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Test 2
MB
BE 3119 – Mannufacturing TTechnologies
Allowable Tim
A me: 1 hour 355 minutes
27th April, 20118
Date: 2
Answer ALL Questions
1) If the machine ed surface in tthe corner of a part as shoown Fig. 1 is eend milled, sp
pecify with thee aid
off sketches to illustrate andd with suitable reasoning w whether (i) ho orizontal milling machine oor (ii)
veertical millingg machine beiing appropriaate for perfor ming the macchining task. Give reasons why
th
he milling machine which yyou are not selected is nott adequate fo or such type oof milling.
(20 marks)
Fig. 1: Th
he first pass o
of end milled surface on a “l” long planee block whichh is moved at
longitud dinal and trannsverse velocities “v” and ““w”, respectivvely, to the m
milling cutter
Answers: (Guid
A ons – Ref to SSlides 17, 18,119, 20 and 211 in Lecture Note 6)
des to Solutio
(aa) Schematic illustration of setup features of
a horizontal millingg machine (b) Setup featurees of a verticaal milling macchine
(c) Mountingg of cutter in horizontal miilling (d) Mountingg of cutter in vvertical millin
ng
mach hine and in op perations machine and in opeerations
((f) Illustration
n of cutter in vertical millin
ng
(e) Cutter off horizontal m
milling machin
ne in
machine in operation fo or end milling
operationns
Fig. A1: Com
mparison of ho
orizontal and/or vertical m
milling machin
ne setup and their operations
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Test 2(a) Manufacturing technologies for metal materials; 27th April 2018
Fig. A1(a) is the schematic illustration of a horizontal‐spindle column‐and‐knee type milling
machine (An arbor bridges the column and the mounting block at the free end of overarm, with
cutter to be fastened through the arbor). Fig. A1(b) shows a vertical‐spindle column‐and‐knee
type milling machine (Cutter is mounted into spindle in the head and spins to cut workpiece
mounted on the mounting table). Due to the approach of mounting cutter (cf. Fig. A1(c) and Fig.
A1(d)), the cutter blade can be vertically upward to generate vertically cut wall in any place
within cutting path for the vertical milling machine (Fig. A1(d)). However, the cutting zone (Fig.
A1(e)) of horizontal milling machine tends to create some slope along the cutting front and the
cutting teethes of cutter likely result in the unsmooth surface. Hence, the accessibility and the
free intermittence nature of end milling, as shown in Fig A1(f), suggest that the operation can
be performed using the vertical milling machine mounted with cutter having constant diameter,
from the bottom to top, which is mounted to the chuck of vertical spindle of the vertical milling
machine. By doing so, the depth and dimensions of end milling can be achievable by
progressively increasing the penetration of cutter into materials roughly, which is following by
final cut to achieve the proper depth and dimensions. Noting that the round corner of the end
milling is mainly as a result of cutter diameter (since smaller cutter diameter reduces its rigidity
and strength so that it is susceptible to break, certain level of round corner is usually allowed in
end milling).
2) A manufacturing engineer is finding a press with suitable tonnage to blank a L peripheral length
off a sheet metal with T thickness and ultimate tensile stress UTS.
i) Adviser him/her how to estimate the maximum punch force
(2 marks)
ii) Suggest 2 feasible approaches to reduce the required punch force so that a pressure
with lower tonnage output can be used for the execution of blanking. Describe the
setup features and operational principles of individual approaches. With the aid of
sketches, comment on the quality of blanked pieces to be achievable.
(18 marks)
Answers: (Guides to solutions – Slides 7 and 8 in Lecture Note 5)
(i) The maximum punch force F can be expressed as F= 0.7 T L (UTS) in which T is the thickness
of sheet metal, L is the periphery of workpiece to be punched out from worksheet, UTS is
the ultimate tensile stress of the workpiece.
(ii) From the mathematical expression for maximum force calculation, the values of T and UTS
are the parameters of sheet metal which are not changeable. Hence, the reduction of the
punch force can be achieved by suitably decreasing the instantaneous L during punching or
blanking. The most popular approaches for the reduction of F is either (i) implementing
shearing (or bevel shear onto the bottom of punch with flat die surface (Fig. A2(a)) or (ii)
implementing bevel on die surface to generate convex shear with bottom flat punch surface
(Fig. A2(b)).
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Test 2(a) M
Manufacturin materials; 27 th April 2018
ng technologies for metal m
(a) Bevel shear on pu
unch (b) Beevel shear on die
o configuratio
Fig. A2: Two ons of punch‐ die pair for reeducing puncch force
(a) Setup features of b
bevel shear on
n punch (b) Setup
p features of bevel shear o
on die
Fig. A3
3: The setup ffeatures and resulted pun ch‐piece quality of (a) bevvel shear on p
punch
and (b) bevel shear onn die with theeir respective counterpart kept flat
Setup features: ‐
For setup of Fig. A3(a): ‐ A blank pie ece is placed on the top off flat die and the bevel sheared
punch is properly
p mouunted onto to o the bottomm of top platform so that the central liine of
both botto om die hole and top bevel shear punch is aligned pro operly.
For setup of Fig. A3(b):: ‐ Similarly, aa blank piece is placed on the top of bevel shear die and
the flat puunch is prope erly mounted onto to the bottom of to op platform sso that the ceentral
line of both bottom die e hole and top p punch is aliggned properlyy.
Operational principles: ‐
For setup of Fig. A3(a): ‐ When the top punch is lowering dow wn with the m moving down nward
ess platform, the tip of be
of top pre evel will peneetrate to sheear those region in touch.. Such
penetratio on creates strretching phen nomena to oother the parrts where aree still not tou
uching
with the bevel
b on pun
nch. Such pro ogressively inncreasing of bbevel contactt with blank piece
limits the instantaneou us L and hencce reduces th e punch force magnitude until all periphery
under the punch rim is i completelyy shorn off. D Due to the sstretching acttion, the punnched
piece givess dark shape as shown in the bottom oof Fig. A3(a). Due to the p probable disto ortion
of the punched piece shape, such h method m ay not be appropriate to use in blaanking
although itt is ok for she
earing processses.
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Test 2(a) M
Manufacturin materials; 27 th April 2018
ng technologies for metal m
drical solid rod
Fig. 2: Illusstration of threaded sectioon on a cylind
Answers: (Guid
A des to solutio ons – Slides 20, 21, 22, andd 23 in Lecturre Note 4)
When
W one givven a bolt or stud with th hreaded sectiion on to ideentify whetheer the thread ds are
machined or r
m olled, it is poossible by simply seeing if the shank is equal to the major diameeter of
thhe threads. Iff it is smallerr, the threads are rolled. It is machined if they arre both equal. The
reeasons are th hat: (i) the materials
m t section oof thread reggion on a rod material w
in the will be
reemoved awayy to give valleys while th he peaks aree still remaining the samee diameter aas the
original rod (ass seen in Fig. A4(a)); and ((ii) the materrials in the pro otrusion regio ons of the forming
toool in rolling w will penetrate e into the rod d surface (for forming valleeys of the thrreads) and squeeze
thhe materials tto fill the cavities in the to ool (for forminng peaks of the threads) –– such squeezzed to
fill results in major
m diametter larger thaan that of thhe original ro
od (the shank of threads)) (Fig.
A4(b)). Due to o difference in processingg, the grain structure in the bisected d threads ressumes
parallel fiberss while those e with rolled d have curviing fibers beending into the tip peakks, as
illlustrated in Fig. A4(a) and Fig. A4(b), re espectively.
A4: The fiber o
Fig. A orientation of threads prooduced by maachining and//or rolling
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Test 2(a) M
Manufacturin materials; 27 th April 2018
ng technologies for metal m
4) Describe with the aid of skketches the fe
eatures of thee likely defecct of laps in finished forgin
ng, its
caausing mechaanisms and ap pproach in deesign forging bblank for min
nimizing its occcurrence.
(6 marks)
Answers: (Guid
A des to solutio
ons – Slide 30
0, Lecture Notte 3)
Fig. A5
5: Schematic illustration off forming deffect of laps
Fig. 3: Metal flow pattern in and beforee die openingg in direct exttrusion with ssquare die (un
nder
high friction or co
ooling of outeer region of th
he billet)
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Test 2(a) M
Manufacturin materials; 27 th April 2018
ng technologies for metal m
Answers: (Guid
A des to solutio
ons – Slides 36 and 37, 41 ‐ 43, and 54 aand 55 in Lectture Note 4)
Fig. A6: Setup featurres of hydrosttatic extrusion processes
Se
etup features and operattion principle n:‐ (Slides 36
es of hydrostaatic extrusion 6 and 37 in Leecture
Note 4)
Fiig. A6 shows tthe design features of hyd drostatic extruusion have baasic componeents almost siimilar
too direct extrusion except that (i) the container liner ffor the setup p of direct exttrusion is replaced
byy fluid (lubriccant/grease) ssurrounding tthe billet and there is not aany direct con ntact betweeen
coontainer inne er wall and billlet outer surfface; and (ii) tthere are seaals replacing tthe dummy block
on pressing ste em of the dire ect extrusion system and bbetween com mponents wheere leaking off fluid
would likely be
w e resulted froom the system m. By doing soo, the floor off working placce may not be
eaasily wetted tto create safe ety hazards. H However, fluidd is allowed tto be dragged d out through h the
in
nterface of die e opening and d the billet so
o as to reducee significantlyy interfacial frriction.
Fuurthermore, tthe fluid surro ounding the b billet may appply fluid pres sure to deforrm the billet
hyydraulically b before it is exttruded out fro om fluid cham mber. In hydrrostatic extrusion, the forcce
frrom pressing stem is transmitted through fluid to deeform firstly tthe billet hydrraulically and d to
push the billett out from the e die openingg.
Advantages off the hydraulicc extrusion in n comparing w with direct exxtrusion proceess are: (i) it
reeduces surfacce friction aro ound billet sin nce does not hhave any inteerfacial contact with contaainer;
(ii) fluid flows tthrough interrface between opening an d extruded b billet and acts a lubricant to o
minimize furth
m her the friction, and smootthen the surfaace of extrusion; (iii) it preedeforms the billet
byy surroundingg fluid before extruded out;; and (iv) releease of wear o
e the billet is e of chamber
suurface so thatt inner liner m may not be ussed.
Liimitations of the hydraulicc extrusion in comparison w with direct exxtrusion: (i) P
Proper sealingg of
fluid from leakking is necessaary, which maay make com mpressive stem m system hard to design and
reelatively more e expensive; ((ii) leaking of fluid to the sshopfloor creaates safety haazard to workkers;
an nd (iii) the maachine may b be more expensive.
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Test 2(a) M
Manufacturin materials; 27 th April 2018
ng technologies for metal m
hematic illustrration of form
Fig. A7: Sch ming center bust in extrusion
Ellucidation of the implicattion and distoortion of messhes just or wwithin the oppening: ‐ (Slid
des 41
– 43, Lecture N
Note 4)
Fiig. 3 shows m
material flow ppatterns within or at viciniity of die opening in a squaare die. Its deead
zoone indicates sufficient maaterials accummulating in thhe corners of chamber and d die, which resists
thhe materials ffrom upstreamm to fill and cchanges the fflow direction
n due to increeasing reductaant
flow. The absoorption of succh dead zone is to implemeent of die anggle along the outermost
envelope of thhe squeezed rrigid body where the meshh lines are squ ueezed closelly together. D Due to
thhe mesh liness are squeezed together fo orming rigid bbody compresssing the matterials in betw ween,
thhe materials u
under compre ession squeezzed to flow b ackwards to rresist the upccoming flow o of
upstream materials. This ad dds those materials in the middle to bee squeezed flo owing forwards,
crreating tensile stressing co
ondition for thhe materials in between. TThis subsequeently likely crreates
devastation off materials in the region an nd thus pronee to the formation of centeer bust.
Chevron crackking (Central bust) and correlation to fflow pattern in Fig. 3: (Reef to slides 54 4 – 55,
Leecture Note 44)
7