Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Adverbs,
Prepositions,
Conjunctions
and Interjections
in Spanish and English
CAMPOS, ANA CLARA
CHIERICOTTI, ROSARIO
ROMANO LORENTE, VALENTINA
2016
ADVERBS
Adverbs are lexical words which serve two major roles: they can be integrated into an
element of the clause or they themselves can be an element of the clause. In the first case
the adverb serves as a modifier, giving extra information about verbs, adjectives or other
adverbs by telling how, when, where or how much; in the second case, the adverb serves
as an adverbial.
e.g. Modifier: Their services are reasonably accurately for trading purposes.
(Modifying the adjective “accurately”)
e.g. Adverbial: Possibly, he will marry her (Clause element that tells the level of
certainty for the entire clause)
Adverbs indicate circumstances of place, time, manner, degree, stance, addition,
restriction, etc.
FORMS OF ADVERBS
Adverbs are invariable words; they do not have gender, number, tense or any
inflectional categories. Nevertheless, they admit degree indications e.g. poco después or
shortly after. This applies to both, English and Spanish.
Simple adverbs: they are not derived from another word e.g. aquí, ya, pronto (in
Spanish); well, too or rather (in English). Some of them have the same forms as adjectives
e.g. rápido, claro (in Spanish) close, dead or fine (in English).
Many adverbs have the form of an adjective e.g. No logro entenderlo, no habla
claro. In English, e.g. She did not run fast enough.
Compound adverbs in English and Spanish are formed by combining two or more
elements into a single word or a fixed expression:
a. They can be formed by a noun and an adjective: pasado mañana, (de) otro modo,
otra vez, más bien; halfway, likewise, meantime, otherwise, anyway.
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b. They can be formed by a preposition in front of a noun, adjective or adverb:
ashore, en tierra; afoot, en movimiento; along, adelante; heretofore (here + to + fore)
Adverbs derived by suffixation: many adverbs are formed from descriptive
adjectives and they most frequently add a particle in the end of the word. In Spanish, they
can be formed by an adjective + mente e.g. claramente. In English, adjectives add –ly:
rapidly. In addition to -ly, other suffixes are also used: the suffix -ward(s) is added to nouns
and prepositions e.g. afterwards; and the suffix -wise can be added to nouns e.g. pricewise.
Most of the times, these adverbs express manner. Sometimes, these forms can be
replaced by expressions like de un modo + adjetivo e.g. sinceramente = de un modo sincero
or by con + sustantivo abstracto e.g. sinceramente = con sinceridad (in the case of Spanish).
and in a + adjective + way (in English) e.g. In an unexpected way.
Besides indicating manner, adverbs ending in –mente, -ly and –wards can express :
Degree e.g. El coche está excesivamente sucio. / the car is extremely dirty
Aspect e.g. Eso es completamente absurdo. / This is completely absurd
Precision e.g. Faltan aproximadamente dos kilómetros. / There are approximately two
kilometers left.
Frequency e.g. Generalmente voy al gimnasio por las mañanas. Generally, / I go to the
gym in the mornings.
Time e.g. Actualmente realizamos una búsqueda de personal. / We are currently doing
a staff reseach
Style e.g. Quiero que me respondas sinceramente. / I want you to respond me honestly
Point of view e.g. Eso está científicamente probado. / Technically, the country’s
economic problems are over, but recovery will be slow.
Attitude e.g. Lamentablemente no podremos ir a la boda. / Unfortunately, we won’t
be able to go to the wedding.
Comparative form:
In Spanish, adverbs may show comparison e.g. naturalmente --> más naturalmente
(comparative) and lo más naturalmente (superlative), as in Trata de expresarte lo más
naturalmente.
Moreover, in Spanish some adverbs allow diminutive and intensified suffixes (that is, they
express degree in the same word) e.g. despacio – despacito or pronto – prontito –
prontísimo.
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In English, adverbs may be inflected to show comparison e.g. actively --> more actively
(comparative) and most actively (superlative) or less actively (comparative) and least
actively (superlative), as in Jerry walks more slowly than I do.
In both Spanish and English there are some adverbs that form their comparison irregularly:
When we make comparisons using verbs, we use tanto como after them e.g. Francisco no
habla tanto como su padre or Francisco does not talk as much as his father does.
In both, English and Spanish, adverbs can take the form of fixed expressions. These
phrases never vary in form e.g. of course or at last, de vez en cuando or a la buena de Dios.
USES OF ADVERBS
Adverbs answer the questions How?, When?, Where? or How much? about a verb, and
adjective or another adverb. Sometimes a phrase takes the place of a single adverb e.g.
Negatives
a. The negative word no in Spanish is an adverb and comes before a single verb e.g. No
hablo inglés; before haber, estar and ser when they are used in compound verb forms
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e.g. No estamos trabajando mucho and before object pronouns that precede verbs e.g.
No me gusta eso.
No…jamás = Never e.g. No hablo jamás inglés en México = I never speak English in
Mexico.
No…nunca = Never.
No…más = No longer.
No…nadie = No one.
c. In Spanish, we can use several negatives e.g. No digo nunca nada a nadie.
d. In English, some adverbs as not, nowhere and never, make a sentence negative.
However, we may not use two negative words in one sentence unless we wish to
express a positive idea e.g. He doesn’t have no friends, but he has too few.
Questions
There are interrogative adverbs e.g. ¿Cuándo llegaste? Llegué ayer; ¿Dónde están los
libros? Están en la mesa or ¿Cómo te llamas? Me llamo Aldo.
Similarly, in English we find some words which introduce questions: When?, Where?, How?
and Why?. These are the questions that the majority of adverbs answer with respect to the
verb e.g. How do you know that?
The clause answers the question When? e.g. Me acuesto cuando termino mi trabajo.
The same adverbs that ask questions may also be used to form relative clauses. These
clauses tell when, where, how, etc. the verb’s action will take place e.g. We are going to
the movies when we finish our work.
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FUNCTIONS OF ADVERBS
Spanish
Their more important and frequent function is to modify verbs to indicate manner,
time, place and quantity e.g. Siempre llega con noticias desalentadoras or Nosotras
vivimos aquí.
Adverbs can be complements of the verb or the sentence e.g. El paquete llegará
mañana.
Some adverbs can function as modifiers of an adjective, verb or another adverb e.g.
When they refer to an adjective or an adverb, they intensify their meanings e.g. Esta ciudad
está densamente poblada or Cristina baila extraordinariamente bien.
English
They can be integrated into an element of the clause; the adverb serves as a modifier.
When adverbs are modifiers, they usually modify an adjective or another adverb e.g. I
am almost positive she borrowed that off Barbie!
They themselves can be an element of the clause; the adverb is an adverbial e.g. I think
she’ll be married shortly.
Adverbs modifying other adverbs: adverbs also modify other adverbs. Two adverbs
together form an adverb phrase e.g. They’ll figure it out really fast.
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A noun phrase e.g. “It came as quite a surprise” said one.
A pronoun e.g. Almost nobody, it seemed, could eat what they were given.
A prepositional phrase e.g. But there’s a hell of a lot – well into their
seventies.
A particle of phrasal verb e.g. It’s really filled the room right up.
Circumstance adverbials: they add information about the action or state that is
described in the clause; they give details about factors such as time, place and
manner e.g. He took it slowly.
Linking adverbials: they serve to connect stretches of text e.g. Most of our rural
people do not have radio or television and a large proportion are illiterate.
Therefore we had to use approaches that do not depend on the mass media or on
literacy.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS
Spanish
Adverbs are classified into two big classes: descriptive and determinative.
Descriptive adverbs
All adverbs derived from an adjective belong to this group. They function as adverbs when
they do not have an inflection and modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb e.g. Jorge
se encuentra muy mal or Será peor decirle que no or Hay que cantar bajo.
Adverbs that are formed from adjectives in combination with the suffix -mente are also
descriptive adverbs. They indicate manner or way of performing an action e.g. Contestó
forzadamente or Revisó el texto cuidadosamente. When two adverbs ending in -mente are
used together, in the first one the suffix is omitted in order to avoid cacophony e.g. tierna y
amorosamente.
Determinative adverbs
They constitute a class in which a limited number of forms are included. They are
characterized because they perform a function similar to the one of pronouns (they are
used instead of a name) e.g. Trabajamos ahí.
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English
Adverbs cover a wide range of semantic categories: seven. Adverbs can belong to more
than one major category of meaning. Still, for example, can be an adverb of time as in Are
you still teaching? or a linking adverb as in I’m doing better now. <…> Still I don’t even
remember how to start.
Place adverbs: they express distance, direction or position e.g. “Don’t worry, he can’t
have gone far” (distance).
Time adverbs: they express position in time, frequency, duration and relationship e.g.
She will remain a happy memory with us always (time duration).
Manner adverbs: they express information about how an action is performed. Many of
these adverbs have -ly suffixes, taking their meanings from the adjectives that they are
derived from e.g. But sentiment recovered quickly.
Other manner adverbs are not -ly adverbs e.g. fast or well.
Degree adverbs: they describe the extent of a characteristic. They can be used to
emphasize that a characteristic is either greater or less than some typical level e.g.
Those letters from you, it got so I almost believed they were really written to me.
Additive/restrictive adverbs: additive adverbs show that one item is being added to
another e.g. My dad was a great guy, too. Restrictive adverbs are similar to additive
adverbs because they focus attention on a certain element of the clause. They serve to
emphasize the importance of one part of the proposition, restricting the truth of the
proposition either primarily or exclusively to that part e.g. Only those who can afford
the monthly payment can participate.
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Epistemic stance adverbs: they express a variety of meanings:
o Showing levels of certainty or doubt e.g. No it’s alright I’ll probably manage
with it.
o Showing the limitations on a proposition e.g. Typically, the front top six teeth
will decay because of the way the child has sucked on its bottle.
Linking adverbs: they make connections between sections of discourse. They show
how the meaning of one section of text is related to another e.g. And the month
before he left, he had made several long distance phone calls to Arizona and Ohio.
Police, however, would not say where they were concentrating their search.
POSITIONS OF ADVERBS
Spanish
As a general rule, Spanish adverbs and adverbial phrases are usually placed near the
word they modify e.g. Aprobó fácilmente el examen de inglés.
It is possible in Spanish to place the adverb after the object of a verb — but only if
the object is made up of just a word or two e.g. El condado emitió dos licencias
previamente or El condado ha emitido previamente dos licencias.
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If many more words follow the verb, the adverb cannot be tacked on afterward e.g.
El condado emitió previamente dos licencias de matrimonio para parejas jóvenes.
Adverbs can be placed before or after the word they modify, depending on how
they are used e.g. María nunca habla de su vida personal or La economía se
basa principalmente en tres empresas.
An adverb that modifies another adverb comes before the adverb being modified
e.g. Comió muy lento.
An adverb that modifies an adjective comes before it e.g. Estoy muy contento.
An adverb that modifies an entire sentence often comes at the beginning of it, but
the adverb can also be used elsewhere e.g. Sharon posiblemente retrasará su viaje
or Posiblemente Sharon retrasará su viaje or Sharon retrasará posiblemente su
viaje or Sharon retrasará su viaje posiblemente.
English
Front position: before the subject. These adverbs link or contrast previous
information. They are also common with inversion.
Middle position: next to verbs. They are adverbs of frequency, time, certainty and
degree.
The statue was lifted carefully onto the platform before the ceremony.
(manner) (place) (time)
DEGREE OF ADVERBS
Spanish
Comparative degree
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Comparative
Normal
Superiority Equality Inferiority
Despacio más despacio que tan despacio como menos despacio que
Mucho/muy más - -
Poco menos - -
Superlative degree
Superlative
lo menos
Despacio Despacio muy despacio lo más despacio
despacio
óptimamente
Bien muy bien - -
buenísimo (boni-)
pésimamente
Mal muy mal - -
malísimo
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English
Inflected comparative and superlative forms are not used as often as they are with
adjectives. In fact, superlative forms of adverbs are very rare; while comparative
forms are only occasionally used e.g. I just kept working harder and harder.
In some cases, an adverb can be made comparative either with the use of more or
with the -er inflection e.g. He went to the altar every first Friday, sometimes with
her, oftener by himself or I love live theatre, of course, I really ought to go more
often.
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jamás = never. previously. duro = hard.
bastante = enough.
así = thus.
casi = almost.
jamás = never.
ciertamente = certainly,
cuanto (cuan) = as much
sure. ni = neither.
(many).
sí = yes. no = no.
demasiado = too, much.
también = also. nunca = never.
harto = enough, sufficiently.
verdaderamente = really, tampoco = also not, neither.
más = more.
actually.
menos = less.
poco = little.
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tanto (tan) = that much.
¿a dónde? = to where?
¿dónde? = where?
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de la noche a la mañana = henceforward. disorderly.
overnight.
de arriba hacia abajo = a hurtadillas = secretly.
de la tarde = afternoon, downward.
a oscuras = in the dark.
p.m.
de donde = from here, from
a toda velocidad = in full
de mañana = since the where.
speed.
morning.
dentro de = within, inside,
a sabiendas = consciously,
de noche = at night. indoors.
deliberately.
de vez en cuando = en alguna parte =
a la moda = modish.
sometimes. somewhere.
al revés = just the opposite.
en fin = at last, finally. en casa = at home.
de buena gana = of good
pasado mañana = the day en cualquier parte =
will.
after tomorrow. anywhere.
de golpe = suddenly, fast.
por ahora = presently. en el extranjero = abroad.
de improviso = offhand.
por tierra = overland. en ninguna parte =
nowhere. intencionalmente =
por último = at last, finally.
intentionally.
en otra parte = elsewhere.
de mala gana = unwillingly.
en todas partes =
everywhere. de prisa = fast.
por aquí = this way. de pronto = suddenly.
en ninguna parte = de repente = suddenly.
nowhere.
en resumen = in total, in
Afirmación/Negación general.
Cantidad/Quantity
Affirmation/Negation en vano = in vain.
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de todo = of all. sure. especially.
en efecto = in effect.
en punto = exactly.
They are groups of words which are equal to an adverb, for their meaning and function.
They indicate the same circumstances as the adverbs.
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An adverb phrase can consist of one adverb or an adverb plus other words before it
(premodification) or after it (postmodification). Adverb phrases have many different
meanings:
Duration e.g. This pill will take away the pain temporarily.
Frequency e.g. They almost never invite people to their house these days.
Focus e.g. Want some sugar in your coffee? Only half a spoon, please.
Certainty/necessity e.g. The train will probably be late; we’d better necessarily go.
View point e.g. Personally, I don’t see why the party has to start so early.
Linking e.g. It rained very heavily this summer. Therefore, many of the vegetables were
very small.
PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word or set of words that indicates a relationship (of place, time, etc.) between
two parts of a sentence. They are function words.
Prepositions are never inflected neither in English nor in Spanish. They are invariable.
They are called prepositions because they are positioned before objects.
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WHAT FORMS DO THEY HAVE?
In English, prepositions can be:
1. Single words: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, by, despite, down, during,
except, for, from, in, near, of, off, on, opposite, over, past, round, since, through, to, toward,
under, underneath, until, up, upon, with.
3. A group of words: in spite of, because of, except for, in front of.
1. One word: a, ante, bajo, con, contra, de, desde, durante, en, entre, hacia, hasta, mediante,
para, por, según, sin, sobre, tras.
They are invariable except for prepositions a and de, which combine with the masculine singular
definite article el to form al and del. E.g. Voy al cine. Vengo del Mercado.
TIME (English)
AFTER To mean later than. Where have you been? It is after eleven o’clock.
For time, special periods and some phrases. At five to seven, at New Year, at
AT
night, at the weekend.
We use it before periods of time. Long hair for men was fashionable during
DURING
much of the seventies.
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We use it with periods of time. The volcano hasn’t erupted for more than 75
FOR
years.
We use it with points in time. I’ll be staying at the Hilton from Friday to
FROM
Monday.
For parts of the day, months, seasons, years, centuries, etc. In the morning, in
IN
December, in 1889, in the winter.
For days and dates, including special days. On Thursday, on the 31st of May,
ON
on Labour Day.
SINCE We use it with points in time. The volcano hasn’t erupted since 1935.
We use it with periods of time. Long hair for men was fashionable
THROUGH(OUT)
through(out) much of the seventies.
We use it with pointS in time. From next Monday, we will have to suspend
UNTIL
flexible working arrangements until further notice.
TIME (Spanish)
Time, parts of the day, ages, moments. Nos reuniremos a las diez. Nos vemos
a la noche. Aprendí a nadir a los 6 años.
A
To form adverbs of frequency. A menudo, a veces.
Time. Season. Months. Year. La próxima reunión será en abril. En otoño caen
EN
las hojas.
PLACE (English)
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ABOVE Position. The refuge is in the hills above the town.
We use it to mean on the other side of. I´ll meet you in the café across from
ACROSS
the theatre.
AFTER It refers to position. You´ll be called first as my name is after yours on the list.
BEFORE It refers to position. Karen´s nephew appears before the magistrates today.
BELOW Position. Oncology departments in hospitals are often below ground level.
Position. We use it to show that something is part of a pair. For women, the
BETWEEN
distinction between work and leisure is less clear-cut.
It expresses closer proximity. Stella has bought a house by the sea, she has
BY
got a wonderful view.
DOWN Position. John lives a few houses further down the road from us.
It expresses proximity. Stella has bought a house by the sea. It´s only a five-
NEAR
minute walk to the beach.
It expresses closer proximity. Stella has bought a house next to the sea, she
NEXT TO
has got a wonderful view.
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Position. It means on the other side of. I´ll meet you in the café opposite the
OPPOSITE
theatre. (on the other side of the road)
UP It can refer to position. John lives a few houses further up the road from us.
PLACE (Spanish)
Place. La taza está en la mesa (sobre). Las llaves están en la cartera (a dentro
EN
de).
MOVEMENT (English)
We use across for movement from one side to the other of something on a
ACROSS
Surface. Across the river/road/field.
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We use it to express circular movement. We drove around the roundabout
AROUND
three times before we took the correct exit.
Movement. With roads and rivers to mean along. You walk down the high
DOWN
Street and turn left at the library.
INTO With the word car to mean up. Mary went into the car.
With the words: bus, plane, train, boat and bike to mean down. He’s just
OFF
fallen off his bike.
ON With the words: bus, plane, train, boat and bike to mean up.
OUT OF With the word car to mean down. Just get out of the car.
We use it when movement is suggested. Are we going to fly over the Alps?
For movement across an obstacle. The vulgar leapt over the garden fence as
OVER he ran away from us.
We use over for movement from one side to the other of something, but
meaning above. Are we going to fly over the Alps?
With roads and rivers to mean along. You walk up the high Street and turn left
UP
at the library.
MOVEMENT (Spanish)
We use it to make a contrast. Look at this year’s sales figures against last
AGAINST
year’s; they’re so much better.
BESIDE We use it to make a contrast. Beside her sister, Laura was positively plain.
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Contrast and comparison. This are the similarities and differences between
BETWEEN.
Salta and Jujuy.
BECAUSE OF It expresses reason. The District Line is closed because of engineering works.
DUE TO It expresses reason. The District Line is closed due to engineering works.
FOR We use it to show purpose. I want a knife that can be used for cutting bread.
OWING TO It expresses reason. The District Line is closed owing to engineering works.
To express that the original material has been transformed. Ice cream made
FROM
from strawberries.
OF When the original material is still visible. A dress made of Thai silk.
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Instrument. Se cortó con un cuchillo.
AGENT (English)
We use it with the agent or creator of something and in passive voice. It’s one
BY
of the later paintings by Van Gogh.
AGENT (Spanish)
MANNER (English)
MANNER (Spanish)
CAUSE (English)
FROM It expresses cause or motive. A huge number of people in the Third World die
from starvation every day.
CAUSE (Spanish)
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POR Cause. Se casó con el por conveniencia.
POSSESSION (English)
POSSESSION (Spanish)
MEANS (English)
THROUGH Meaning “by means of”. He achieves success through patience and hard work.
MEANS (Spanish)
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We use it with prices, ages, speeds, distance and quantities, where we mean
OVER
more than.
We use it with prices, ages, speeds, distance and quantities, where we mean
UNDER fewer/less than. The conference was very badly atended: under two hundred
people came.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
English: A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and the word(s) that follow it, i.e. noun,
pronoun or noun phrase.
Please don´t interfere in any way with what I have written in the report.
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Spanish: Prepositions precede:
STRANDED PREPOSITIONS
In English, prepositions join a noun or pronoun (their object) to other words in the sentence and
show its relation to them. In theory (formal English) a preposition is followed immediately by its
object. e.g. to the store, about the subject. In practice (informal English), especially for phrasal
verbs, we often leave the preposition until the end of the sentence. e.g. What is she waiting for?
A stranded preposition comes on its own at the end of a clause or sentence, and its object comes
earlier in the sentence. We commonly use stranded prepositions in:
Relative clauses: I´ve been offered the job in London that I applied for.
We sometimes keep the preposition and object together in more formal language. We are
unable to offer you the position for which you applied.
In Spanish, stranded prepositions DO NOT EXIST. The preposition comes always before its object.
OTHER ASPECTS
In English, many forms are followed by prepositions which change the meaning of the verb.
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At times an English verb may be accompanied by a preposition when it has an object noun, but not
when used alone. e.g. Listen to the radio! Listen!
In Spanish, there are often two different verbs to express these two distinct notions. e.g. to look for
= buscar, to look into= investigar.
In Spanish such verbs are never followed by a preposition. e.g. Escuche la radio! Escuche!
COLLOCATIONS
In English, there is a large number of collocations. These are words which are often used together
with other words.
VERBS:
Accuse (someone) of ([doing] something)
Add (something) to (something else)
Believe in (something)
Belong to (someone)
Care about (someone/something/topic)
Comment on (topic)
Decide on (topic)
Depend on (someone) for (something)
NOUNS:
By hand
On foot
By chance
In Spanish, conjugated verbs are often followed by infinitives. If two verbs are used to express a
single thought, the first will determine whether any preposition (and which one) will be used to
introduce the infinitive. There can be more than two infinitives in a string.
Verbs may also require a particular preposition before a noun or pronoun object.
Like verbs, some adjectives are followed by a preposition before a following infinitive.
Último en → Manuela es siempre la última en terminar → Manuela is always the last one to finish.
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CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a function word that connects words, sentences, phrases, or clauses. In general, a
conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle. There are three main types of conjunctions:
coordinating, subordinators and adverbial conjunctions.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two
or more items (such as words, main clauses, or sentences) of equal syntactic importance.
In English, the coordinators are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
For presents rationale ("They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.")
And presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.")
Nor presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.")
But presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.")
Or presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day they gamble, or they smoke.")
Yet presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.")
In Spanish:
NOTE: The conjunction y becomes e when the following word stars with -I or –hi. Moreover, the
coordinator o becomes u when the following words stars with o.
LOCUCIONES CONJUNTIVAS group of words that perform the same function as conjunctions:
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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
They work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.
You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)
Not only is he handsome, but also he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B.)
Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
You must decide whether you stay or you go. (It's up to you)
Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians love ice hockey.
The more you practice dribbling, the better you will be at it.
No sooner did she learn to ski, than the snow began to thaw.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join an independent
clause and a dependent clause, and also introduce adverb clauses.
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providing a transition between two ideas in the same sentence by indicating a time, place,
or cause and therefore effecting the relationship between the clauses
IN ENGLISH:
Comparison & Contrast Cause / effect Time Possibility Place & manner
Although After
if
Though Since When Wherever
as if
Even though So that Until Where
whether
While Because Whenever How
unless
Whereas Before
Some examples:
CAUSE/EFFECT “Because of you, I never stray too far from the sidewalk” (Kelly Clarkson).
POSSIBILITY “If you leave me now, you’ll take away the biggest part of me” (Peter
Cetera/Chicago).
TIME “When I see you smile, I can face the world” (Bad English).
CONTRAST: “ Grace is an excellent athlete although she injured her leg recently”
IN SPANISH:
Subordinantes
Cuando, después de que, mientras que, tan pronto como, en seguida que, al mismo tiempo
De Tiempo
que, mientras tanto
Como, así como, como que, más que, menos que, igual que, tal como, mejor que, peor que,
Comparativas
tanto como
Consecutivas Con que, luego, pues, por consiguiente, así que, en consecuencia, de manera que, tan / tanto
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que, por lo tanto, de modo que
Causales Porque, por, a causa de, puesto que, con motivo de, pues, ya que
Condicionales Si, como, pero si, a condición que, a no ser que, siempre que
Concesivas aunque, por más que, mal que, aun cuando, si bien
Conjunciones de Lugar
Conjunciones Temporales
antes de que → Antes de que nos diéramos cuenta, ya se había ido. (LOCUCIÓN
CONJUNTIVA)
Conjunciones de Modo
Conjunciones Comparativas
Conjunciones Consecutivas:
Conjunciones Causales:
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Conjunciones Condicionales:
Conjunciones Finales:
para que → Estudia para que puedas aprobar el examen. (LOCUCIONES CONJUNTIVAS)
Conjunciones Concesivas:
por más que → Iremos de camping por más que haga frío. (LOCUCIONES CONJUNTIVAS)
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
A conjunctive adverb can join two main clauses. In this situation, the conjunctive adverb behaves
like a coordinating conjunction, connecting two complete ideas. Notice, however, that you need a
semicolon, not a comma, to connect the two clauses:
• In English
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• In Spanish
1. She went into the store; however, she didn’t find anything she wanted to buy.
Vos sos mi amigo; sin embargo, siento que te estás aprovechando de mi.
INTERJECTIONS
An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion.
Wow “guau” Wow! I love your new house (¡Guau! Amo tu nueva casa)
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Yuck Guácala, ¡Qué asco! The apple is rotten. (¡Qué asco! La manzana está podrida)
Drawing on earlier writings by Wilhelm Wundt, interjections may be subdivided into primary and
secondary interjections.
Primary Interjections, or “Propias” in Spanish, do not belong to and are not derived from
any word category and also encompass onomatopoeia. Presumably, they originate from
animal or human noises. They represent the speaker’s immediate reaction to a certain
event. Examples: (ah, hush, oh, ouch, ugh, wow) (¡oh!, ¡ay!, ¡eh!, ¡hey, ¡uy! )
Secondary Interjections, or “Impropias” in Spanish, are words with another meaning, most
often substantives. However, as an interjection they are used by themselves and express
mental attitudes or states. Examples: ( boy, Christ, chrissakes, dear, Goodness, my,) (¡ojo!,
¡cuidado!, ¡bravo!, ¡magnífico!, ¡oiga!, ¡vaya!, ¡estupendo!, ¡caracoles¡, ¡caramba!,
¡diablos!, ¡recórcholis!)
Emotional interjections those who expressing emotions (come on!, here, hey, hush, lo, etc.).
Simple interjections have the structure of a separate word. (come on!, here, hey, hush, lo, etc.)
Composite interjections are forms combining several words. ( attaboy (that is the
boy), blimey (blind me),dammit (damn it), durr (dear me), for chrissakes (for Christ
sake), omigosh (oh my God), etc.).
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Bibliography:
6) http://spanish.about.com/od/adverbs/a/intro_to_adverb.htm
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