1.

Define Family

the basic unit in society traditionally consisting of two parents rearing their
children
2. Discuss advantages of family planning to the father, mother , children and
the community
Mother

 Enables her to regain her health after delivery.

 Gives enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband and children.
 Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement.
 When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery.

Children

 Healthy mothers produce healthy children.

 Will get all the attention, security, love, and care they deserve.

Father

 Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family.

 Enables him to give his children their basic needs (food, shelter, education, and better future).
 Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement.
 When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery.

Community
Family planning comprises a group of activities that permit couples to decide freely the spacing and
number of their children. Its other goals are to identify high risk pregnancies and treat infertility. Family
planning improves the health of mothers, children, and entire families. Women understanding the benefits
of family planning can space pregnancies at least 2 years apart to allow time to care for the new baby and
to recuperate after the birth. Women and children in Chad and throughout Africa are the most vulnerable
population groups with the greatest need for high quality nutrition, but they usually are relegated the food
left over after men and other family members have eaten. Too frequent and too numerous pregnancies
are likely to lead to maternal death from hemorrhage, toxemia, or septicemia. Chronic malnutrition
reduces the defenses of the woman's body. Couples who plan their births for the times when the mother
is best prepared avoid high risk pregnancies. Young infants whose mothers become pregnant too soon
are subjected to abrupt weaning and sometimes physically separated from their mothers. The baby is at
risk of infection and malnutrition because of its lack of adjustment to its new diet, and high rates of
mortality are 1 result. The 2nd baby often is low birth weight and receives less milk because his
malnourished, anemic, and chronically fatigued mother is unable to produce more. The infant is prey to
infections, which his undernourished body is less able to fight. Traditional African societies recognized the
importance of spacing and achieved it by abstinence until the child would walk. Family planning programs
provide contraception, treatment and advice on sexually transmitted diseases, and alternatives to illegal
abortion. Adolescents in particular should be provided with information on the consequences of too early
sexual activity.
3. Identify the different methods of family Planning .

4. Define environment pollution, pollutant, wastes , ecosystem biodiversity

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing

humanity and other life forms on our planet today. Environmental
pollution is defined as “the contamination of the physical and biological
components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that
normal environmental processes are adversely affected.” Pollutants
can be naturally occurring substances or energies, but they are
considered contaminants when in excess of natural levels. Any use of
natural resources at a rate higher than nature’s capacity to restore
itself can result in pollution of air, water, and land.
Pollutants are substances that pollute
the environment, especiallygases from vehicles and poisonous chemicals
produced as waste by industrial processes.

Wastes
A natural part of the life cycle, waste occurs when any organism returns substances to the environment. Living
things take in raw materials and excrete wastes that are recycled by other living organisms. However, humans
produce an additional flow of material residues that would overload the capacity of natural recycling
processes, so these wastes must be managed in order to reduce their effect on our aesthetics, health, or the
environment.

Solid and fluid, hazardous and non-toxic wastes are generated in our households, offices, schools, hospitals,
and industries. No society is immune from day-to-day issues associated with waste disposal. How waste is
handled often depends on its source and characteristics, as well as any local, state, and federal regulations that
govern its management. Practices generally differ for residences and industries, in urban and rural areas, and
for developed and developing countries.

Ecosystem diversity deals with the variations in ecosystems within a geographical location and its
overall impact on human existence and the environment.
Ecosystem diversity is a type of biodiversity. It is the variation in the ecosystems found in a region or
the variation in ecosystems over the whole planet. Biodiversity is important because it clears out our
water, changes out climate, and provides us with food. Ecological diversity includes the variation in
both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Ecological diversity can also take into account the variation
in the complexity of a biological community, including the number of different niches, the number
of trophic levels and other ecological processes. An example of ecological diversity on a global scale
would be the variation in ecosystems, such as deserts, forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans.
Ecological diversity is the largest scale of biodiversity, and within each ecosystem, there is a great
deal of both species and genetic diversity

5. Identify the different pollutions

Land pollution
Land can become polluted by household garbage and by industrial waste. In 2014, Americans
produced about 258 million tons of solid waste, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. A little over half of the waste — 136 million tons— was gathered in landfills. Only
about 34 percent was recycled or composted.
Organic material was the largest component of the garbage generated, the EPA said. Paper and
paperboard accounted for more than 26 percent; food was 15 percent and yard trimmings were 13 percent.
Plastics comprised about 13 percent of the solid waste, while rubber, leather and textiles made up 9.5
percent and metals 9 percent. Wood contributed to 6.2 percent of the garbage; glass was 4.4 percent and
other miscellaneous materials made up about 3 percent.

Water pollution
Water pollution happens when chemicals or dangerous foreign substances are introduced to
water, including chemicals, sewage, pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural runoff, or metals
like lead or mercury. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 44 percent of
assessed stream miles, 64 percent of lakes and 30 percent of bay and estuarine areas are not clean
enough for fishing and swimming. The EPA also states that the United State's most common
contaminants are bacteria, mercury, phosphorus and nitrogen. These come from the most
common sources of contaminates, that include agricultural runoff, air deposition, water
diversions and channelization of streams.

Water pollution isn't just a problem for the United States. According to United Nations, 783
million people do not have access to clean water and around 2.5 billion do not have access to
adequate sanitation. Adequate sanitation helps to keep sewage and other contaminants from
entering the water supply.

Air pollution
The air we breathe has a very exact chemical composition; 99 percent of it is made up of
nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Air pollution occurs when things that aren't
normally there are added to the air. A common type of air pollution happens when people release
particles into the air from burning fuels. This pollution looks like soot, containing millions of
tiny particles, floating in the air.

Another common type of air pollution is dangerous gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical
reactions once they are in the atmosphere, creating acid rain and smog. Other sources of air
pollution can come from within buildings, such as secondhand smoke.
Noise pollution
Even though humans can't see or smell noise pollution, it still affects the environment. Noise
pollution happens when the sound coming from planes, industry or other sources reaches harmful
levels. Research has shown that there are direct links between noise and health, including stress-
related illnesses, high blood pressure, speech interference, hearing loss. For example, a study
bythe WHO Noise Environmental Burden on Disease working group found that noise pollution
may contribute to hundreds of thousands of deaths per year by increasing the rates of coronary
heart disease. Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA can regulate machine and plane noise.
Underwater noise pollution coming from ships has been shown to upset whales' navigation
systems and kill other species that depend on the natural underwater world. Noise also makes
wild species communicate louder, which can shorten their lifespan.

Light pollution
Most people can't imagine living without the modern convenience of electric lights. For the
natural world, though, lights have changed the way that days and nights work. Some
consequences of light pollution are:

 Some birds sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light.

 Scientists have determined that long artificial days can affect migration schedules, as they allow for
longer feeding times.
 Streetlights can confuse newly hatched sea turtles that rely on starlight reflecting off the waves to
guide them from the beach to the ocean. They often head in the wrong direction.
 Light pollution, called sky glow, also makes it difficult for astronomers, both professional and
amateur, to properly see the stars.
 Plant's flowering and developmental patterns can be entirely disrupted by artificial light.
 According to a study by the American Geophysical Union, light pollution could also be making smog
worse by destroying nitrate radicals that helps the dispersion of smog.

6. Cite and activities which causes pollution that are strictly prohibited by laws

P2 law
In 1990, Congress passed the Pollution Prevention Act which states: "the
Environmental Protection Agency must establish a source reduction program
which collects and disseminates information, provides financial assistance to
States, and implements the other activities...."
 EPA is responsible for implementing the law passed by Congress called
the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990.
The "Findings" section of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 explains why
Congress passed the P2 Act and are briefly captured below:

 The United States of America annually produces millions of tons of pollution and
spends tens of billions of dollars per year controlling this pollution.
 There are significant opportunities for industry to reduce or prevent pollution at
the source through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw
materials use.
 The opportunities for source reduction are often not realized because existing
regulations, and the industrial resources they require for compliance, focus upon
treatment and disposal, rather than source reduction.
 Source reduction is fundamentally different and more desirable than waste
management and pollution control.

The "Findings" section of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 explains why
Congress passed the P2 Act.
P2 defined
Pollution prevention is reducing or eliminating waste at the source by modifying
production processes, promoting the use of nontoxic or less toxic substances,
implementing conservation techniques, and reusing materials rather than putting
them into the waste stream.
Pollution prevention means source reduction and EPA defines P2 in
this Memorandum - May 28, 1992, Subject: EPA Definition of "Pollution
Prevention."
The Pollution Prevention Act defines "source reduction" to mean any practice
which:

 Reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant

entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment (including
fugitive emissions); prior to recycling, treatment or disposal; and
 Reduces the hazards to public health and the environment associated with the
release of such substances, pollutants or contaminants.

The term includes: equipment or technology modifications; process or procedure

modifications; reformulation or redesign of products; substitution of raw materials;
and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training or inventory control.
Under the Pollution Prevention Act, recycling, energy recovery, treatment and
disposal are not included within the definition of pollution prevention.
National pollution prevention policy
The Pollution Prevention Act establishes a national policy that EPA implements:
 Pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible;
 Pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe
manner whenever feasible;
 Pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled should be treated in an
environmentally safe manner whenever feasible; and
 Disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a last
resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner.

7. Describe how planet looks like now