SHEAR DEFLECTION IN

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Clause 3.4.6….Deflection of beams
Clause 3.4.5 SHEAR IN CONCRETE
BEAMS
Introduction to Deflection in Reinforced
Concrete Structures
• To fulfill safety requirements the changes of behaviour of
structure must be analyzed with great care.
• These changes are often caused by local reduction of the
stiffness of the structure caused by serviceability limit
irregularities in the structure.
• Deflection and cracking happen to be critical
serviceability limit design considerations for R.C.
structures.
“Thus the structure should not become unfit for use due
to such (serviceability) limits as excessive deflection,
cracking or vibration.”
 Deflection limits
• Deflection in an element is noticeable if

where L is the length of the element.

However to avoid damage to non-structural elements

such as partitions and finishes the deflection limits are
set out as:

(a) whichever is lesser for brittle finishes

(b) whichever is lesser for non-brittle finishes
 Deflection control
BS 8110 stipulates that deflections in reinforced concrete
structures will be under control if;
“the ratios of span of element to effective depth of
the element are limited to the restrictions set out in
section 3.4.6 of Part 1.”
Under normal circumstances if;
the above restrictions are adhered to then the design will
result into a structure whose deflections will be within the
allowable limits.
Otherwise;
“deflections will have to be computed as outlined
below and then compared with the serviceability
requirements given in section 3 of BS 8110: Part 2 of
1985.”
 “the ratios of span of element to effective depth of the
element are limited to the restrictions set out in section
3.4.6 of Part 1.”

Clause 3.4.6.3. Span/effective depth ratio limits for

rectangular and flanged beams - short beams.
clause 3.4.6.4 Span/effective depth ratio limits for
long spans
Table 3.9- basic L/d ratios
clause 3.4.6.4 &Table 3.10 – Modification for
Tension reinforcement
clause 3.4.6.4 &Table 3.11 – Modification for
compression reinforcement
 Example on Deflections Limits
A simply supported rectangular reinforced concrete beam
is as shown in FIGURE. Given the following design data,
determine what depth, h, of the beam will ensure that
deflection criterion is not violated? Take fire resistance to
be 1.5 hours.
i) Dead load on beam due to finishes = 0.75 kN/m2
ii) Imposed load on beam = 3 kN/m
iii) Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
iv) Concrete strength, fcu = 25 N/mm2
v) Reinforcing bar strength fy, = 460 N/mm2
SECTION X-X
Solution
Example…
Example……
Example…..
Example…..
Thus, Provide 2Y16- (402.1)

Reference cla. 3.12.6 and table 3.25

 DESIGN FOR SHEAR
Design for Shear cls 3.4.5
INTRODUCTION
Shear force accompany change in bending moment in beams and
give rise to
- Diagonal tension in the concrete beam
- Bond stresses between the reinforcement and the concrete

The general equation for shear in relation to bending moment is

dM
V 4.1
dx
In homogeneous elastic beam, shear forces give rise to
complementary shear stresses and diagonal tensile and compressive
stresses of the same magnitudes.
Compressive Stress

Load
Figure 4.1: Principle
stresses in homogeneous
beam

Diagonal Tension
Cracks Tensile Stress

The direction of the principle compressive stresses takes the form of

an arch whilst
The direction of the principle tensile stresses takes the form of a
catenary curve or suspended chain/cable.
• Towards mid span where shear is low and bending
stresses is dominant, the direction of the stresses
tend to be parallel to the beam axis.
• Near the supports where the shearing forces are
greater, the principle stresses are inclined at a
steeper angle, so that the tensile stresses are liable
to cause diagonal cracking.
This explains why flexural cracks are vertical while
shear cracks are inclined.
• If the diagonal tension exceed the limited tensile
strength of the concrete then the shear
reinforcement must be provided.
• Shear reinforcement are either stirrups or inclined
bars (used in conjunction with stirrups)
• The shear in reinforced concrete beam without
shear reinforcements is carried by a combination
of three main components which are:

i) Concrete in the compression zone

i) Dowelling action of the tensile reinforcements

i) Aggregate interlock across flexural cracks.

 Design for Stirrups
The simplified equation of shear stresses in concrete beams can
be derived by the method of section from figure 4.2.
• The shear stress is represented as analogues truss;
where
• the longitudinal reinforcement act as bottom chord,
• the stirrups as vertical member and
• the concrete act as the diagonal and top chord of the
compression members.
• The stirrups are spaced at a distance equal to the effective
depth (d) of the beam so that the diagonal concrete compression
members are at an angle of 45o.In the analogues truss:
Asv  the cross-sectional area of the two legs of the stirrups
f yv  characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcements
V  shear force due to ultimate load
DERIVATION OF EQN
Table 3.8 BS8110:1: Values of vc design concrete shear stress
 Design Procedure
In design, the values determined by deflection/ durability aim to
ensure that, maximum shear stress ( v  V / bv d ) at the support does
not exceed 0.8 f cu or 5 N / mm2 . If these values are exceeded
alter the section so as to meet this conformity. Clause 3.4.5.2

Design Steps for Shear

1. At the given section calculate the maximum shear stress, v :
v  V / bv d 4.5

2. Check if v  0.8 f cu or 5 N / mm2

3. Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc , from: Table 3.8

vc  0.79  f cu / 25  100 As / bv d   400 / d  / m
1/3 1/3 1/4

100 As 400
 3  1;
Where: bv d ; d
4. Calculate the required area of vertical shear links
Example 1
SOLUTION
.