚8 7Bj%$tU (1dd
i‚RZR 7B„s‚U ((dx
80.00

60.00 I‚tR$k YsR A‚‚t BAs$t‚I 7$t{‚ ABY }„B{‚RR‚R s{T


{‚} 8sRR$%‚ }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt {B8}Z$t $8‚ {BZjI A‚
40.00 „‚IZ{‚I ZtI‚„ s{{‚}sAj‚ j‚%‚jR ‚%‚t PB„ {sR‚R BP ‚-T
„‚8‚jk js„‚ 8BI‚jR $P Y‚ tZ8A‚„ BP s%s$jsAj‚ }„B{‚RT
RB„R $R Y$Y ‚tBZY $t R}$‚ BP Y‚ ‚^{$‚t{k jBR‚R IZ‚
20.00
B Y‚ Iss „stRP‚„ B%‚„Y‚sI stI Y‚ RkR‚8 sI8$t$RT
„s$Bt bB„,jBsI qsAj‚ d RZ88s„$9‚R Y‚ ]_= $8‚
0.00 „‚JZ$„‚I $t ‚s{Y }„B{‚RR BP Y‚ $8}j‚8‚ts$Bt BP Y‚
tZ8‚„${sj s}}„Bs{Y PB„ Y‚ s„A‚„? s „BZtI$t RkR‚8
-20.00 $t Y‚ bBTjsk‚„ RB$j 8BI‚j {sR‚ y $R ‚%$I‚t Ys Y‚
8s„$- {BtR„Z{$Bt $R Y‚ 8BR ‚-}‚tR$%‚ }s„ BP $
-20.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 (m)
qY‚ tZ8‚„${sj s}}„Bs{Y YsR A‚‚t $8}j‚8‚t‚I Bt
s ]V* RkR‚8 bY${Y YsR A‚‚t {B8}$j‚I stI „Zt BtB
3$Z„‚ 1 s„A‚„?
s „BZtI$t RkR‚8U st !„$$t 1((( 7$j${Bt p„s}Y${R {B8}Z‚„ s Y‚ eZT
_B‚t$sj I$R„$AZ$Bt Bt ‚s„Y RZ„Ps{‚ „B}‚st ]‚t‚„ PB„ _s„sjj‚j$R8 BP s„{‚jBts w]e_ VD
w d( ,zD BAs$t‚I Ak ZR$t s bBTjsk‚„ RB$j qY‚ {B8}$js$Bt }„B{‚RR BP Y‚ {BI‚ YsR A‚‚t 8sI‚ $t
8BI‚j R‚JZ‚t$sj stI }s„sjj‚j 8BI‚R stI Y‚ ‚-‚{Z$BtR Ys%‚
A‚‚t „Zt PB„ Y‚ Zt$PB„8 stI Y‚ bBTjsk‚„ 8BI‚jR
qY‚ !1((( ZR‚I $t BZ„ bB„, $R s Y$YT}‚„PB„8st{‚
ZR‚ 8Zj$Tjsk‚„ RB$j PB„8Zjs$BtR B stsjk9‚ „BZtI$t {B8}Z‚„ b$Y E; y_7 id(((( }„B{‚RRB„R s 1x(
RkR‚8R sR s ‚t‚„sj „Zj‚ $t R}$‚ BP Y‚ $t{„‚sR‚ BP Y‚ <9 y YsR s }‚s, }‚„PB„8st{‚ BP n1 p3jB}R yt‚„T
{B8}Zs$Btsj ‚&B„ yt Ps{ Y‚ ZR‚ BP Y$R ,$tI BP sIT tsjjk Y‚ !1((( $R B„st$R‚I $t {jZR‚„R BP 1 }„B{‚RRB„R
%st{‚I 8BI‚jR RYBZjI A‚ 8stIsB„k $t {sR‚R bY‚„‚ Y‚ RYs„$t s 8s$t 8‚8B„k BP 1xE Ak‚ es{Y }„B{‚RRB„
{BtIZ{$%$k BP Y‚ RB$j {Yst‚R 8s„,‚Ijk b$Y I‚}Y YsR ; Ak‚ BP {s{Y‚ 8‚8B„k qY‚ {jZR‚„R s„‚ {BtT
<Bb‚%‚„ bY$j‚ R$tj‚Tjsk‚„ 8BI‚jR „Zt $t „‚sj t‚{‚I Ak st Yk}‚„{ZA‚ t‚bB„, es{Y }„B{‚RRB„ {st
$8‚ $t {Bt%‚t$Btsj {B8}Z‚„R PB„ Y‚ stsjkR$R BP s{{‚RR sjj Y‚ I$R„$AZ‚I 8s$t 8‚8B„k Y„BZY Y‚
8‚I$Z8\A$ R$9‚ „BZtI$t „$IR 8Zj$}j‚Tjsk‚„ 8BIT t‚bB„, qY‚t Y‚ !1((( {st A‚ }„B„s88‚I sR st
‚jR „‚JZ$„‚ $t ‚t‚„sj st BZ BP B„I‚„ {B8}Z$t $8‚ M pAk‚ RYs„‚I 8‚8B„k 8s{Y$t‚ qY‚ $t}Z\BZ}Z
3B„ Y$R „‚sRBt b‚ Ys%‚ RZI$‚I Y‚ }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt BP I‚%${‚R Ys%‚ s {s}sA$j$k BP d1 pAk‚R\R
Y‚ 8Zj$Tjsk‚„ ABZtIs„k ‚j‚8‚t tZ8‚„${sj s}}„Bs{Y qY‚ }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt 8BI‚ R‚j‚{‚I PB„ Y$R }„BAj‚8
bY${Y {BZjI A‚{B8‚ s „‚sjT$8‚ I‚R$t BBj PB„ „BZtIT YsR A‚‚t Y‚ ZR‚ BP {B8}$j‚„ I$„‚{$%‚R PBjjBb$t Y‚
$t stsjkR$R }„‚R‚t !}‚t_ RstIs„I qY$R R‚j‚{$Bt $R `ZR$h‚I
A‚{sZR‚U sD s RYs„‚I 8‚8B„k {B8}Z‚„ $R s%s$jsAj‚
x1 _s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt BP Y‚ tZ8‚„${sj s}}„BT PB„ „Ztt$t Y‚ }„B„s8 wt‚{‚RRs„k {BtI$$Bt PB„ ZR$t
s{Y {B8}$j‚„ }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt I$„‚{$%‚RD AD Y‚ ZR‚ BP {B8T
}$j‚„ I$„‚{$%‚R „stR {j‚s„t‚RR B s }s„sjj‚j {BI‚ Ys
VR b‚ Ys%‚ ‚-}BR‚I $t }„‚%$BZR R‚{$BtR Y‚ 8BR 8sk A‚ YstIj‚I $t Y‚ PZZ„‚ {D Y‚ !}‚t_ RktT
{„$${sj $8‚T{BtRZ8$t }„B{‚RR BP Y$R tZ8‚„${sj PB„T s- sRRZ„‚R Y‚ }B„sA$j$k BP Y‚ }s„sjj‚j {BI‚ B stk
8Zjs$Bt AsR‚I Bt Y‚ BZtIs„k ej‚8‚t ‚YBI $R RYs„‚I 8‚8B„k {B8}Z‚„ stI ID sR b‚ b$jj R‚‚ A‚jBb
8s„$- ‚t‚„s$Bt PBjjBb‚I Ak {B8}Zs$Bt BP }B‚tT Y‚ jBB} B A‚ „Zt $t }s„sjj‚j $R „stRPB„8sAj‚ $tB st
$sj s s js„‚ tZ8A‚„ BP }B$tR Bt{‚ Y‚ j‚s,s‚ {Z„„‚t sI‚JZs‚ PB„8 RB Ys I$„‚{$%‚R s„‚ ‚^{$‚t
yt Y‚ R‚JZ‚t$sj }„B„s8 Y‚ 8s„$- ‚t‚„s$Bt
}„B{‚RR $R }‚„PB„8‚I Ak 8‚stR BP s IBZAj‚ jBB} Ys qsAj‚ 1 s„A‚„?
s p„BZtI$t 7kR‚8U
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dDb1 {k{j‚RD ytB ‚s{Y {k{j‚ Y‚ ‚j‚8‚tsj 8s„$- stI tZ8A‚„ BP }„B{‚RRB„R $t Y‚ BZ‚„ jBB}
{B„„‚R}BtI$t B s }s$„ BP ‚j‚8‚tR $R {sj{Zjs‚I stI }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt
$88‚I$s‚jk sRR‚8Aj‚I $tB Y‚ RkR‚8 8s„$- yP b‚
„k B }s„sjj‚j$9‚ Y$R IBZAj‚ jBB} b‚ htI Ys Y‚ 7{Y‚IZj‚ wD WZ8A‚„ BP _„B{‚RRB„R
sRR‚8Ajk BP Y‚ ‚j‚8‚tsj 8s„${‚R {sZR‚R s I‚}‚tT d 1 ; M
I‚t{k A‚b‚‚t Y‚ s{$BtR BP Y‚ Y„‚sIR B„ }„B{‚RR‚R 7s${ d(d dn1 1n1 ;nM
qY$R I„sbAs{, {st A‚ s%B$I‚I Ak s,$t Y‚ sRR‚8T 7s${E; d(1 dE dME nxx
Ajk }„B{‚RR BZ BP Ys jBB} bY${Y $8}j$‚R h„R Y‚ 7s${dE d(1 d; nx E1n
{B8}Zs$Bt stI Y‚ RB„s‚ BP sjj Y‚ ‚j‚8‚tsj 8sT 7s${ ; d(d 1(d nE nE
„${‚R stI sP‚„ Y$R R‚} Y‚ sRR‚8Ajk $t s R‚JZ‚tT 7s${ d d(1 1(n ;(n 
$sj 8BI‚ qY$R R{Y‚8‚ „‚JZ$„‚R s}}„B-$8s‚jk b${‚ *kts8${E; d(1 1(1 nxE nxx
8‚8B„k R}s{‚ Yst Y‚ B„$$tsj Bt‚ AZ $t stk {sR‚ *kts8${dE d(1 1(1 ;(M M
Y$R 8‚8B„k R}s{‚ $R tB %‚„k js„‚ yP [ ) 5wd(n D *kts8${ ; d(d 1(; n (
Y‚t Y‚ 8s„$- R$9‚ $R 5wd(E D Ak‚R *kts8${ d d(1 1(n ;( M(x
pZ$I‚IE; d(1 d nxE nxE
pZ$I‚IdE d(1 d nE M(n
70.0

pZ$I‚I ; d(1 1(d ;dd n


pZ$I‚I d d(1 1( nx MnM
60.0
50.0

Y‚ R{Y‚IZj‚ B}$Bt X*kts8${d" wb‚ b$jj I$R{ZRR Y‚


R{Y‚IZj‚ B}$BtR A‚jBbD stI Y‚k {B„„‚R}BtI B Y‚
Speed-up
40.0

8$t$8Z8 BP ; ]_= $8‚ 8‚sRZ„‚R 8sI‚ PB„ Y‚ Rs8‚


B}$Bt wY‚ %s„$st{‚ BP Y‚ PBZ„ Bt‚R $R %‚„k R8sjj stkT
30.0

bskD $t B„I‚„ B s}}„B-$8s‚ A‚‚„ Y‚ R„${ %sjZ‚


yt RB8‚ {sR‚R b‚ Ys%‚ BAs$t‚I R}‚‚ITZ}R A$‚„ Yst
20.0

Y‚ tZ8A‚„ BP }„B{‚RRB„R IZ‚ B R8sjj ‚„„B„R $t Y‚


8‚sRZ„‚8‚t BP ]_= $8‚ Ak Y‚ }„B{‚RRB„R stI B
Y‚ sII$$Btsj B}$8$9s$Bt BP Y‚ {BI‚ Ys Y‚ }s„sjT
10.0

j‚j {B8}$j‚„ $t„BIZ{‚R


i‚RZjR s„‚ A‚‚„ bY‚t Y‚ BZ‚„ jBB} $R }s„sjj‚j$9‚I
0.0

A‚{sZR‚ Y‚ „stZjs„$k $R A$‚„ $t Ys bsk stI RB


0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. Y‚ {BR BP 8sts$t Y‚ }s„sjj‚j ‚-‚{Z$Bt $R 8$tB„U
Number of Processors R$t{‚ Y‚ tZ8‚„${sj s}}„Bs{Y j‚sIR B s Rk88‚„${ PB„T
8Zjs$Bt Y‚ {BZ}j$t BP ‚%‚„k ‚j‚8‚t BP Y‚ „$I b$Y
3$Z„‚ n s„A‚„? s „BZtI$t RkR‚8U ]B8T ‚s{Y Bt‚ BP Y‚ BY‚„R {st A‚ „‚}„‚R‚t‚I Ak s „$stj‚
}s„$R$Bt A‚b‚‚t Y‚ R}‚‚ITZ} BAs$t‚I BP & {BjZ8tR BP bY${Y Y‚ h„R Bt‚ YsR & „BbR stI
b$Y Y‚ }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt BP Y‚ BZ‚„ jBB} Y‚ jsR Bt‚ YsR d „Bb <‚t{‚ $P Y‚ BZ‚„ jBB} $R }s„sjT
w$t {Bt$tZBZR j$t‚D stI Y‚ $tt‚„ jBB} w$t j‚j$9‚I Y‚ {BjZ8tR BP Y‚ „$stj‚ Ys $R Y‚ {k{j‚R
I$R{Bt$tZBZR j$t‚D BP Y‚ BZ‚„ jBB} s„‚ I$R„$AZ‚I s8Bt Y‚ }„B{‚RT
RB„R GY‚„‚sR $P Y‚ $tt‚„ jBB} $R }s„sjj‚j$9‚I Y‚
„BbR BP Bt‚ {BjZ8t s„‚ I$R„$AZ‚I s8Bt Y‚ }„B{‚RT
qY‚t BZ„ s„‚ {BI‚ $R Y‚ t‚R‚‚I *! jBB}R Ys RB„R yt Y$R {sR‚ bY‚t {B8}Zs$BtR Bt Ys {BjZ8t
{B8}Z‚ Y‚ ‚j‚8‚tsj 8s„${‚R stI b‚ {st }s„sjj‚j$9‚ s„‚ ht$RY‚I Y‚ }„B„s8 8B%‚R R‚JZ‚t$sjjk B Y‚ t‚-
Y‚ BZ‚„ jBB} B„ Y‚ $tt‚„ Bt‚ qY$R $R Y‚ h„R {YB${‚ Bt‚ bY‚„‚ stBY‚„ I$R„$AZ$Bt BP $R „BbR s8Bt Y‚
RZI$‚I 3$Z„‚ n RYBbR Y‚ ‚%BjZ$Bt BP Y‚ R}‚‚IT }„B{‚RRB„R $R }‚„PB„8‚I qY$R ‚&‚{ BP „stZjs„$k $R
Z} Ps{B„ BAs$t‚I b$Y I$&‚„‚t tZ8A‚„ BP }„B{‚RRB„R BP {BZ„R‚ 8B„‚ R‚tR$Aj‚ bY‚t Y‚ tZ8A‚„ BP }„B{‚RRB„R
PB„ ABY k}‚R BP }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt $t Y‚ stsjkR$R BP Y‚ „BbR sR hZ„‚ n RYBbR
s„A‚„?
s „BZtI$t RkR‚8 b$Y s bBTjsk‚„ RB$j 8BI‚j VR Y‚ }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt BP Y‚ BZ‚„ jBB} $R }„‚P‚„sAj‚
wY‚ R}‚‚ITZ} Ps{B„ YsR A‚‚t „‚P‚„‚t{‚I B Y‚ R‚JZ‚tT stI Y‚ {k{j‚R Ys $ $R t‚{‚RRs„k B I$R„$AZ‚ s8Bt
$sj ]_= $8‚D qY‚R‚ „‚RZjR Ys%‚ A‚‚t BAs$t‚I b$Y Y‚ }„B{‚RRB„R Ys%‚ %‚„k I$&‚„‚t R$9‚R Y‚ bsk B IB
Y$R I$R„$AZ$Bt A‚{B8‚R s I‚{$R$%‚ JZ‚R$Bt qsAj‚ ej‚8‚t PB„8Zjs$Bt {st A‚ s „‚sjT$8‚ I‚R$t BBj sR
1 RZ88s„$9‚R Y‚ R}‚‚ITZ} Ps{B„R w„‚P‚„‚t{‚I B Y‚ Y$YT}‚„PB„8st{‚ }s„sjj‚j {B8}Z$t A‚{B8‚R s b$I‚T
R‚JZ‚t$sj ]_= $8‚D BAs$t‚I PB„ Y‚ BZ‚„TjBB} }s„T R}„‚sI s%s$jsAj‚ „‚RBZ„{‚ $t ‚t$t‚‚„$t
sjj‚j$9s$Bt b$Y I$&‚„‚t tZ8A‚„ BP }„B{‚RRB„R Ak ZRT
$t I$&‚„‚t XR{Y‚IZj‚" !}‚t_ B}$BtR 7$t{‚ Y‚  V{,tBbj‚I‚8‚tR
R$9‚ BP Y‚ {k{j‚R $R j$t‚s„jk I‚{„‚sR$t XRs${" R{Y‚IT
Zj‚R b$Y s Y$Y X{YZt," w$‚ Y‚ tZ8A‚„ BP {k{j‚R $t qY$R bB„, YsR A‚‚t }s„$sjjk htst{‚I Ak Y‚ }„B`‚{
s sR,D s„‚ Y‚ j‚RR }„BhsAj‚ Bt‚R GY‚t tB {YZt, d3*T(d(M BP Y‚ $t$R‚„$B I‚ eIZ{s{$? Bt k ]ZjZ„s
%sjZ‚ $R R}‚{$h‚I sjj Y‚ {BjZ8tR s„‚ Zt$PB„8jk I$RT 7p_y]Oq w{Bhtst{‚I b$Y 3e*ei eZ„B}‚st =t$Bt
„$AZ‚I $t Y‚ A‚$tt$t X*kts8${" R{Y‚IZj‚R $8T PZtIR stI Y‚ }Bb‚„ {B8}stk =3y7VD stI Ak „‚R‚s„{Y
}„B%‚ Y$R A‚Ys%$BZ„ A‚{sZR‚ sR ‚s{Y }„B{‚RRB„ ht$RY‚R P‚jjBbRY$}R BP Zts I‚ psj${$s ]e_ V stI =t$%‚„R$T
s sR, $ Ikts8${sjjk s,‚R Y‚ t‚- Bt‚ ‚R „‚RZjR IsI‚ Is ]B„ZK ts
s„‚ BAs$t‚I PB„ s Ikts8${ R{Y‚IZj‚ b$Y s {YZt, }sT
„s8‚‚„ BP d {BjZ8t qY$R $R Y‚ 8BR j$%‚jk R{Y‚8‚
i‚P‚„‚t{‚R
R$t{‚ Y‚„‚ s„‚ t‚%‚„ bs$$t }„B{‚RRB„R sjYBZY $
„‚JZ$„‚R Y‚ A$‚R s8BZt BP }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt 8sts‚T
>dH VW7y\yeee 7IM( yeee pZ$I‚ PB„ RsP‚k $t V]
8‚t XpZ$I‚I" R{Y‚IZj‚R I$R„$AZ‚ $t$$sjjk sjj Y‚
RZARs$Bt „BZtI$t W‚b OB„, dME
{BjZ8tR s8Bt sjj Y‚ }„B{‚RRB„R $tB }$‚{‚R b$Y R$9‚
‚-}Bt‚t$sjjk %s„k$t yt Y$R {sR‚ „‚RZjR s„‚ %‚„k >1H 7%‚„s, Fp _„B„‚RR $t 7‚} stI qBZ{Y zBjT
R$8$js„ B YBR‚ BAs$t‚I b$Y Y‚ XIkts8${" Bt‚R yt s‚ eJZs$BtR BP VW7y\yeee 7IM( yeee q„stR
‚t‚„sj PB„ stk R{Y‚IZj‚ b‚ BAs$t‚I bB„R‚ „‚RZjR _Bb‚„ *‚j$%‚„kdn E1uE d
bY‚t Y‚ {YZt, }s„s8‚‚„ stI Y‚ tZ8A‚„ BP }„B{‚RT
RB„R s„‚ Y$Y A‚{sZR‚ Y‚t RB8‚ }„B{‚RRB„R IB tB ‚ >nH ps„„‚ *N _„Z$ Fp _„BAj‚8R et{BZt‚„‚I
stk bB„, b$Y Y‚ V_ BP Vtsjk9$t p„BZtI$t 7kR‚8R
qY‚„‚PB„‚ sR b‚ {st R‚‚ R}‚‚ITZ} Ps{B„R BAs$t‚I yeee q„stR _V7d(; ;((Eu;(1n dMx
PB„ Y‚ BZ‚„ }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt s„‚ %‚„k {jBR‚ B Y‚ tZ8T >;H Ws%s„„$ts 3 ]BjB8$tsR y ]sR‚j‚$„B  VtsT
A‚„ BP }„B{‚RRB„R PB„ BBI R{Y‚IZj‚R Ys $R XIkts8${" jk${sj yt‚„s$Bt q‚{Yt$JZ‚R PB„ es„Y$t p„$I
B„ XZ$I‚I" b$Y jBb {YZt, }s„s8‚‚„R qY$R Ps{ „‚T ]B8}Zs$Bt Ak e WZ8 ‚ $t et stI
%‚sj‚R Ys Y‚ }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt BP Y$R jBB} $R %‚„k }„BPT V}}j 7{$ ddud1(E ]yWe s„{‚jBts d1
$sAj‚U $t Y‚ ‚-s8}j‚ Y‚ s„A‚„? s „BZtI$t stsjkR$R
$t s bB jsk‚„ RB$j 8BI‚j 0 BP Y‚ bB„, BP Y‚ >xH ]BjB8$tsR y Ws%s„„$ts 3 ]sR‚j‚$„B  V
bYBj‚ }„B{‚RR$t }„B„s8 $R I‚sj b$Y Btjk ;(M sR,R ABZtIs„k ‚j‚8‚t tZ8‚„${sj s}}„Bs{Y PB„ „BZtIT
$t „$I {B8}Zs$Bt ]B8}Z ‚YBIR V}}j
‚{Y et„ d; nT( d
E ]Bt{jZR$BtR
>EH  ]sR‚j‚$„B NV <‚„t? stI‚9 y ]BjB8$tsR stI
V{{Z„s‚ stsjkR$R BP „BZtI$t RkR‚8R BP ‚j‚{„${sj 3 Ws%s„„$ts ‚8B„k stI =R‚„ Z$I‚ BP RkR‚8
$tRsjs$BtR „‚JZ$„‚R Y‚ ZR‚ BP 8Zj$jsk‚„ RB$j 8BI‚jR q!q e PB„ ]V* BP „BZtI$t „$IR $t ‚j‚{„$T
bY‚t Y‚ RB$j $R tB ‚RR‚t$sjjk Zt$PB„8 $t Y‚ RZ„„BZtIT {sj $tRsjjs$BtR w$t R}st$RYD ]$%$j et„ 7{Y
$tR BP Y‚ ‚s„Y$t „$I V }„‚R‚t bY$j‚ Zt$PB„8 RB$j =t$%‚„R$IsI I‚ Ns ]B„ZK ts d;
8BI‚jR „Zt $t „‚sjT$8‚ $t {Bt%‚t$Btsj {B8}Z‚„R Y‚ >H ]BjB8$tsR y Ws%s„„$ts 3 ]sR‚j‚$„B  V WZT
ZR‚ BP 8BI‚jR b$Y s R8sjj tZ8A‚„ BP RB$j jsk‚„R A„‚s,R 8‚„${sj 3B„8Zjs$Bt PB„ p„BZtI$t VtsjkR$R $t
B& Y‚ I‚R$t }„B{‚RR IZ‚ B Y‚ $8}B„st {B8}Z$t 7„s$h‚I 7B$jR 7ZA8$‚I B yeee q„stR _Bb‚„
$8‚ „‚JZ$„‚I $t }„s{${sj {sR‚R *‚j$%‚„k d
yt jsR k‚s„R Y‚ sZYB„R Ys%‚ I‚%‚jB}‚I s e
tZ8‚„${sj s}}„Bs{Y PB„ Y‚ stsjkR$R BP „BZtI$t RkRT >MH ]BjB8$tsR y Ws%s„„$ts 3 BRJZ‚$„s p e$„Bs
‚8R ‚8A‚II‚I $t R„s$h‚I RB$jR Ys YsR A‚‚t $8T F ]sR‚j‚$„B  WZ8‚„${sj 8BI‚jj$t PB„
}j‚8‚t‚I $t s Y$Y }‚„PB„8st{‚ }s„sjj‚j {B8}Z‚„ „BZtI$t „$IR $t Y$YT}‚„PB„8st{‚ }s„sjj‚j {B8T
qY$R tZ8‚„${sj s}}„Bs{Y s{{‚}R 8sRR$%‚ }s„sjj‚j$9sT }Z‚„R yt‚„ts$Btsj 7‚„$‚R Bt VI%st{‚R $t
$Bt R$t{‚ 8BR BP Y‚ {B8}Z$t $8‚ $R „‚JZ$„‚I $t BZtIs„k ej‚8‚tRU BZtIs„k ej‚8‚tR yy
Y‚ {B8}Zs$Bt BP Y‚ ‚j‚8‚tsj 8s„${‚R {B„„‚R}BtIT ]B8} ‚{Y _ZA 7BZYs8}Bt =€ 1(((
$t B Y‚ {Bt„$AZ$Bt BP ‚s{Y ‚j‚{„BI‚ BP Y‚ „BZtIT >H p3 qs es„Y i‚R$Rst{‚R _$8st _ZA ]B
$t „$I i‚RZjR BAs$t‚I b$Y I$&‚„‚t }s„sjj‚j$9s$Bt W‚b OB„, dE;
B}$BtR }„B%‚ Ys Y‚ }„B}BR‚I 8Zj$Tjsk‚„ BZtIs„k

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