12/30/2018 Percentage Differential Protection - Slope in Differential Protection | Electrical Concepts

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Percentage Differential Protection – Topics

Slope in Differential Protection Power System

Power System Protection
Electrical Machines
DC Machine
Measurement and
As discussed in the post “Transformer Differential Instrumentation
Protection”, differential protection is supposed to operate for AC Circuit
the internal faults or for the zone of protection it is intended Digital Electronics
for. Differential protection is not supposed to operate for a Electrical Drives
through fault. Through fault means a fault outside the zone of Power Electronics
protection. Thus as discussed in earlier post, for a through EM Theory
fault the differential current through the overcurrent element
of the Differential Protection Relay is zero while there is
some definite value of Differential Current for internal faults.
But actually there are many limitations due to which a Recent Posts
differential current flows the Differential Relay in normal
Penalty Factor – Definition,
operation also.
Formula and Solved Examples
How to Prevent Transformer

A practical transformers and CTs pose some challenge to Trip due to PRD Spurious

Differential Protection. They are as follows: Actuation?

Difference between Harmonics
and Sub-harmonics
The primary of transformer will carry no load current Star Delta Starter and Its
even when the secondary is open circuited. This will Working Principle
lead to differential current on which the protection Power Angle Curve of
scheme should not operate. Synchronous Machine

It is not possible to exactly match the CT ratio as per

equation. This would also lead to differential currents
under healthy conditions.

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12/30/2018 Percentage Differential Protection - Slope in Differential Protection | Electrical Concepts

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differential currents will arise as the CT ratio calculated and get interesting stuff
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different Tap, even under healthy conditions. inbox.

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Thus we see that because of the above reasons a differential
current will flow through the Differential Protection Relay. So
Differential Protection will operate which is not expected to I consent to my

operate for the above said reasons. So what to do to submitted data being

prevent tripping because of the differential collected via this form*

current caused by the above mentioned

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To prevent the Differential Protection scheme from picking up we respect your privacy and
under such conditions, a Percentage Differential take protecting it seriously
Protection scheme is used. It improves security at the cost
of sensitivity.

In Percentage Differential Protection, we provide a slope

feature to the Differential Protection Relay. In modern
Numerical Differential protection Relay two slopes are
provided. A typical Slope characteristic is shown in figure
below.

Notice an offset of to account for the no load current of

Transformer. If we don’t provide this offset then the
Differential protection will operate during no load of
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12/30/2018 Percentage Differential Protection - Slope in Differential Protection | Electrical Concepts

Transformer and will trip the Transformer Primary side

Breaker which is not desired.

The current on the X-axis is the average current of primary

and secondary winding referred to primary. It indicates the
restraining current called the Biasing Current, Ibwhile the
corresponding difference on Y-axis represents the differential
current. The Differential Protection Relay will pick up if
magnitude of differential current is more than a fixed
percentage of the restraining current.

Let for differential Protection to operate, Id should be greater

than the x% of Ib. Therefore,

Id/Ib> 0.0x

But Id/Ib = Slope of the curve

Thus Differential Protection will operate if the Slope is

greater than some fixed value which is set in the Differential
Protection Relay. Carefully observe the operating zone in the
Slope characteristic of Differential Protection Relay. Consider
the figure below.

Suppose, the current in the secondary of CT is 1A at normal

operating condition. Therefore the Biasing Current Ib =
(1+1)/2 = 1A

While the Differential Current Id = (1-1) = 0A

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12/30/2018 Percentage Differential Protection - Slope in Differential Protection | Electrical Concepts

Thus as discussed above, the restraining current is more

than the differential current, Differential Protection Relay will
not operate.

Now assume a through fault, so the primary side CT current

will be 2 A (say) and secondary side CT gets saturated so
current in secondary side CT = 0 A.

Thus, Differential current Id = (2-0) = 2A

and Biasing Current Ib = 2/2 = 1A

Thus we see that Differential protection will operate but it is

not expected to operate as the fault is through fault. Thus to
prevent tripping on through fault we provide a slope so that
Differential current increases as the Biasing current
increases and Differential protection will operate if the slope
exceeds a particular value (which can be set in the Relay).

Thank you!

 July 6, 2016  admin  Power System,  Power System Protection  3

Comments  Percentage Differential Protection

«Basic Criteria for Selection of 33

kV/ 11 kV Or 66kV/11kV
Substation

Harmonic Restraining in Differential Protection»

Protection»

3 Thoughts On “Percentage
“Percentage Differential
Protection – Slope In Differential
Protection”
Protection”

— Shubhashish Mohanta

says:
September 30, 2017 at 9:47 pm

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12/30/2018 Percentage Differential Protection - Slope in Differential Protection | Electrical Concepts

Why are there two slopes in the relay characteristics, say one at
50% and the other at 80% even though the percentage bias setting
is at 20%?

 Reply

— Haribalan Kumar

says:
December 17, 2017 at 9:00 pm

Hi sir
I am follower of your blog….. I have doubt in DC supply +55V 0V
-55V concept…can you post about this basic things sir…..

 Reply

— Aditya Kumar

says:
December 17, 2017 at 9:01 pm

Definitely I will post Haribalan Kumar

 Reply

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