SEASONAL CHANGES OF TISSUE ORGANS OF LONG WISKERED CATFISH (Sperata Aor) IN HAOR BASIN IN SYLHET

SEASONAL CHANGES OF TISSUE ORGANS OF
LONG WISKERED CATFISH (Sperata aor) IN HAOR

BASIN IN SYLHET
A Thesis
By
A. K. M. Munzurul Hasan
Examination Roll No: 1402030501, Reg. No: 0971

Session: 2009-2010, Semester: July-December/2015
Submitted to the
Department of Fish Biology and Genetics
Faculty of Fisheries
Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S)

in
Fish Biology and Genetics

December, 2015
SEASONAL CHANGES OF TISSUE ORGANS OF LONG
WISKERED CATFISH (Sperata aor) IN HAOR BASIN IN
SYLHET
A Thesis
By
A. K. M. Munzurul Hasan
Examination Roll No: 1402030501, Reg. No: 0971

Session: 2009-2010, Semester: July-December/2015
Submitted to the
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS)

in
Fish Biology and Genetics
Approved to the style and content by
.………………………….......... ..….……...…………………
Dr. Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal Dr. Muhammad Anamul Kabir
(Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor)
……………………………………
Dr. Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal
(Chairman Examination Committee)
December, 2015
DEDICATED
TO
MY BELOVED
PARENTs
ACKNOW LE D GE M EN T
This is my utter gratitude and appreciation to the Merciful and Almighty Allah who has allowed me
to get admitted in MS in Fish Biology and Genetics in Sylhet Agricultural University. My heartfelt
thanks to Him for keeping me safe and sound throughout the research activities as part of that course
and making a successful end of it.
I would like to convey my deepest gratefulness to my supervisor, Dr. Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal,
Associate professor, Department of Fish Biology and Genetics, Sylhet Agricultural University (SAU),
Sylhet, for his scholastic guidance, invaluable critical suggestions, helpful comments, constructive
criticism and constant inspiration which served as a constant source of inspiration providing facilities
and supports needed throughout the course of my study and research work. His earnest support and
constant supervision has really encouraged me to go ahead with my research against all adversities,
and finally made it possible for me to finish it successfully.
I would like humbly avails the opportunity to express my sincere appreciation, heartfelt gratitude and
profound my deepest respect to my co-supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Anamul Kabir, Assistant
Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Sylhet Agricultural University (SAU), Sylhet, for his active
persuasion, motivation, personal assistance served as a constant source of inspiration and supervision
throughout the course of my study and research work.
I must acknowledge with deep gratitude Mst. Jannatul Ferdous, Assistant professor, Department of
Fish Biology and Genetics, and Dr. Nirmal Chandra Roy, Associate Professor, Department of Fish
Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, for their
scientific guidance and encouragement for analyzing the data. Their constructive suggestions and
comments about statistical analysis are highly appreciated. I am greatly indebted to their critical
comments, assistance and understanding statistical analysis program during my study period.
I gratefully express my heartfelt indebtedness, deepest sense of gratitude and sincere appreciation to
my honorable teacher A. H. M. Mohsinul Reza and Mst. Shamima Nasren, Assistant professor,
Department of Fish Biology and Genetics, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, for providing
necessary facilities, helpful suggestion and inspiration to conduct the research work.
I.
I also wish to express my deepest sense of respect especially to Dr. Md. Shahab Uddin, Professor,
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and all the teachers of the Faculty of Fisheries,
Sylhet Agricultural University (SAU), Sylhet for their valuable teaching, suggestion and
encouragement during his study period at the university.
I am highly thankful to all staff and students of Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University,
Sylhet, for their co-operation and creating a friendly and stimulating working atmosphere throughout
the course of study.
My effusive cordial thanks to my entire friends who has been working for the peach and sacrifice their
time and lives and also well wishes specially, Fardows, Shahin, Manish, Subrata and Afsar for their
help and continuous inspiration.
I can never repay the debt of my beloved parents for their inspiration, constant encouragement and
sacrifice for my higher education.
My last but not the least gratefulness and boundless gratitude to the people of Sylhet Sadar for their
great cooperation and amiable behaviour without which I would not be able to complete my research.
I am regretting earnestly for failing to enlist their names in this paper but I will remember them for
their sacrifice throughout my life.
The Author
II.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to assess the microscopic and macroscopic observation of gut content and
histological changes of liver and intestinal cell walls of Longwiskered Catfish (Sperata aor) from
January 2015 to December 2015. Total seventy-two samples were collected from Majortila, Bandar
bazar, Tilaghar and Kazir bazar fish market in Sylhet District. In macroscopic and microscopic
observation of gut, Mola (Amblypharyrngodon mola) fish was found most eminently whereas
different microscopic flora and fauna found from intestine. S. aor fed on both phytoplankton and
zooplankton but showed highest preference for zooplankton. Furthermore, the average total length
was 1.06 times greater than intestinal length of fish. The intestinal length was 3.92 times greater
than that of stomach. The highest value of VSI (%) was observed at February 5.86 and lowest was
observed at July 2.51. The maximum value of HIS (%) was observed at February 1.83 and minimum
value was observed in July 1.10. On the other hand, high central infiltrations, less vacuoles, high
central vain, less hemorrhage, less necrosis and more visible hepatocytes were observed from April
to June and October to December. From January to March less central infiltrations and more
vacuoles were found and hepatocytes are not visible. On the basis of macroscopic, microscopic,
biometrical and histological parameters, it might be concluded that the seasonal histological changes
of liver and intestine tissue is related to food and feeding habit of S. aor.
III.
1
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements i
Abstract iii
Contents 1
List of Tables 2
List of Pictures 3
Chapter 1: Introduction 4
Chapter 2: Review of Literature 6

Chapter 3: Materials and Methods 14
3.1. Sample collection 14

3.2. Recording length and weight 14
3.3. Microscopic observation of gut 15
3.4. Study of Hepato-Somatic Index (HSI) and Viscera-Somatic 16

Index (VSI)
3.5 Histological observation of Liver and Intestines 16

3.5.1 Fixation of Liver and Intestines 17
3.5.2 Washing 17
3.5.3 Dehydration 17
3.5.4 Clearing 18
3.5.5 Infiltration 18
3.5.6 Embedding 18
3.5.7 Trimming 18
3.5.8 Sectioning 19
3.5.9 Staining 19
3.5.10 Mounting 20
3.5.11 Microscopic observation of sample 20
21
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

4.1. Macroscopic observation of gut 21
4.2 Biometrical and Gastrointestinal Parameters 23
4.3 VSI and HSI parameters 24
2
4.4 Histological Observation of Gut 26
Chapter 5: Summary 28
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations 29

Chapter 7: References 31
Chapter 8: Appendices I: Monthly Data Collection Sheet 40
LISTS OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Chemical composition of Bouin‟s fixative 17
Table 3.2 Protocol of Dehydration process 17
Table 3.3 Protocol of clearing process 18
Table 3.4 Protocol of Infiltration process 18
Table 3.5 Standard staining procedure of Haematoxyline and Eosin 19
Table 4.1 Description of the different macroscopic observation of S. aor in 22

tabular form.
Table 4.2 Biometrical and gastrointestinal parameters of S. aor 24
Table 4.3 Histological observations of Liver and Intestine 26
3
LIST OF PICTURES
Fig: 3.1 Location of the study area on map 14
Fig: 3.2 Recording weight of sample by digital electronic 15

balance
Fig: 3.3 Livers collected from the fish sample 16
Fig: 3.4 Intestines collected from fish sample 16
Fig:4.1 Relationship between HSI and VSI 25
4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
The contribution of fisheries sector in the GDP of Bangladesh is increasing day by day. Bangladesh
produced about 2.8 million metric tons of fish per year and about 82.16% of the total
production comes from inland resources of which about 47.71% from culture and 34.43% capture
fisheries (Anonymous, 2012).
Bangladesh is an agro-based developing country and is striving hard for rapid development of the
economy. It is the fact that the future development of our country depends particularly on the
agricultural sector. Fisheries are one of the major important and significant sub- sectors of agricultural
sector. Fisheries play a vital role in the socio-economic development, fulfilling the animal protein
demand, creating employment opportunity, alleviating poverty and earning foreign exchange for the
country.
Fish plays an important role in the complementary diet and helped greatly in improving nutrition as
the contain important digestible proteins, lipids and all essential amino acid and mineral for better
growth of human and their reproduction. In inlands water bodies of Bangladesh about 266 species of
fresh water fish, 12 species exotic fish, 24 species of freshwater prawn, 475 species of marine water
fish and 36 species marine water shrimps are available (Rahhman, 2005). Among 266 species of
freshwater about 143 species are commonly known as a small indigenous species (SIS) (Felts et
al.1996), among those fish the catfish provide the most delicious and valuable food item for the
domestic people in our country, scale less freshwater fishes of the order Siluriformes and family
Bagridae are characteristically bear whisker like barbells extending from the upper jaw and usually
dorsoventrally flattened head is commonly known as catfish. The great majority of the catfish species
live in freshwater, although some invade brackish and freshwater. Along with Cypriniformes and
Perciformes which are two large orders, catfish is another prominent group in the freshwater fish
fauna.
At least 55 species of catfishes belonging to 35 genera have been recorded so far in Bangladesh
(Rahman, 2005). Sperata aor, the long-whiskered catfish is a species of bagrid catfish found in
southern Asia in the nations of Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar. It is commercially
fished for human consumption. It is also a popular game fish. S. aor is commonly known as „Ayre‟ in
the local people in Bangladesh. This species is very much delicious and testy for the local people of
our country. This species has a high market price due to high consumer demand for the domestic
people of our country. It is carnivorous and fed on insect, mollusks, shrimp and fishes. This fish
species is not considering aquaculture practice of our country due to lack of farm seed supply and no
response to artificial feed.
The feeding ecology of S. aor was not well studied yet. Formerly this species was abundantly found in
the natural water bodies in Bangladesh. But due to various men made interferences its natural stoke
has been gradually decreasing day by day. Our open water capture fisheries are under great stress and
5
its sustainability is under danger because of changing aquatic ecosystem due to soil erosion. Dubey
(1994) categorized sperata sp. among the declining indigenous fauna of India. According to IUCN
(2003), 54 fish species of inland water bodies of Bangladesh are now in threatened condition. S. aor is
one of the threatened fish species in Bangladesh. In our neighboring country West Bengal, India S.
aor is considered as a critically endangered fish, (Goswami and Dasgupta, 2004). Das and De (2002)
also categorized this fish as critically endangered. Because of natural and many induced phenomena
occurring in aquatic ecosystems, the natural, breeding and feeding grounds of some of the
important floodplain and riverine fishes and their habitats have been severely degraded. Open water
capture fisheries are under serious stress and their sustainability is in danger because of changing
aquatic ecosystems, soil erosion, siltation, construction of flood control and drainage structure s,
dumping of agro-chemicals and industrial pollutants. In addition, indiscriminate and destructive
fishing practices have caused havoc to the aquatic biodiversity.
Time has come to culture S. aor scientifically in our country. But lack of hatchery seeds along with
their artificial feed is major constraints for developing culture of this species. In Bangladesh many
indigenous species of fishes have undergone decline in their population and mottled S. aor is one
among them.
If proper steps are not taken immediately S. aor may be faced in the critical endanger or extinct
condition within very few years. So, artificial breeding and culture of S. aor is vehemently required to
protect it from the threatened condition of S. aor. Prior to artificial breeding, feed of this species
should be developed and it is necessary to know the food and feeding habit of this species. So, the
objectives of present experiment were:
 To observe the seasonal histological changes of liver and intestine of S. aor;
 To determine relationship between foods, feeding habit and histological

characterization of liver and intestine.
6
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The study of the food and feeding habits of freshwater fish species is a subject to continuous research
because it constitutes the basis for the development of a successful fisheries management programme
on fish capture and culture (Oronsaye and Nakpodia, 2005). Food and feeding habits are the major
components to identify the feeding ecology of S. aor. Review of related literature is necessity in the
sense that it provides as scope for reviewing the stock of knowledge and information relevant to the
proposed research. The aim of this chapter is to review the available published works which are
related to the present study. Many works have been done on food and feeding habits of different
fishes but few of them are on catfishes. Only a very few literatures are available. However, a short
discussion on the available published reports on food and feeding habits of fishes were reviewed and
are reported below-
Yadav et al. (2014) studied the interactions between different fats of diets in the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus. Control samples and samples fed with different fathad a
similar appearance to intact intestinal mucosal epithelium, with no signs of cellular damage. The
results suggests that supplementation of different fats has direct relation with the histological
alterations in the fish intestinal tissues.
Ghosh and Chakrabarti (2013) recently reported the importance of olfactory sense of S. aor in
detection of food in the aquatic environment.
Babre et al. (2013) analysis of gut of Mystus seenghala and it is clearly understood that in monsoon
the percentage composition of animal matter was 30% against 60% of the plant matter. In monsoon
the matured fish entered in paddy field and feed voraciously on small seedling as well as spirogyra. In
monson usually spirogyra, Spirulina, Nostoc, Anabaena, Euglena, Navicula, Diatoms were dominant
in gut content than animal matter. In post monsoon the fish leave the field and enter in main stream of
estuary hence the percentage of animal matter was highest about 65% compare to 20% of plant and
15% detritus. In pre-monsoon season the percentage of animal matter decline but detritus increased to
35%. In pre-monsoon they spent more time in riverine environment. It is clearly seen that this
commercially important species could change the food diet as per the habitat only.
Naguib et al. (2011) investigate the histological and ultra-structural differences of the stomach of a
carnivorous fish, Schilbe mystus, and the intestinal swelling of an herbivorous fish, Labeo niloticus.
The stomach of Schilbe mystus is morphologically divided into three portions: the cardiac, pyloric and
fundic portions However, the histological examination revealed that thestomach is actually divided
into two portions: the cardio-fundic portion and the pyloric one. Moreover, the mucosa of the cardio
fundic portion of the stomach of Schilbe mystus revealed that it consists of two types of cells: the
luminal and glandular cells.
Delashoub et al. (2010) studied the histology of intestine of the bighead carp. The histological
characterization of the intestinal wall revealed that it is composed of the tunica mucosa, tunica sub
7
mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. It is line by simple columnar epithelium in association
with goblet cell, whereas the mucosa is thrown into folds (villi). A thin layer of smooth muscle fibers
lies between tunica mucosa and submucosa. The tunica muscular is has two layers. Outer layer of
intestine is tunica serosa. In the tunica mucosa and sub mucosa, manyeosinophilic granular cells were
observed.
Zinnah (2009) examined the food and feeding habits of Chanda nama and found a total of 22 generas
of phytoplankton found belonging to Bacillariophyceae (6), Chlorophyceae (11), Cyanophyceae (3),
Euglenophyceae (2) and 4 genera of zooplankton belonging to Crustaceae (2) and Rotifera (2) from
gut content analysis of Chanda nama. Among the phytoplankton highest abundance of Chlorophyceae
was observed, and Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and uglenophyceae ranked the second, third,
and fourth position in the planktonic population, respectively. Among the zooplankton, Rotifera was
recorded as the most dominant group and Crustaceae as the least one.
Mostasimbillah (2006) reported that among phytoplankton, Chlorophyceae was the dominantgroup
followed by Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Rodophyseae and Xanthophyceae in
the stomach content of Puntius sophere. Their availability was maximum March, April, May, June
and December. Among zooplankton Crustacean was found more than Rotifera. They occurred highest
in September and there was no crustacean in January. A total of 42 genera of phytoplankton, 13
genera of zooplankton and 1 insect larva were observed in the diets. Chlorella was the dominant genus
among phytoplankton; on the other hand Brachinous was the dominant genus among zooplankton
Mahmud et al. (2004) studied on food and feeding habits of chapila (Gudusia chapra) and reported
chapila is a plankton feeder and the fish showed highest preference for Chlorophyceae and
Bacillariophyceae was negatively selected. From the gut content analysis, 4 groups of phytoplankton
consisting of 33 genera of plankton were identified and of which belonging to phytoplankton and 8
belonging to zooplankton. It has been observed that Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae were the most
dominant food items of chapila. Bacillariophyceae (diatom) and Eugenophyceae were less important
and Crustacea and Rotifera were the least important in diet .The present investigation showed that
chapila appeared to be a plankton feeder with a preface for phytoplankton to zooplankton.
Sandhu and Lone (2003) reported presence of algae, crustacean, insecta, mollusca, fishes and worms
in the stomach of seven catfishes, viz. Sperata sarwari (Mirza); Mystus bleekeri (Day); Mystus vttatus
(Bloch); Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch); Wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider); Bagarius bagarius
(Hamilton) and Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) in winter.
Shafiqur (2003) studied on seasonal variation of food and feeding ecology freshwater small fish
Chela (Chela caahius) in a large reservoir pond in Bangladesh and reported that the stomach ofChela
were found to contain various groups of phytoplankton, zooplankton and plants parts. Among
phytoplankton, Chlorophyceae was dominant group followed by Bacillriophyceae. Among
8
zooplankton, Rotifera was found than Crustacean. He also stated Coelustrium was dominant genus
among phytoplankton, on the other Asplanchna was dominant genus among zooplankton.
Uddin (2002) undertook and experiment for a period of five months to evaluate the effects of adding
of small fish on pond ecology and production in polyculture, in the Field Laboratory of Fisheries
Faculty, BAU, and Mymensingh. He identified 12 genera of zooplankton which belonged to Rotifera
(6) and Crustacea (6). The mean abundance (Number×104 cells/L) of total zooplankton was 2.15±
0.37 and 1.94±34 in treatments 1 and 2, respectively. The available zooplankton genera were
Brachinous, Keratella, Filina, Lecane, Asplancha, Cyclops,Diaptomus, Diaphanosoma, Moina and
Nauplius.
Sandhu (2000) observed feeding habits of R. rita froma wild population. The gut content of wild
population showed 50-55% fish population had crustaceans in the stomach compared to mollusks
shells, fish cycloid scales and rotten vegetation/debris. No food items were recovered from the gut of
22.5 - 40% of the fish. He also observed that stomach of most of the catfish species were empty
during winter.
Chondar (1999) studied the stomach contents of S. aor early fry stage and reported to consume
zooplankton.
Masud et al. (1996) conducted a comparative qualitative and quantitative assessment of zooplankton
from two types of ponds such semi-intensive and derelict pond at the greater Mymensingh district.
They found a total 11 genera of zooplankton belonging to 9 families in the semi- intensive culture
ponds, 8 genera under 6 families from the extensively cultural ponds and7 genera under 6 families in
the derelict ponds. The important genera were Brachionus,Keratella, Filinia, Lecane, Notholca, and
Asplanchna of Rotifera; Cyclops and Diaptomus under Copepoda and Daphnia, Diaphanossoma and
Moina under Cladocera.
Alam (1995) studied on food and feeding habits of chapila Gudusia chapra and reported that the fish
fed on a range of food items including phytoplankton, zooplankton and debris but G. chapra fed
mainly detritus and phytoplankton having a change of food to phytoplankton and debris. He also
stated that the fish strongly selected some genera of phytoplankton like Cosmarium, Haematococcus
and Euglena and avoided zooplankton.
Dev (1994) worked on food selection and electively indices of Thai barb Puntius goniontus in
extensively managed rain-fed and reported that food selection diversity has found P. gonionotus. The
fish fed on a range of food items including phytoplankton, zooplankton, higher plant materials and
decomposed maters and the fish changes food habit from zooplankton to phytoplankton.
Bais et al. (1994) conducted an experiment on feed and feeding activity of Channa punctata. The
dominant food items were fish fingerlings and insects. During summer, the main food items were
insects while fingerlings were noted mainly in post spawning period. Crustacean‟s gastropods, insects,
eggs and aquatic vegetation were found as obligatory food. Author concluded that C. punctatus is
9
quite carnivorous fish feeds mainly on the small fishes of it (Carnivorous) and other species and
insects.
Ahmed et al. (1993) studied the food and feeding habits of some indigenous small fishes. They
observed that Puntius stigma, Mytstus vittatus and Nandus nandus were more or less column as well
as bottom feeders. The food of P. stigma consisted mainly of algae (33.20%), sand and mud (19%),
plants parts (03.03%) and crustaceans (12.59%).
Azadi et al. (1992) reported that S. aor has a carnivorous feeding habit with piscivorous and
predaceous nature of the adults. They also reported it as a bottom-feeding carnivorous fish with the
presence of several fish species such as Glossogobius giuris, Ailia coila, Puntius sophore,
Puntius ticto, Amblypharyngodon mola, Chanda ranga, Gudusia chapra, Corica sobornaand
Mastacembelus pancalus, fish remains (scales, bones, eyes, fin rays and partly digested bodies),
insects (dragonfly nymphs and chironomid larvae), bivalve molluscs (Bellamya
bengalensisand,Thiara tuberculata), crustaceans (Macrobrachium lamarrei), plant matter (parts of
leaves, stems of higher plants, dried grass leaves and aquatic weeds), debris (decayed organic matter)
and miscellaneous items (partly digested food materials mainly fish flesh, sand and mud) in the gut of
S. aor. collected by them.
Miah and Siddique (1992) worked on the feeding habits of mola in respect of types and amount of
food taken by the fish and its seasonal patterns of feeding. The fish was found to be an omnivore with
higher feeding performance for debris and plant foods and animal foods were taken by the fish in a
small amount. The maximum feeding activity was recorded during summer and minimum during
winter.
Mustafa (1991) noted that A. mola was generally a surface feeder and the food of the adult fish
consisted of unicellular and filamentous algae, protozoan and rotifers. He also observed that the food
of Puntius chola consisted of blue green algae, organic debris animal plants diatoms and green algae.
Dewan et al. (1991) identified 24 genera of phytoplankton belonging to Chlorophyceae (15),
Bacillariophyceae (03), Euglenophyceae (02), Rhodophyceae (01) and Cyanophyceae (03) and09
genera of zooplankton belonging to Hydrozoa (01), Rotifera, (03) and Crustacea (08). Theyalso
estimated the phytoplankton number to range between 2 × 105cells/h and 8 × 105cells/L
andzooplankton between 2 × 104cells/L and 2 × 105cells/L.
Piska et al. (1991) made an examination on food and feeding habits of Amblypharyngodon mola from
lower manair reservoir, Karimnagar and found that the fish as well a herbivorous bottomfeeder,
feeding on algae, diatoms, higher aquatic plants and mud particles. Algae formed the main food item
among the food groups. Considerable percentage of empty stomach and one forth (1/4) full guts were
observed during February to September and intensity of full guts were more during September to
January.
10
Choudhury and Thakur (1990) conducted a study on the seasonal variations in food and feeding
habits of an air breathing cat fish Clarias batrachus and he found that the fish was euryphagic
omnivorous and bottom feeder. Juveniles are predominately insectivorous and adult are omnivorous
with higher percentage towards animal food.
Guseva (1990) found the seasonl dynamics and local differences in the feeding of the snake –headed
(Channa argus warpachowskii) an introduced species in the lower reaches of the Amu Dorya.
Calculations were made on daily and annual food consumption and of the feeding rations for various
snakehead age groups.
Hussain et al. (1990) conducted an experiment on food and feeding habits of Notopterus notoperus.
The maximum fullness of the stomach was observed in the November and highest emptiness was in
recorded in March and in September. The occurrence of crustaceans (25.09%) and fishes (17.41%) in
the stomachs of the fish had the maximum prevalence among the food items throughout the year. In
addition to these food items consisted of insects (14.95%), plant debris and mud(14.51%), plant parts
(20.18%), algae(0.40%), protozoa (0.11%), annelids (0.69%),17mollusca (0.47%) and semi-digested
matter (5.915%). Mature fish slackened their feeding activity increased in the late spawning season in
adult females.
Ipinjolu et al. (1988) reported that the stomach contents of Bagrus bayad (Macropterus) were mainly,
whole tilapia, fish parts, Odanata, Hemiptera, Crustacean, Detritus and Plant parts.
Khalaf et al. (1987) examined the food and feeding habits of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis
(Bloch). A preliminary study on feeding of H. fossils in Diyala River revealed that in autumn, pisces
were the major food items in the large length whereas chironomidae was the dominant groups in
younger fish .However, during spring the major food items were chironomides.
Nargis and Hossain (1987) described the food and feeding habits of Anabus testudineus and they
concluded the fish was an omnivorous. They analyzed the gut contents and found that food items
consisted of crustacean (18.56%), insects (3.5%),mollusca (6.70%), fishes (9.54%) plants debris
(46.87%) and segmented matter(15.75%).
Reddy and Rao (1987) examined the food habits of Mystus vittatus (Bloch) in the highly polluted
Hussain sagar and found that the fish feeds mainly on insect larvae and insects. The other food items
include both plant and animal matter.
Ameen and Rashiduzzaman (1986) analyzed the contents of Puntius stigma and found that P. stigma
consumed phytoplankton, plant parts, materials and animal origin, mud debris and sand.
Bhuiyan (1986) studied the stomach contents of Chanda nama and observed that the fish is
omnivorous but predominately carnivorous and fed mostly on fish scale and mosquito larvae.
Ali et al. (1985) studies the food and feeding habits of Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton) and noted the
stomach of this fish were composed of macro crustaceans, bony fish, insects mollusks, plant materials
and debris, small shrimps, ants, Trichoptera and snail.
11
Ali et al. (1984) studied on the food and feeding habits of Rohtee cotio (Ham.).They reported that this
species was omnivorous in nature with preference for debris and zooplankton.
Mustafa et al. (1982) worked on the food and feeding habits in relation to fish size of Puntius sarana
and observed that the fish was a bottom feeder and fed mainly on higher aquatic plants,algae,
protozoans, diatoms, insects and crustaceans
Mustafa et al. (1981) studied the seasonal patterns of feeding of Colisa fasciata (Bloch) and observed
that the fish consumed algae in winter, insect larvae in summer, diatoms and protozoan in autumn.
Analysis of stomach contents of 300 fish specimens of C. fasciata revealed that the 12food of this
consisted of algae (31.71%) insect larvae (22.44%), diatoms (13.83%) ,protozoans(12.66%),
crustaceans (10.22%) and & mud (9.14%).
Shafi and Quddus (1974) pointed out the main food items of Puntius stigma were Cyclops, Daphnia,
Crustacean larvae and plant debris.
Dutta (1974) reported that carnivorous Channa punctata in the size range of 3.1-20 cm has shown in
preference for insects (53.51%) followed by crustaceans (24.99%), fish (16.50%), mollusks (3.43%)
and algae (1.91%).
Shafi and Quddus (1974) pointed out the main food items of Puntius stigma were Cyclops, Daphnia,
Crustacean larvae and plant debris.
Seghal (1971) pointed out that the percentages of volume and incidence of occurrence of various food
items of Mohashol (Tor tor) were (1) Crustacea 31.56% vol. 31.33% occurrence (2) decayed organic
matter 27.4% vol. 31.34% occurrence (3) algae 24.22%, 34.32% occurrence (4) diatoms 11.1%,
20.89% occurrence and (50) mollusca 5.94% occurrence.
Javed (1971) studied the food and feeding habits of punti, Puntius sophore and found that it was an
herbivore fish mainly feeding on algae like Chlorophyceae,Bacillariophyceae and Xanthophyceae.
Besides these, fungal spores, fungal mycelia, some animal belonged to the protozoa, insects larvae
and adults mites and snail eggs were also found in the stomach contents.
Agarwal & Tyagi (1969), they described S. aor is an omnivorous fish mainly feeds on worms and
tender parts of the aquatic plants. Saigal (1964) reported that adult of S. aor mainly feeds on teleosts
in the bottom and insects in the bottom and column waters. He reported teleosts to form the main part
(58.7%) of the diet followed by insects (27.73%), crustaceans (8.21%) and plant matter and detritus
(5.36%). Several fish species (Aspidoparia morar, Oxygastersp., Colisa fasciata, Gudusia chapra,
Eutropiichthys vacha, Pama pama, Ailia coila, Gagata cenia, Nemacheilus botia, Rita rita,
Setipinna phasa, Mastacembelus armatus, Puntius ticto, Gonialosa manmina, Glossogobius giuris,
Chanda nama, Osteobrama cotio cotio, Mystus seenghalaandHilsa ilisha) have been commonly
documented in its gut content together with nymphs and larvae of Odonata, Diptera, Mecoptera,
Trichoptera and Coleoptera. Palaemon lamarrei and Leander styliferusmainly have been enlisted as
the crustacean food along with prawns and crabs (Varuna sp.).
12
Pandian (1967) examined the food habits of Mystus gulio and found that the fish feeds mainly on
Cyclops during the rainy season (from August to November) and Chironomous during the winter
months (December to March).
Ranganathan & Raj (1966) reported the bottom feeding habit of S. aor (Glossogobius giuris,
Osteobrama cotio, Oxygaster phulo, Oxygaster clupeoidesand, Barilius evezarxdi), prawns
(Macrobrachium lamarrei), molluscs (Melanoides, Vivipera), insects (nymphs of Odonata and larvae
of Diptera) and organic detritus in their gut contents. Incidence of cannibalism in S. aor had been also
reported.
Saigal (1964) studied on stomach contents of Juveniles S. aor and concluded that they are mainly
insectivorous, bottom and marginal feeder; consuming Coleoptera larvae (Elmis, Cybisterand
Dytiscus), Diptera larvae (Culex, Chironomid, Dixiaand, Eristalis), Odonata nymph (Aeschina,
Cordulaand Mesothemis) and water bug (Corixaand, Ranatra); and also teleosts (Aspidoparia morar,
Oxygaster bacaila, Osteobrama cotio, Ailia coila, Gagata cenia, Eutropiichthys vacha, Setipinna
phasa, Gonialosa manmina, Gudusia chapra, Chanda sp. and Puntius sp.), crustacean (shrimp,
prawn, small crabs and ostracods), plant matter and detritus. Change of diet from insectivorous in
juveniles to piscivorous-cuminsectivorous in adults has been reported to be largely complete by the
time the fish having reached a length of 300 mm or above.
Karamchandani (1957) reported on advanced fry stage (23-26 mm) of S. aor and has been
documented to consume small carp, Puntius sp., Mugil sp., clupeids and beetle larvae.
Alikunhi (1957) described that rohu fingerlings take in vegetable debris, minute plants, small number
of water fleas, debris and mud, adults consume debris microscopic plants, detritus and mud.
Unicellular algae, filamentous algae, vegetable debris, animalcules and water fleas, insects and sand
or mud consumed by rohu during various stages of its was listed by author.
Das and Moitra (1955) studied the food some common fishes of Uttar pradesh, Indiaand reported
that Chanda nama consumed maximum (86.6%) amount of insects and crustacean among all the
stomach contents.
Pillay (1952) stated that the correct picture of the food and feeding habit of a fish may not be obtained
by the examination of the gut contents of specimens at random. But an intensive study of the gut
contents spread over the various seasons of the year yield information of value for fishing
development and management.
Khan (1947) studied the food of carps Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Catla catla both
quantitatively and quantitatively and found that adult fishes fed on crustacean, diatoms, sands and
mud and decayed vegetation. He observed that the fishes consumed very little food from November to
the end of the February but they were voracious feeders from March to December.
Schaperclaus (1933) Classified the natural food of fishes under three categories, viz. (1) “main food”
which the fish prefer under favorable conditions and on which it thrives best, (2) “Occasional food”
13
that is like and eaten as and when the available, and (3) “Emergency food” which is ingested when the
availability of preferred food items is scanty in which the fish just enables to survive. Certain
microscopic crustaceans and rotifers are entitled as main food of spawn and fry (15 to 20 mm)of the
Indians major carps and Phytoplankton forming the emergency food (Alikunhi, 1952).
14
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Sample collection
The study was conducted in the laboratory of Fish Biology and Genetics, Sylhet Agricultural
University, Sylhet. The experiment was done for a period of twelve months i.e. from January-2015 to
December- 2015. Samples of S. aor were collected from the four important markets of Sylhet city i.e.
Kazirbajar, Lalabazar, Tilaghor and Mejor Tila fish market. Monthly six samples were collected
apparently live brought to the Sylhet Agricultural University laboratory for study.
Experimental site
Sample collection site
Fig: 3.1 Location of the study area on map
15
3.2 Recording length and weight
Fishes were selected and anesthetized with MS-222. Then the body weight and total length were
recorded monthly using by digital electronic balance and measuring scale respectively.
Fig: 3.2 Recording weight of sample by digital electronic balance

3. 3 Microscopic observation of gut
Each stomach and three parts of intestinal contents was separately dissected out into a clean
Petridis containing 10% formalin. Food contents were taken out and were diluted in 5 ml
distilled water using the methods adopted by Miah and Siddique (1992). A pipette transferred
one ml sub- sample from 5 ml sample to a Sedgwick- Rafter cell (S-R cell). Ten fields out of
1000 fields of the counting cell were chosen randomly and the total number if plankton found
in the 10 fields were counted and multiplied by 1000 to get the total number of stomach. By
using a binocular microscope (Olympus, model - CX41RF, Tokyo, Japan) all organisms were
identified to genus level using keys from Prescott (1962), Belcher and Swale (1976) and Bellinger
(1992).
Calculation of plankton of concentrated sample is done by the using the following
N=
Where,
N= No. of plankton cell
A= Total no. of plankton counted
C= Volume of final concentrated sample in ml
V= Volume of a field in cubic mm
F= Number of field counted
L= Volume of original water in liter
16
3.4 Study of Hepato-Somatic Index (HSI) and Viscera-Somatic Index (VSI)
Fishes were dissected to obtain the livers which were then weighed separately and used for the
determination of the HSI using the following formula:
HSI (%) = × 100
Viscera-Somatic Index (VSI): VSI (%) = × 100
3.5 Histological observation of Liver and Intestines

For histological studies liver and intestine samples were kept in Bouin‟s fixatives for 12-24 hours
and then the total process was carried out manually followed by washing, dehydration, clearing,
infiltration, embedding, sectioning, staining, mounting and finally microscopic observation. These
steps are mentioned below:
Fig: 3.3 Livers collected from the fish sample
Fig: 3.4 Intestines collected from fish sample
3.5.1 Fixation of Liver and Intestines

Fixation provide cell component to fix in and prevent the enzymatic and bacterial lysis of target
tissues. The preserved gonads with fixative were taken out from the glass jar (beaker) after 12-24
hours fixation in Bouin‟s fixative with the help of a sieve which allowed drain out of fixative. Then
the samples were washed with running water for 3 hours.
17
Table 3.1: Chemical composition of Bouin’s fixative
Serial No. Chemical name Amount
1. Picric acid saturated aqueous solution (2.1%) 750ml
2. 40% formaldehyde 250 ml
3. Glacial acetic acid 50 ml
3.5.2 Washing
Fixed tissues were washed in running tap water for 3 hours to remove formalin. Washing with running
tap water helps to remove excess fixative form the tissue and reduce the color of fixative allowing
better assessment of tissue content.
3.5.3 Dehydration
The samples were passed through a graded alcohol series kept into glass jars. The samples that kept
into running water were started dehydration from 50% ethyl alcohol (step 1) and the samples that
preserved in 100% ethyl alcohol started dehydration from 100% ethyl alcohol. The dehydration
schedule is given below:
Table 3.2: Protocol of Dehydration process
Serial No. Solution Time
1 50% ethanol 3 hours
3 80% ethanol Overnight
8 100% ethanol Overnight
3.5.4 Clearing
Dehydration samples were cleared by using Xylene twice successfully for 40 minutes to remove
traces of alcohol in order to have consistent paraffin blocks. The process is as followed:
Table 3.3: protocol of clearing process

1 Xylene 40 minutes
2 Xylene 40 minutes
18
3.5.5 Infiltration
In this step the samples were kept with liquid paraffin in glass jar inside Hot air Oven at 70˚c
temperature which performs the following steps:
Table 3.4: protocol of Infiltration process
1 Liquid paraffin 1-2 hours
2 Liquid paraffin 1-2 hours
3 Liquid paraffin Overnight
3.5.6 Embedding
After infiltration, the tagged samples were kept in metallic small size cup separately and filled with
melted paraffin. Then the embedded samples block were allowed to cool for 1-2 days in room
temperature.
3.5.7 Trimming
Trimming is a process in which the undesirable wax layers of the embedded blocks are trimmed by
knife to obtained suitable blocks. Trimming was done by using old microtome blades. Trimming
allowed easy sectioning. In this step both side trimming and surface trimming were conducted.
3.5.8 Sectioning
Paraffin embedded blocks was cut by microtome blade in microtome machine at 5µm size. The
sections were placed on lower part of a glass slide previously tagged and filled with water drops. The
sections were kept overnight at room temperature for proper drying.
3.5.9 Staining
Staining is a process by which samples are stained with various dyes and staining materials so that
their components are visible under microscope. The sections were stained routinely with
haematoxyline and eosin as per the schedule given below:
Table 3.5: Standard staining procedure of Haematoxyline and Eosin

SL No. Solution Time Process
1 Xylene 10-15 minutes Clearing (1-2)
2 Xylene 10-15 minutes
3 100% alcohol 2-5 minutes
6 90% alcohol 2-5 minutes Dehydration (3-8)
19
9 Normal water 2-5 minutes
10 Distilled water 2-5 minutes
11 Haematoxyline 5-10 minutes
12 Wash in tap or running water 30 minutes Staining (9-14)
13 Distilled water 2-3 minutes
14 Eosin yellow 2-5 minutes
15 70% alcohol 15 seconds
18 95% alcohol 15 seconds Rehydration (15-19)
21 Xylene 15 seconds Clearing (21-22)
22 Xylene 15 seconds
3.5.10 Mounting
Canada balsam was used for mounting as a mounting agent. A jot of Canada balsam is put on each
slide followed by attachment of cover slip (22mm×22mm). After mounting the slides were put for
several hours at room temperature.
3.5.11 Microscopic observation of sample
After mounting the histological slides were observed under compound light microscope and
photographed using an attached digital camera (Olympus Xcam-Alpha, Germany). Total 40
histological slides were taken for this study.
20
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Macroscopic observation of gut
The mouth cavity of S. aor was characterized by sac like elongated structure with swollen mid part.
The large volume of mouth cavity was observed due to its food habits. The inner surface of the mouth
cavity was rough. The morphological structures of the alimentary canal of the fishes were more or less
same. Oesophagus was observed comparatively smallest part of the alimentary canal. It was short,
tubular structure and was not distinguishable externally from the rest of the gut. It was comparatively
thick with a rough inner surface. Rahman et al. (2012) observed the Oesophagus comprised the
smallest portion of the alimentary canal with roughinner surface and opened to the stomach in case of
different carnivorous fishes including N. nandus. Khulsharshtha (1975) worked on some freshwater
fishes and found that the oesophagus was short, tubular structure and was not distinguishable
externally from the rest of the gut. Islam (1985) found that the oesophagus of Mystus gulio was short
and directly open into the stomach. The great dispensability of the oesophagus has been reported by
Lagler et al. (1977).
Just after the oesophagus a well-defined stomach was found, which was tapering, nipple form in the
lower part with thick wall and rough inner surface. Not so much elastic and peripheral blood vessels
were more or less clearly visible. Rahman et al. (2012) reported that immediately after the oesophagus
a sac like stomach ran throughout the body cavity in case of Channa punctatus, stomach was also a
tube like structured but slightly flattened in the middle portion in case ofcarnivorous fish Xenentodon
cancila and a swollen stomach upto the mid part which wasgradually narrowed to the end was found
in case of Glossogobius giuris. Mookerjee and Das (1945) observed that the size of the stomach in
fishes was closely related to the feedingbehaviour and particularly to the size of the prey. They also
stated that predators have a largemouth, a large stomach, and a short intestinal tract which is very
similar to the findings of the present study. Vladimirov (1957) stated that in fishes which swallow
large prey or else consumelarge amount of foods at the same time. The stomach was usually large.
Rahman et al. (2012) studied the digestive tract of different carnivorous fishes. They stated thatthe
arrangement of the intestine of Anabas testudineus was in such a manner that firstly it formed a „U‟
shaped and then „W‟ shaped. But the intestine was directly attached to the posterior part ofthe
stomach. The intestine was found somewhat elastic and same in diameter from its origin to anus. In
case of Johnius koitor intestine was tubular shaped. In case of Channa orientalis intestine was `S'
shaped. The intestine originated from its fore part and reached upto the anus. Peretti and Andrian
(2008) found the intestine narrow, having two folds and smaller than the body size in case of
carnivorous fishes. Giffard et al. (2006) found the intestinalepithelium playing a vital role in
nutriment absorption, and osmoregulatory process. Rahman et al. (2012) observed the coiling pattern
of the intestine of the fishes studied varied species to species. Islam (1985) also found that the interior
21
intestine of M. gulio was with thick wall and the posterior intestine was with thin wall which was
more or less similar with the findings of the present study.
Table.4.1. Description of the different macroscopic observation of S. aor in tabular form.

Observations Description Pictorial presentation
Oesophagus Just immediately after
Pharynx a tube like
oesophagus was
observed.
It comprise smallest part of
alimentary canal
comparatively thick and
have a rough inner
surface.
Stomach Stomach was tapering,

nipple form in the lower part
and tube like structure.
Reddish in color.
Not so much elastic in
compare with intestine.
It was swollen mostly from
May to October.
Intestine Tubular in shape and more or

less coiling in pattern.
Anterior and middle portion of
the intestine was thick walled
and the posterior intestine was
thin. The posterior and middle
part of intestine was more
elastic than anterior.
Reddish in color.
22
4.2 Biometrical and Gastrointestinal Parameters
From the biometrical and gastrointestinal parameters; the highest length of fish was observed in July
42.23 cm and the lowest in February 29.05, (Table 4.2). Maximum weight of fish was observed in the
month of July 447.2 gm and the lowest 153.63 gm in February, (Table 4.2). There was no significant
difference of condition factor (CF) over the study period with some little except in December. Highest
value of condition factor 0.68 was observed in the month of October and lowest 0.56 was observed in
May, (Table 4.2). The sources of fish from the adjacent haor waters were good round the year so high
condition factor reflects good environmental condition; while a low Condition factor reflects poor
environmental condition.
Table 4.2 Biometrical and gastrointestinal parameters of S. aor

Month Fish Total Conditio Standar Liver He pato Viscera Viscera Gut Stomac Inte stin
s we ight le ngth n Factor d le ngth we igh Somati we ight Somati le ngth h length e le ngth
(gm) (cm) (CF) (cm) t (gm) c Inde x (gm) c Inde x (cm) (cm) (cm)
(HSI) (VSI)
Jan 310.9 36.7 0.62 31.75 4.41 1.43 12.1 3.97 26.4 3.46 23.01
1 8 8
Feb 153.6 29.0 0.62 25.35 2.82 1.83 9.01 5.86 19.4 2.24 17.23
3 5 6
Mar 221.9 33.1 0.60 27.95 3.72 1.67 10.3 4.67 22.0 2.77 19.29
9 7 8 6
Apr 308.5 37.6 0.57 31.64 4.29 1.44 13.1 4.26 25.7 3.45 22.26
4 0 8 2
May 328.1 38.7 0.56 32.38 4.70 1.42 13.6 4.15 26.7 3.65 23.07
0 9 3
Jun 389.6 40.0 0.60 33.17 5.00 1.28 14.3 3.71 27.5 3.78 23.77
5 0 5 6
July 447.2 42.2 0.64 35.06 5.45 1.10 15.0 2.51 30.0 4.96 25.12
3 9 5
Aug 413.3 40.2 0.63 33.40 5.19 1.25 14.6 3.53 27.5 3.80 23.75
9 2 5 5
Sep 228.1 33.1 0.62 27.72 3.80 1.66 10.6 4.63 21.9 2.70 19.20
8 1 1 0
Oct 280.3 34.4 0.68 28.64 4.10 1.46 11.8 4.17 24.4 3.22 21.30
5 0 0 3
Nov 345.3 38.8 0.58 31.85 4.35 1.25 13.1 3.79 26.0 3.60 22.31
1 9 1 7
Dec 265.8 36.8 0.63 29.34 4.25 1.33 12.7 3.96 25.4 3.40 22.01
3 6 1 0
23
4.3 VSI and HSI parameters
Various indices have been developed to provide measures of the general condition of fish
populations and to indicate the nutritional or the physiological status of individuals and
subpopulations (Bolger and Connolly, 1989; Goede and Barton, 1990; Blackwell et al. 2000;
Barton et al. 2002). The most widely used direct indices are the hepatosomatic or liver-
somatic index (HSI; Heidinger and Crawford, 1977; Htun-Han, 1978), and the Viscera
Somatic Index (VSI; Delahunty and de Vlaming, 1980). These invasive physiological indices
have been shown to vary with food intake, life history and avariety of environmental stress
(Goede and Barton, 1990; Barton et al., 2002); and thus provide the opportunity to relate
nutritional and physiological response occurring at the fish population.
7
5.86
6
5 4.67 4.63
4.26 4.15 4.17
3.97 3.79 3.96
3.71 3.53
4
Value
3 2.51 HSI
VSI
2
1.83 1.67 1.66
1 1.43 1.44 1.42 1.28 1.46 1.33
1.1 1.25 1.25
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Months
Fig 4.1: Relationship between HSI and VSI

The highest value of VSI was observed in February 5.86 and the lowest in July 2.51 (Table
4.2) and the maximum value of HSI was observed at February 1.83 and minimum in July
1.10 (Table 4.2). VSI and HIS value were fluctuated over the study period. Perhaps, it might be
caused due to food and fat content in the gut, food availability in the environment, and
seasonal fluctuation of food in the environment. Large size fish intake more food in compare
with smaller one. As a result, large size fish has greater VSI and HSI value than smaller fish.
Delahunty and de Vlaming, 1980; Adams et al., 1982 found that VSI has been used in several
studies to detect seasonal fat deposition in the body cavity. There is a positive correlation
between VSI (%) and HSI (%) which is similar with the findings of Ighwela et al (2014) who
found that the excess carbohydrate got deposited in the liver as fat and HSI increased with
increasing VSI. This result is similar to Ahmad et al. (2012) who reported the Viscera
Somatic Index (VSI) and Hepato Somatic Indexes (HSI) increased with the increase in
dietary carbohydrate level.
4.4 Histological Observation of Gut

Table 4.3: Histological observations of Liver and Intestine
Jan- March April- June July-Sep Oct- Dec
Hae Hae
Liver pictures
Hae Cl
H V
V V
H
V: Vacule; H: Hepatocytes; V: Vacule; H: Hepatocytes; V: Vacule; Hae: Hemorrage Cl: central infiltrations
Hae: Hemorrage Hae: Hemorrage
Less central High central Moderate central High central

infiltrations; High infiltrations; Less infiltrations; More infiltrations; Less
vacuoles; Less vacuoles; High vacuoles; High vacuoles; High
Liver features
central vains; High central vains; Less central vains; central vains; Less
heamorages and heamorages and Moderate heamorages and
necrosis obserbed; necrosis obserbed; heamorage and necrosis obserbed;
Hepatocytes are not Hepatocytes are necrosis obserbed; Hepatocytes are
more visible. more visible. Hepatocytes are more visible.
more visible.
V
Intestine pictures
V
V
V: Villi V: Villi V: Villi V: Villi
Villi are not well Villi are well Villi are not well Villi are well
Intestine features
developed. developed and developed. developed and

clearly visualized. clearly visualized.
From the histological observations of liver and intestine of S. aor, in the month of January to
March the liver shows different deformities due to less nutrition uptake from the nature, and
it did not found more foods available in those months. There were no villi on intestine. From
April to June liver and intestinal conditions were good and well developed, all the villi were
clearly visualized in intestine and its liver showed many center filtrations due to heavy
nutrition uptake. In that time it was rainy season and its food was available in the nature.
From July to September, we found moderates central infiltrations, few hemorrhages and
necrosis and the villi of intestine were moderately or no clearly visualized, because in those
months it did not uptake sufficient amount of food from the nature.
From October to December it was winter season and it was supposed to be happened less
food availability. But because of less water condition in nature fish got changes to get more
food in very less space, so it did not move more time for taking food, thus expenditure less
energy for metabolism. So, their intestinal villi and liver hepatocyte cells were more
visualized and well developed and there were no hemorrhages and necrosis observed in liver
as long as no vacuoles in liver an d found lots of central infiltrations.
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY
The present research work was conducted by the collection of S. aor from the Kazir Bazar
and Mejor Tila fish market of Sylhet District from January to December 2015 to determine
the variation of gut flora and fauna and histological observations of liver and intestine of S.
aor. Fishes were chosen randomly to study the gut content in each 3 months interval of the
year. Total length (TL), standard Length (SL), gut length (GL), stomach length (SL), and
intestine length of each fish was measured to the nearest centimeter by using a measuring
scale. Body weight (BW), liver weight (LW), viscera weight (VW) of each fish at each case
were measured to the nearest gram by using an electric balance. The macroscopic status of
each gut was observed by naked eyes. Microscopic observation of gut was carried out by
using histological tools followed by standard protocol. After dissection, one ml sub-sample of
gut content from 5 ml sample was transferred by a pipette to a Sedgwick Rafter cell. By using
a binocular microscope all organisms were identified to genus level using keys from Prescott
(1962), Belcher and Swale (1976) and Bellinger (1992). From the histological analysis, villi
of intestine and hepatocyte cells were well developed when food were available to uptake in
the month of April to June and October to December.
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Fisheries play important roles in poverty alleviation, employment generation, nutrition, and
foreign currency earning, tradition and food habit of the people of Bangladesh. It is endowed
with diversified fisheries resources enriched with variety of indigenous fish species. In
Bangladesh, open water inland fisheries are now under serious threat due to different man-
made and natural reasons. To improve the sustainable production and aquatic biodiversity
biological management of natural water bodies as well as conservation and domestication of
some indigenous fish species is essential. This study provides important baseline information
for gut content, gastrointestinal parameter, and histological observation of liver and intestine
on S. aor from the Sylhet sadar upazila under Sylhet District. The results of the study would
be an effective tool for fishery biologists, managers and conservationists to initiate
management strategies and regulations for the sustainable conservation of the remaining
stocks of these economically important species of the aquatic ecosystem. Moreover,
information on the gut content, gastrointestinal parameter and histological observation of gut
of S. aor in Bangladesh is clearly lacking viz. literature and data bases. Therefore the results
of this study provide valuable information, as well as providing an important baseline for
future studies.
RECOMMENDATIONS
At present, loss of biodiversity is an alarming threat, an urgent effective management is
essential to deal with this issue. According to Lakra (2010), conservation of fish diversity is
essential to maintain ecological/nutritional and socio-economic equilibrium. Following steps
should be taken to protect this fish.
Establishment of the artificial feed development of S. aor.
Development of artificial culture system of S. aor.
Development artificial breeding technique and artificial culture system of S. aor.
Conservation of water body and crate many fish sanctuaries to reduce loss of S. aor
biodiversity.
-introduction of hatchery reared larvae and fingerlings into their
natural habitat are the usual techniques employed for the rehabilitation of threatened and
endangered species like S. aor.
S. aor is enlisted under the low-risk near threatened (LnRt) category. Considering LnRT
status of this fish and its food and ornamental value its highly desirable to conserve and
domesticate. So a study on its sexual dimorphism is indeed.
nt should be implemented among haor stakeholders
to protect over fishing and fishing during breeding season.
o
conserve this native species (S. aor) and make the best use of our biodiversity.
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CHAPTER 8: APPENDICES I: MONTHLY DATA COLLECTION SHEET
January -2015
Fish Fish Fish total CF Standard Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut S tomach Intestine
sample Weight Length Length weight weight Length length length
(gm) (cm) (cm) (gm) (gm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1 232.9 35.3 0.52 31.2 3.80 1.63 10.50 4.50 22.30 3.30 19.00
2 270.5 34.8 0.64 29.8 4.04 1.49 11.30 4.17 22.10 3.10 19.00
3 278.9 36.4 0.57 30.5 4.15 1.48 11.50 4.12 22.80 3.20 19.60
4 320.8 37.2 0.59 33.4 4.60 1.43 13.10 4.08 29.00 3.50 25.50
5 370.5 37.7 0.69 33.1 4.85 1.30 13.30 3.58 30.90 3.80 27.10
6 391.9 38.8 0.71 32.5 5.02 1.28 13.40 3.41 31.80 3.90 27.90
Total 1865.5 220.2 3.72 190.5 26.46 8.61 73.10 23.86 158.9 20.8 138.1
Average 310.91 36.7 0.62 31.75 4.41 1.43 12.18 3.97 26.48 3.46 23.01
STD 61.56 1.50 0.07 1.467 0.485 0.13 1.236 0.405 4.569 0.32 4.257
February-2015
Fish Fish Fish CF Standar Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut S tomac Intestine
sample Weight total d Weight weight Lengt h length
(gm) Length Length (gm) (gm) h length (cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1 145.85 28.30 0.64 24.50 2.73 1.87 8.50 5.82 18.65 2.15 16.50
2 148.36 28.70 0.62 24.90 2.79 1.88 8.70 5.86 19.70 2.20 17.50
3 151.73 28.90 0.62 24.95 2.83 1.87 9.00 5.93 18.70 2.30 16.40
4 156.77 29.10 0.63 25.80 2.86 1.82 9.20 5.86 19.85 2.25 17.60
5 157.08 29.50 0.61 25.90 2.86 1.82 9.30 5.92 20.40 2.30 18.10
6 161.98 29.80 0.61 26.10 2.87 1.77 9.40 5.80 19.50 2.20 17.30
Total 921.77 174.3 3.73 152.15 16.94 11.03 54.10 35.19 116.8 13.40 103.4
Averag 153.63 29.05 0.62 25.35 2.82 1.83 9.01 5.86 19.46 2.24 17.23
e
STD 6.05 0.54 0.01 0.65 0.05 0.04 0.35 0.05 0.68 0.06 0.66
March-2015
Fish Fish Fish total CF Standar Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut Stomach Intestine
sample Weight Length d Weight weight Lengt length length
(gm) (cm) Length (gm) (gm) h (cm (cm)
(cm) (cm
1 215.40 32.70 0.61 27.50 3.70 1.71 10.15 4.71 20.87 2.57 18.30
2 218.56 32.80 0.62 27.60 3.75 1.71 10.50 4.80 21.55 2.65 18.90
3 220.45 33.10 0.60 27.90 3.60 1.63 9.90 4.49 22.48 2.78 19.70
4 223.39 33.20 0.61 28.10 3.80 1.70 10.90 4.87 21.95 2.80 19.15
5 225.80 33.50 0.60 28.20 3.70 1.63 10.05 4.45 22.40 2.90 19.50
6 228.34 33.70 0.59 28.40 3.78 1.65 10.80 4.72 23.15 2.95 20.20
Total 1331.94 199.00 3.63 167.7 22.23 10.03 62.30 28.04 132.4 16.65 115.75
Average 221.99 33.17 0.60 27.95 3.72 1.67 10.38 4.67 22.06 2.77 19.29
STD 4.78 0.38 0.01 0.35 0.07 0.03 0.41 0.16 0.79 0.14 0.66
April -2015
Fish Fish Fish CF Standard Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut Stomach Intestine
sample Weight total Length Weigh weight Length length length
(gm) Length (cm) t (gm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(cm) (gm)
1 301.35 36.90 0.60 30.50 4.35 1.44 12.80 4.24 24.80 3.30 21.5
2 304.60 37.30 0.58 31.40 4.38 1.43 12.90 4.23 25.30 3.40 21.9
3 307.50 37.50 0.58 31.70 4.42 1.43 13.10 4.26 25.65 3.45 22.2
4 310.40 37.80 0.57 31.90 4.50 1.44 13.30 4.28 26.00 3.50 22.5
5 312.20 38.05 0.56 32.10 4.55 1.45 13.40 4.29 26.22 3.52 22.7
6 315.20 38.10 0.56 32.20 4.58 1.45 13.60 4.30 26.35 3.55 22.8
Total 1851.2 225.65 3.45 189.8 25.78 8.64 79.10 25.6 154.32 20.72 133.6
Average 308.54 37.60 0.575 31.64 4.29 1.44 13.18 4.26 25.72 3.45 22.26
STD 5.08 0.46 0.01 0.62 0.09 0.008 0.30 0.02 0.59 0.09 0.50
May -2015
Fish Fish Fish total CF Standar Liver HSI Viscer VSI Gut Stomach Intestine
sample Weight Length d Weight a Length length length
Length weight
(gm) (cm) (gm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(gm)
(cm)
1 318.5 38.40 0.56 32.10 4.60 1.44 13.3 4.17 26.50 3.60 22.90
2 324.5 38.50 0.56 32.20 4.65 1.43 13.5 4.16 26.57 3.62 22.95
3 328.3 38.60 0.57 32.30 4.70 1.43 13.7 4.17 26.63 3.65 22.98
4 330.2 38.70 0.57 32.40 4.72 1.42 13.7 4.18 26.78 3.68 23.10
5 332.5 38.90 0.56 32.50 4.75 1.42 13.8 4.13 26.90 3.70. 23.20
6 335.1 39.10 0.56 32.80 4.80 1.43 13.9 4.11 27.00 3.70 23.30
Total 1969.1 232.2 3.38 194.3 28.22 8.57 82.1 24.9 160.3 21.95 138.43
Average 328.1 38.70 0.56 32.38 4.70 1.42 13.6 4.15 26.73 3.65 23.07
STD 5.96 0.26 0.005 0.24 0.07 0.0075 0.22 0.02 0.19 1.49 0.15
June -2015
Fish Fish Fish CF Standard Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut Stoma Intestine
sample Weight total Length Weight weight Lengt ch length
(gm) Length (cm) (gm) (gm) h length (cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1 335.30 39.10 0.56 32.85 4.75 1.41 13.80 4.11 27.02 3.70 23.32
2 343.50 39.40 0.56 32.90 4.80 1.39 14.10 4.10 27.18 3.73 23.45
3 376.30 39.80 0.60 33.10 4.90 1.30 14.30 3.80 27.46 3.76 23.70
4 412.30 40.20 0.63 33.30 5.15 1.24 14.50 3.51 27.70 3.80 23.90
5 432.20 40.70 0.64 33.40 5.20 1.20 14.60 3.39 27.94 3.84 24.10
6 438.30 40.80 0.64 33.50 5.23 1.19 14.80 3.37 28.08 3.88 24.20
Total 2337.9 240.0 3.63 199.05 30.03 7.73 86.10 22.28 165.3 22.71 142.67
Average 389.65 40.00 0.60 33.17 5.00 1.28 14.35 3.71 27.56 3.78 23.77
STD 44.61 0.68 0.03 0.26 0.21 0.09 0.36 0.34 0.41 0.06 0.35
July -2015
Fish Fish Fish CF Standard Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut S tomach Intestin
sample Weight total Length Weight weight Length length e
(gm) Lengt (cm) (gm) (gm) (cm) (cm) length
h (cm)
(cm)
1 445.50 41.10 0.64 34.60 5.30 1.18 14.90 3.34 29.40 4.90 24.50
2 453.50 41.30 0.64 34.80 5.35 1.17 14.95 3.29 29.73 4.93 24.80
3 507.20 42.60 0.65 35.10 5.40 1.07 15.10 2.97 30.15 4.95 25.20
4 510.30 42.70 0.65 35.20 5.45 1.06 15.15 2.96 30.28 4.98 25.30
5 515.50 42.80 0.65 35.30 5.60 1.08 15.20 2.94 30.35 5.00 25.35
6 521.20 42.90 0.66 35.40 5.64 1.08 15.25 2.92 30.42 5.02 25.40
Total 2683.2 253.4 3.89 210.4 32.74 6.64 90.55 15.09 180.33 29.78 150.75
Average 447.2 42.23 0.64 35.06 5.45 1.10 15.09 2.51 30.05 4.96 25.12
STD 33.51 0.80 0.007 0.30 0.13 0.05 0.13 0.19 0.40 0.04 0.36
August-2015
Fish Fish Fish total CF Standa Liver HSI Viscer VSI Gut Stomac Intestine
h
sample Weight Length rd Weight a Lengt length
length
(gm) (cm) Length (gm) weight h (cm)
(cm)
(cm) (gm) (cm)
1 404.20 40.10 0.62 33.20 5.12 1.26 14.40 3.56 27.25 3.75 23.50
2 408.50 40.12 0.63 33.30 5.16 1.26 14.50 3.54 27.38 3.78 23.60
3 410.40 40.20 0.63 33.40 5.18 1.26 14.60 3.55 27.50 3.80 23.70
4 415.56 40.25 0.63 33.45 5.22 1.25 14.70 3.53 27.62 3.82 23.80
5 418.90 40.30 0.64 33.50 5.22 1.24 14.80 3.53 27.74 3.84 23.90
6 422.80 40.35 0.64 33.60 5.25 1.24 14.90 3.52 27.86 3.86 24.00
Total 2480.3 241.32 3.79 200.4 31.15 7.51 87.9 21.2 165.3 22.85 142.5
Average 413.39 40.22 0.63 33.40 5.19 1.25 14.65 3.53 27.55 3.80 23.75
STD 6.94 0.09 0.007 0.14 0.04 0.009 0.18 0.01 0.22 0.04 0.18
September- 2015
Fish Fish Fish CF Standar Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut Stomach Intestine
sample Weight total d Weight weight Lengt length length
(gm) Length Length (gm) (gm) h (cm) (cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1 218.5 32.80 0.61 27.50 3.75 1.71 10.20 4.66 20.90 2.60 18.30
2 224.5 32.90 0.63 27.60 3.78 1.68 10.50 4.58 21.55 2.65 18.90
3 228.3 33.10 0.62 27.70 3.80 1.66 10.60 4.63 21.85 2.70 19.15
4 230.2 33.20 0.62 27.80 3.82 1.65 10.75 4.66 22.22 2.72 19.50
5 232.5 33.30 0.63 27.85 3.85 1.65 10.80 4.65 22.45 2.75 19.70
6 235.1 33.40 0.63 27.90 3.85 1.65 10.82 4.60 22.48 2.80 19.68
Total 1369.1 198.7 3.74 166.35 22.85 10.0 63.67 27.78 131.4 16.22 115.23
Average 228.18 33.11 0.62 27.72 3.80 1.66 10.61 4.63 21.90 2.70 19.20
STD 5.96 0.23 0.008 0.1 0.03 0.02 0.23 0.03 0.61 0.07 0.54
October -2015
Fish Fish Fish CF Standar Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut Stomac Intestin
h
sample Weight total d Weight weight Length e
length
(gm) Length Length (gm) (gm) (cm) length
(cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1 260.30 34.10 0.65 28.40 3.95 1.51 11.30 4.34 23.85 3.05 20.80
2 270.45 34.30 0.67 28.50 4.05 1.49 11.40 4.13 24.00 3.10 20.90
3 275.50 34.40 0.67 28.60 4.10 1.48 11.60 4.06 24.42 3.12 21.30
4 285.25 34.50 0.69 28.70 4.15 1.45 11.80 4.13 24.66 3.16 21.50
5 290.20 34.55 0.70 28.80 4.18 1.44 12.20 4.20 24.80 3.20 21.60
6 300.40 34.60 0.72 28.85 4.20 1.39 12.50 4.16 24.94 3.24 21.75
Total 1682.1 206.40 4.10 171.85 24.63 8.76 70.8 25.0 146.63 19.32 127.85
Average 280.35 34.40 0.68 28.64 4.10 1.46 11.80 4.17 24.43 3.22 21.30
STD 14.46 0.18 0.02 0.17 0.09 0.04 0.46 0.09 0.44 0.06 14.46
November -2015
Fish Fish Fish CF S tandar Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut Stomach Intestin
sample Weight total d Weight weight Length length e
(gm) Length Length (gm) (gm) (cm) (cm) length
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1 330.20 38.60 0.57 31.50 4.25 1.28 12.80 3.87 25.65 3.50 22.15
2 335.30 38.70 0.57 31.60 4.30 1.28 12.90 3.84 25.79 3.55 22.24
3 340.40 38.85 0.58 31.80 4.35 1.27 13.10 3.84 25.88 3.58 22.30
4 350.20 38.90 0.59 31.90 4.38 1.25 13.20 3.76 25.96 3.62 22.34
5 355.50 39.10 0.59 32.20 4.40 1.23 13.30 3.74 26.07 3.67 22.40
6 360.30 39.20 0.59 32.30 4.43 1.22 13.40 3.71 26.15 3.70 22.45
Total 2071.9 233.35 3.49 191.1 26.11 7.53 78.70 22.7 156.46 21.62 133.08
Averag 345.31 38.89 0.58 31.85 4.35 1.25 13.11 3.79 26.07 3.60 22.31
e
STD 11.87 0.22 0.009 0.31 0.06 0.02 0.23 0.06 0.18 0.07 0.10
December -2015
Fish Fish Fish CF Standar Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut Stomach Intestin
sample Weight total d Weight weight Lengt length e
(gm) Length Length (gm) (gm) h (cm) length
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1 290.40 35.90 0.62 28.90 4.15 1.42 12.30 4.23 24.70 3.20 21.50
2 310.40 36.80 0.62 29.10 4.22 1.35 12.50 4.02 25.10 3.30 21.80
3 320.30 36.90 0.63 29.40 4.25 1.32 12.70 3.96 25.35 3.40 21.95
4 330.20 37.10 0.64 29.50 4.28 1.29 12.80 3.87 25.65 3.45 22.20
5 335.60 37.20 0.65 29.55 4.30 1.28 12.90 3.84 25.80 3.50 22.30
6 338.30 37.30 0.65 29.60 4.33 1.27 13.10 3.87 25.85 3.55 22.35
Total 1595 221.2 3.81 176.05 25.55 8.09 76.30 23.79 152.4 20.4 132.1
Average 265.83 36.86 0.63 29.34 4.25 1.33 12.71 3.96 25.40 3.40 22.01
STD 18.14 0.50 0.013 0.28 0.06 0.05 0.28 0.14 0.44 0.13 0.32
Average Data
Month Fish Total CF Standar Liver HSI Viscera VSI Gut Stomac Intestine
s weight length d weight weight length h length
(gm) (cm) length (gm) (gm) (cm) length (cm)
(cm) (cm
Jan 310.91 36.7 0.62 31.75 4.33 1.39 8.44 2.73 26.48 3.46 23.01
Feb 153.63 29.05 0.62 25.35 2.82 1.83 9.01 5.86 19.46 2.24 17.23
Mar 221.99 33.17 0.60 27.95 3.72 1.67 10.38 4.67 22.06 2.77 19.29
Apr 308.54 37.60 0.57 31.64 4.29 1.44 13.18 4.26 25.72 3.45 22.26
May 328.1 38.70 0.56 32.38 4.70 1.42 13.69 4.15 26.73 3.65 23.07
Jun 389.65 40.00 0.60 33.17 5.00 1.28 14.35 3.71 27.56 3.78 23.77
July 447.2 42.23 0.64 35.06 5.45 1.10 15.09 2.51 30.05 4.96 25.12
Aug 413.39 40.22 0.63 33.40 5.19 1.25 14.65 3.53 27.55 3.80 23.75
Sep 228.18 33.11 0.62 27.72 3.80 1.66 10.61 4.63 21.90 2.70 19.20
Oct 280.35 34.40 0.68 28.64 4.10 1.46 11.80 4.17 24.43 3.22 21.30
Nov 345.31 38.89 0.58 31.85 4.35 1.25 13.11 3.79 26.07 3.60 22.31
Dec 265.83 36.86 0.63 29.34 4.25 1.33 12.71 3.96 25.40 3.40 22.01

SEASONAL CHANGES OF TISSUE ORGANS OF LONG WISKERED CATFISH (Sperata Aor) IN HAOR BASIN IN SYLHET

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Droits d'auteur :

SEASONAL CHANGES OF TISSUE ORGANS OF LONG WISKERED CATFISH (Sperata Aor) IN HAOR BASIN IN SYLHET

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Droits d'auteur :

SEASONAL CHANGES OF TISSUE ORGANS OF

LONG WISKERED CATFISH (Sperata aor) IN HAOR

Examination Roll No: 1402030501, Reg. No: 0971

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S)

Department of Fish Biology and Genetics

Examination Roll No: 1402030501, Reg. No: 0971

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS)

Chapter 2: Review of Literature 6

3.1. Sample collection 14

3.3. Microscopic observation of gut 15

3.4. Study of Hepato-Somatic Index (HSI) and Viscera-Somatic 16

3.5 Histological observation of Liver and Intestines 16

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

4.2 Biometrical and Gastrointestinal Parameters 23

4.3 VSI and HSI parameters 24

Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations 29

Chapter 8: Appendices I: Monthly Data Collection Sheet 40

Table 3.2 Protocol of Dehydration process 17

Table 3.3 Protocol of clearing process 18

Table 3.4 Protocol of Infiltration process 18

Table 3.5 Standard staining procedure of Haematoxyline and Eosin 19

Table 4.1 Description of the different macroscopic observation of S. aor in 22

Table 4.3 Histological observations of Liver and Intestine 26

Fig: 3.2 Recording weight of sample by digital electronic 15

Fig: 3.4 Intestines collected from fish sample 16

Fig:4.1 Relationship between HSI and VSI 25

 To determine relationship between foods, feeding habit and histological

Sample collection site

Fig: 3.1 Location of the study area on map

Fig: 3.2 Recording weight of sample by digital electronic balance

HSI (%) = × 100

Viscera-Somatic Index (VSI): VSI (%) = × 100

3.5 Histological observation of Liver and Intestines

Fig: 3.3 Livers collected from the fish sample

Fig: 3.4 Intestines collected from fish sample

3.5.1 Fixation of Liver and Intestines

Serial No. Solution Time

Table 3.5: Standard staining procedure of Haematoxyline and Eosin

Table.4.1. Description of the different macroscopic observation of S. aor in tabular form.

Stomach Stomach was tapering,

Intestine Tubular in shape and more or

Table 4.2 Biometrical and gastrointestinal parameters of S. aor

Fig 4.1: Relationship between HSI and VSI

4.4 Histological Observation of Gut

Less central High central Moderate central High central

developed. developed and developed. developed and

Adams, S. M. and McLean, R. B and Parrotta, J . A. 1982. Energy partitioning in

Anonymous 2012. Bangladesh Economic Review 2007, Finance Division, Ministry of

Barton, B. A., Morgan, J. D and M. M. Vijayan. 2002. Physiological and condition-related

Belcher, H. and Swale, S. 1976. A Beginners Guide to Freshwater Algae. Institute of

DoF (Department of Fisheries), 2014. National Fish Week Compendium, Department

Khan, H. 1947. Development of Fisheries in Punjab III. Culture and Propagation of

Khulsharshtha, S. D., 1975. Histomorphology of the taste receptors of some freshwater

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