Chapter 9 Exercise 9.

Chapter 9
dy
 e x  2e2 x
dx
Again differentiating
d2y d x d
 e  2 e2 x
Differential equation An equation that involves dx 2
dx dx
the derivatives of dependent variables of one or 2
d y d d
more independent variables 2
 ex  x   2e2 x  2 x 
dx dx dx
Ordinary differential equation An equation that 2
d y
involves the derivatives of dependent variables of 2
 e x  4e 2 x
dx
one independent variable
Partial differential equation An equation that dy d2y
Putting value of y, and in equation (1)
involves the derivatives of dependent variables of dx dx 2
d2y
 3  2 y  e x  4e2 x  3  e x  2e2 x   2  e x  e2 x 
more than one independent variables dy
Order of differential equation: dx 2
dx
Order of highest order derivative 2
d y dy
Degree of a differential equation 2
 3  2 y  e x  4e2 x  3e x  6e2 x  2e x  2e2 x
Power of the highest order derivative dx dx
2
Linear differential equation: D.E is said to be linear d y dy
2
 3  2 y  e x  3e x  2e x  4e2 x  6e2 x  2e2 x
if the following condition holds dx dx
1. Dependent variables and its derivatives occur to 2
d y dy
the first power only 2
3  2y  0
2. There is no products involving the dependent
dx dx
Hence y  e  e is a solution of differential equation
x 2x
variables or its derivatives
3. There should be linear functions of dependent dy
variables, such as trigonometric (sine) exponential etc b). y  x  x ln x, x x y 0
dx
Exercise 9.1 Sol: Given x
dy
x y 0
Q1. Find the order, degree linear and nonlinear of dx
each of following ordinary differential equations: y  x  x ln x
dy Differentiating both sides with respect to x
a).  x2  y
dy d d
dx  x   x ln x 
dy dx dx dx
Sol: Given  x2  y
dx dy  d d 
 1   x ln x  ln x x 
Order = 1 Degree = 1 Linear dx  dx dx 
2
d y dy dy  1 
b). 2
 3  11y  3x  1   x  ln x 
dx dx dx  x 
2
d y dy
Sol: Given 2  3  11y  3x dy
 1  1  ln x 
dx dx dx
Order = 2 Degree = 1 Linear
dy
3  1  1  ln x
 dy 
2
d y
c).  2   y  0 dx
 dx 
2
dx dy
3   ln x
d2y  dy  dx
Sol: Given 2  2    y  0
dx  dx  dy
Putting the value of y and in equation (1)
Order = 3 Degree = 1 Non-Linear dx
dy
x  x  y  x   ln x   x   x  x ln x 
Q2. In each case, show that the indicated function
is a solution of the differential equation dx
a). y  e x  e2 x , d2y dy dy
3  2y  0
dx 2
dx x  x  y   x ln x  x  x  x ln x
2 dx
Sol: Given d y2  3 dy  2 y  0.............. 1
dy
dx dx x x y 0
y  e e
x 2x dx
Differentiating both sides with respect to x Hence y  x  x ln x is a solution of differential eq
dy d x d 2x dy
 e  e c). y   x  c  e x ,  y  e x
dx dx dx dx
dy d d
 ex  x   e2 x  2 x  Sol: Given
dy
 y  e x
dx dx dx dx

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 211
Chapter 9 Exercise 9.1

y   x  c  e x dy 1
ex  xy 3  0
Differentiating both sides with respect to x dx
y   x  c  e x It is non linear
dy d d Q4. In each case, use the initial condition and the
 e x  x  c    x  c  e x general solution of the differential equation to
dx dx dx
determine a particular solution:
dy  d d  d
y  2  1
 e x  x c    x  c  e x x a). xyc
dx  dx dx  dx
Sol: Given x y  c..... 1 y  2  1
dy
 e x 1  0    x  c  e  x Here x  2, y  1 putting in equation (1)
dx
dy  2 1  c
 e x   x  c  e x
dx c2
dy Thus equation (1) becomes
Putting the value of y and in equation (1)
dx xy  2
dy y  x  x ln x  c y 1  2
 y  e x   x  c  e x   x  c  e x
b).
dx Sol: Given y  x  x ln x  c........................1
dy
 y  e x With y 1  2  x  1, y  2 put in (1)
dx
Hence y   x  c  e  x is a solution of differential eq 2  1  1 ln 1  c
Q3. For each of following equations, determine whether 2  1  1 0   c
or not it becomes linear when divided by dx or dy 2  1 c
a).  x  y  dy   x  y  dx 2 1  c
Sol: Given  x  y  dy   x  y  dx
c 1
Dividing it by dx on both sides Thus equation (1) becomes
dy dx y  x  x ln x  1
 x  y   x  y
dx dx  
dy c) sin  xy   y  c, y  1
 x  y  x  y 4
dx Sol: Given sin  xy   y  c......................... 1
dy dy
x y  x y   
dx dx With y   1 x , y  1 put in (1)
dy 4 4
It is non-linear because coefficient of is y
 
dx sin  .1  1  c
b). a dy  b y sin x dx  0 4 
Sol: Given a dy  b y sin x dx  0 2
1  c
Dividing it by dx on both sides 2
dy dx Thus equation (1) becomes
a  b y sin x 0
dx dx 2
sin  xy   y  1
dy 2
a  b y sin x  0
dx y 2 x2
It is Linear. But after dividing by dy it is non linear d).   c, y 1  1
x 2
c). 3 y dx  2 x dy  0
y 2 x2
Sol: Given 3 y dx  2 x dy  0 Sol: Given   c........................... 1
x 2
Dividing it by dx on both sides
With y 1  1  x  1, y  1 put in (1)
dx dy
3y  2x 0
dx dx 12 12
 c
dy 1 2
3y  2x 0
dx 1  12  c
It is linear c  1  12
1
d). e dy  xy dx  0
x 3
c  12
1
Sol: Given e dy  xy dx  0
x 3 Thus equation (1) becomes
Dividing it by dx on both sides y 2 x2 1
1
 
dy dx x 2 2
ex  xy 3 0
dx dx Q5. Solve the following initial value problems:

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 212
Chapter 9 Exercise 9.1

dy Integrating both sides

a).  cos x, y  0  1
y dy  2 x dx
2
dx
dy
Sol: Given  cos x y 1  x2 
dx  2   c
1  2 
With y  0   1 x  0, y  1
1
  x 2  c...................................... 1
We have dy  cos x y
dx
Separation of variables Putting the value of x and y
dy  cos x dx 1
  32  c
Integrating both sides 1
1 9c
 dy   cos x dx
1 9  c
y  sin x  c...................................... 1
c  8
Putting the value of x and y
Thus equation (1) becomes
1  sin  0   c 1
  x2  8
1 0c y
1 c 1
Thus equation (1) becomes
 8  x2
y
y  sin x  1 Taking reciprocal
dy 1
b).  x2 , y  0  1 y
dx 8  x2
dy dy 1
Sol: Given  x2 d).  y  y2 , y  0 
dx dx 2
With y  0   1 x  0, y  1 dy
Sol: Given  y  y2
We have dy  x 2 dx
dx dy 1
Separation of variables  y  y2 , y  0 
dx 2
dy  x 2 dx 1 1
Integrating both sides With y  0   x  0, y 
2 2
 dy   x dx
2
dy
We have  y  y2
x3
y  c...................................... 1 dx
3 Separation of variables
Putting the value of x and y dy
03  y2  y
1 c dx
3
dy
1 0c  dx
1 c
y y
2

Thus equation (1) becomes dy

 dx
x3 y  y  1
y  1
3 Integrating both sides
dy dy
c).  2 xy 2 , y  3  1  y  y 1   dx
dx
dy
Sol: Given  2 xy 2 Take
1 A
 
B
................... 1
dx y  y  1 y y  1
dy
 2 xy 2 , y  3  1 Multiply each fraction by y  y  1 we get
dx
With y  3  1 x  3, y  1 y  y  1
1 A
 y  y  1  y  y  1
B
dy y  y  1 y y 1
We have  2 xy 2
dx 1  A  y  1  By........................ 2
Separation of variables Put y  0 in equation (2) we get
1  A  0  1  B  0 
dy
 2 x dx
y2
1  A
y 2 dy  2 x dx
A  1

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 213
Chapter 9 Exercise 9.1

Put y  1 in equation (2) we get ln 1  y 2   x 2  2c …………………………………..(1)

1  A 1  1  B 1 Putting the value of x and y
1  A  0  B  B 1 ln 1  02  02  2c
Putting the value of A and B in equation (1) we get ln 1  2c
1 1 1
 
y  y  1 y y 1 c0
Thus integral becomes Thus equation (1) becomes
dy ln 1  y 2   x 2
 y  y  1   dx
1  y 2  e x
2

dy dy
 
y 1 
 dx y 2  1  e x
2

y
 ln y  ln y  1  x  c y  1  e x
2

y 1 dy
ln
y
 xc f). 2  4 xe x , y  0   42
dx
Putting the value of x and y dy
1
1 Sol: Given 2  4 xe x
ln 2
1
 0c dx
dy
 2 xe  x
2
Or
 12 dx
ln c dy
1
2 2  4 xe x , y  0   42
dx
ln 1  c With y  0   42 x  0, y  42
c0 dy
Thus equation (1) becomes We have  2 xe  x
 y 1 
dx
ln    x0 Separation of variables
 y  dy  2xe x dx
y 1
 ex Integrating both sides
dx......................................1
y
 dy  2 xe
x

y  1  ye x

Integration by parts
y  ye x  1
y 1  e x
 1  
y  2  x  e x dx   dxd  x   e  x dx dx 
 
1 y  2  x  e x     e  x  dx 
y
1  ex
dy y  2 xe x  2 e x dx
e). y  xy 2  x  0, y  0  0
dx y  2 xe x  2  e x   c
Sol: Given y dy  xy 2  x  0
dx y  2 xe x  2e x  c
With y  0   0 x  0, y  0 Putting the value of x and y
We have y dy  xy 2  x  0 ……………………..(1) 42  2  0  e 0  2e 0  c
42  0  2 1  c
dx
Separation of variables
dy 42  2  c
y  x  xy 2
dx c  44
 x 1  y 2 
dy Thus equation (1) becomes
y
dx
y  2 xe x  2e x  44
y
dy  x dx Solution of D.E by Separation of variables
1 y2
Integrating both sides solution of DE is not possible by direct integration,
y So we try to rearrange the DE to be solved such a way
 1  y 2 dy   x dx that all terms involving dependent variable appear on
one side of the equation and all the terms involving
1 2 y
2  1 y2
dy   x dx independent variables appear on the other side
Homogeneous function
1 x 2
A function is said to be homogenous of degree n
ln 1  y 2  c
2 2 f   x,  y    n f  x, y 
Multiply by -2
Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 214
Chapter 9 Exercise 9.2

Homogeneous differential equation  dy 

2

dy f  x, y     1 y
2
c).
The DE  is said to be homogenous DE  
dx
dx g  x, y  2
 dy 
  1 y
2
if it defines a homogenous function of degree zero Sol: Given 
Solution of HDE HDE can be reduced to separable  dx 
form by assuming y  ux Taking square root on both sides
2
Orthogonal trajectories The two families of curves  dy 
   1 y
2
F  x, y, c1  and G  x, y, c2  are perpendicular at a  dx 
point of intersection if and only if their tangents are
dy
perpendicular at the point of intersection  1 y2
dx
Exercise 9.2 Separation of variables
Q1. Find the general solution of the following dy
 dx
differential equations: 1 y2
dy
2x  2y Integrating both sides
a). dx 0
dy
   dx
x2
dy
2x  2y 1 y2
Sol: Given dx 0
x2 sin 1  y   x  c
dy
2x  2 y  0.x 2 y  sin  x  c 
dx
dy dy
2x  2y  0 d).  y2  0
ex
dx dx
Dividing both sides by 2
x dy
dy Sol: Given e  y2  0
x y0 dx
dx dy
Separation of variables ex   y2
dy dx
x y Separation of variables
dx
dy dx dy dx
  x
y x y 2
e
ln y  ln x  ln c y 2 dy  e x dx
ln y  ln cx Integrating both sides
y  cx
y dy   e  x dx
2

dy
b).  y dx  2 dx y 1 e x
x  c
dy 1 1
Sol: Given  y dx  2 dx
x 1
  e x  c
dy y
 2 dx  y dx
x Taking reciprocal
dy 1
  2  y  dx y  x
x e c
Separation of variables 1
dy y  x
 x dx e c
2 y
e). 1  x 2 dy  1  y 2 dx
Integrating both sides
dy Sol: Given 1  x 2 dy  1  y 2 dx

2 y 
 x dx
Separation of variables
 ln  2  y  
dy dx
x2
2 c 
x2 1 y2 1  x2
ln  2  y    c
2 Integrating both sides
x2 dy dx
  
 c
2 y  e 2

x2
1 y 2
1  x2
 c
y  2e 2

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 215
Chapter 9
sin 1  y   sin 1  x   c b). y  tan  x  y   1

y  sin  sin 1  x   c  Sol: Given y  tan  x  y   1

Let x  y  u
f). cos ec2 x dy  sec y dx  0
Differentiating both sides
Sol: Given cos ec2 x dy  sec y dx  0 d d d
x y u
cos ec2 x dy   sec y dx dx dx dx
Separation of variables dy du
1 
dy dx dx dx
 dy du
secy cos ec 2 x  1
dx dx
cos y dy   sin 2 x dx Putting the values in equation (1) we get
 1  cos 2 x  1  cos 2 x du
cos y dy     dx  sin x   1  tan  u   1
2

 2  2 dx
1 1 du
cos y dy  dx  cos 2 x dx  tan  u 
2 2 dx
Integrating both sides Separation of variables
1 1
 cos y dy  2  dx  2  cos 2 x dx du
 dx
tan  u 
 x 1 sin 2 x
sin y   c
2 2 dxd  2 x 
cos u
du  dx
sin u
 x sin 2 x
sin y   c Integrating both sides
2 4 ln  sin u   x  c
  x sin 2 x 
y  sin    c sin u  e x  c
 2 4  Putting the value of u
Q2. Reduce the following differential equations in sin  x  y   e x  c
separable form and then solve:
a). y   y  x 
2 c). y   e x  1 e  y

Sol: Given
dy
  y  x  ...................... 1
2 
Sol: Given y  e x  1 e  y 
  e x  1 e y
dx dy
Let x  y  u dx
Differentiating both sides Separation of variables
d d d
  e x  1 dx
x y  u dy
dx dx dx y
e
1
dy du
 e y dy   e x  1 dx
dx dx Integrating both sides
 e dy    e  1 dx
dy du
 1 y x

dx dx
Putting the values in equation (1) we get e y  ex  x  c
du dy
1  u2 d). y  xy 2  x  0
dx dx
du dy
 u2 1 Sol: Given y  xy 2  x  0
dx dx
Separation of variables dy
du y  x  xy 2
 dx dx
u2 1
 x 1  y 2 
dy
Integrating both sides y
dx
du
u 1 
2
 dx Separation of variables
ydy
 x dx
tan 1  u   x  c 1 y2
u  tan  x  c  Integrating both sides
y dy
Putting the value of u  1  y 2   xdx
x  y  tan  x  c 
y  tan  x  c   x

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 216
Chapter 9
1 2 y dy Q3. Solve the following homogeneous differential
2  1 y2
  xdx equations:
dy x  y
1
ln 1  y 2  
x2
c
a). 
2 2 dx x  y
ln 1  y 2    x 2  2c dy x  y
Sol: Given  .......................... 1
dx x  y
1  y 2  e x 2c
2

y
Let  u  y  ux
y 2  1  e x 2c
2

x
Differentiating both sides
y  1  e x 2c
2

d d d
e). dy y x2 y  x u u x
  2 dx dx dx
dx x y
dy du
Sol: Given dy y
  2
x2 x u
dx x y dx dx
dy y 1 Putting the values in equation (1) we get
  2 .............................................. 1
dx x y du x  ux
x u 
x2 dx x  ux
Let
y
u  y  ux du x 1  u 
x u 
x dx x 1  u 
Differentiating both sides
d d d du 1 u
y  x u u x x  u
dx dx dx dx 1 u
dy du du 1  u  u 1  u 
x u x 
dx dx dx 1 u
Putting the values in equation (1) we get du 1 u  u  u2
du 1 x 
x u  u  2 dx 1 u
dx u du 1 u2
du 1 x 
x  dx 1 u
dx u 2 Separation of variables
Separation of variables 1 u dx
dx du 
u du 
2
1 u 2
x
x Integrating both sides
Integrating both sides 1 u dx
dx  1 u du  
 u du   x
2 2
x
1 u dx
u3
 ln x  ln c
 1  u 2 du   1  u 2 du   x
3 1 1 2u dx
u 3  3ln cx  1  u 2 du  2  1  u 2 du   x
Putting the value of u
tan 1  u   ln 1  u 2   ln  x   ln  c 
3
1
 y
   3ln  cx  2
x
tan 1  u   ln  cx   ln 1  u 2 
1
y3
 3ln  cx  2
x3 tan 1  u   ln  cx   ln 1  u 2
y 3  3x3 ln  cx 
f).  y  3 dy   x3  1 dx 
tan 1  u   ln cx 1  u 2 
Sol: Given  y  3 dy   x 3  1 dx
Putting the value of u
  y  
2
1  y 
Integrating both sides 
tan    ln cx 1   
x   x  
  y  3 dy    x  1 dx 
3

dy xy  y 2
y 2
x 4
b). 
 3y   xc  by 4 dx x2
2 4
dy xy  y 2
2 y 2  12 y  x 4  4 x  4c Sol: Given  .......................1
dx x2

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 217
Chapter 9
y du 1  3u 2  2u 2
Let u  y  ux x 
x dx 2u
Differentiating both sides du 1  u 2

d d d x 
yx u u x dx 2u
dx dx dx Separation of variables
dy du
x u 2u dx
dx dx du 
Putting the values in equation (1) we get 1 u 2
x
Integrating both sides
du ux 2  u 2 x 2
x u  2u dx
dx x2  1 u 2
du  
x2 u  u 2 
x
ln 1  u   ln  x   ln  c 
du
x u  2
dx x2
x
du
 u  u2 ln 1  u 2   ln  cx 
dx
du 1  u 2  cx
x  u 2 Putting the value of u
dx 2
Separation of variables  y
1     cx
1 dx x
 du 
u 2
x y2
1  2  cx
dx x
u 2 du 
x x  y2
2
 cx
Integrating both sides x2
  u 2 du  
dx x 2  y 2  cx 3
x
dy x2  y 2  y
u 1
d). 
  ln cx dx x
1
dy x2  y 2  y
1
 ln cx Sol: Given  ............... 1
u dx x
Putting the value of u y
Let u  y  ux
1 x
y
 ln cx Differentiating both sides
x
d d d
x y  x u u x
 ln cx dx dx dx
y
dy du
x u
dy x 2  3 y 2 dx dx
c). 
dx 2 xy Putting the values in equation (1) we get
x 2  u 2 x 2  ux
dy x 2  3 y 2 du
u 
....................1
x
Sol: Given  dx x
dx 2 xy x 2 1  u 2   ux
du
y x u 
Let  u  y  ux dx x
x du x 1  u  ux 2

Differentiating both sides x u 

dx x
d
dx
yx
d
dx
u u
d
dx
x
x
du
u 
x 1 u2  u  
dy du dx x
x u du
dx dx x  1 u  u  u
2

Putting the values in equation (1) we get dx

du
du x 2  3u 2 x 2 x  1 u2
x u  dx
dx 2 x 2u Separation of variables
du x 2 1  3u 2  du dx
x u  
dx 2 x 2u 1 u 2x
du 1  3u 2 Integrating both sides
x  u
dx 2u

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 218
Chapter 9
du dx 1 1
     ln cy
1 u2 x 2 x  
y 2 y
x

sin 1  u   ln  x   ln  c   x2 x
   ln cy  by 2 y 2
sin  u   ln  cx 
1
2 y2 y
u  sin  ln  cx    x 2  2 xy  2 y 2 ln cy
Putting the value of u Q4. Reduce the differential equations in the
y
x  sin  ln  cx   standard form of homogeneous form and then
solve:
y  x sin  ln  cx   dy
a).  y  x2  y 2
x y  4  3
dy xy  y 2 dx
e).  2 dy
dx x  xy  y 2 Sol: Given x  y  x 2  y 2 ............ 1
dx
dy xy  y 2
Sol: Given  ...............1 With y  4   3  x  4, y  3
dx x 2  xy  y 2
y
y Let u  y  ux
Let  u  y  ux x
x Differentiating both sides
Differentiating both sides d d d
yx u u x
d d d
y  x u u x dx dx dx
dx dx dx dy du
x u
dy du dx dx
x u Putting the values in equation (1) we get
dx dx
 du 
Putting the values in equation (1) we get x x  u   ux  x 2  u 2 x 2
 dx 
du ux 2  u 2 x 2
x u  2  du 
dx x  ux 2  u 2 x 2 x x  u   ux  x 1  u 2
 
x2 u  u 2 
dx
du
x
dx
u  2
x 1  u  u 2 
 du
x x
 dx

 u   x u  1 u2

 
du u  u2 du
x  u x  u  u  1 u2
dx 1  u  u 2 dx
du u  u  u 1  u  u 
2 2
du
x  x  1 u2
dx 1 u  u2 dx
du u  u  u  u 2  u 3
2
Separation of variables
x 
dx 1 u  u2 du dx

du u 3 1 u 2x
x 
dx 1  u  u 2 Integrating both sides
Separation of variables du dx
1 u  u2
du  
dx  1 u2   x
u3 x
 1 u u 
2
dx ln u  1  u 2  ln x  ln c
 3  3  3  du  
 u u u  x
 3 2 1 dx ln u  1  u 2  ln cx
 u  u   du  
 u x
Integrating both sides u  1  u 2  cx
 1 dx Putting the value of u
  u  du   
3
 u 2  2
u x y  y
 1     cx
u 2 u 1 x x
  ln u   ln cx
2 1 y y2
1 1  1  2  cx
   ln cx  ln u x x
2u 2 u
y x2  y 2
1 1   cx
   ln cxu x x2
2u 2 u
Putting the value of u y x2  y 2
  cx
x x
y  x 2  y 2  c x 2 ……………………………….(2)

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 219
Chapter 9
Putting x  4, y  3 in equation (2) we get
ln x  
1  u  2 1

c
3  42  33  c  4 
2
1
3  16  9  16c 1
ln x  c
1 u2
3  25  16c Putting the value of u
3  5  16c
1
8  16c ln x  c
1   xy 
2
8 1
c 
16 2
1
Putting the value of c in equation (2) we get ln x  c
1  xy2
2

x2
y  x2  y 2 
2 1
ln x  x2  y 2
c
2 y  2 x2  y 2  x2 x2

b).  x  y  dx  2 x y dy
4 4 3
y 1  0
ln x 
x2
 c.......................................  2 
Sol: Given  x  y  dx  2 x y dy........... 1
4 4 3 x2  y 2
Putting x  1, y  0 in equation (2) we get
With y 1  0, x  1, y  0
12
y ln 1  2 c
Let u  y  ux 1  02
x 0  1 c
Differentiating both sides
d d d c  1
y  x u u x Putting the value of c in equation (2) we get
dx dx dx
x2
dy
x
du
u ln x  1
dx dx x2  y 2
Putting the values in equation (1) we get Q5. The slope of family of curve at a point P  x, y 
x 4
 y  dx  2 x y dy
4 3

is
y 1
Determine the equation of the curve that
1 x
x 4
 y 4   2 x3 y
dy
dx passes through the point P  4, 3 

 du  dy y  1
x 4  u 4 x 4  2 x 4u  x u Sol: Given slope i.e., 
 dx  dx 1  x
Separation of variables
 du 
x 1  u   2 x u  x
4 4
u 4
dy dx
 dx  
y 1 1  x
 du  Integrating both sides
1  u 4  2u  x u
 dx  dy dx
du  y 1   1  x
1  u 4  2ux  2u 2
dx dy dx
1  2u 2  u 4  2ux
du  y  1   1  x
dx ln  y  1   ln 1  x   ln c
1  u 2   2u x dx
du
2
ln  y  1  ln 1  x   ln c
Separation of variables ln  y  11  x   ln c
dx

2u du
 y  11  x   c...................................... 1
x 1  u 2 2
Curve passes through point P  4, 3  I.e.,
Integrating both sides x  4, y  3 we get
dx 2u du
 x   1 u2 2  3  11  4   c
 
dx 2u du
 4  3  c
 x   1  u 2 2 c  12
  Putting the value of c in equation (1) we get
   1  u 2   2u  du  y  11  x   12
dx 2
 x 12
y 1 
1 x

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 220
Chapter 9

 
12 1
y 1 2 2 
 c  1
2

1
4
1 x
 12
12  1  x
y 1
1 x
13  x
 2  4   1 4  c
y 1
1 x  9  4  c
x  13
y 1
x 1 c  9 4
Q6. Find the solution curve of the differential Putting the value of c in equation (2) we get
dy
 
1 1
equation xy  3 y 2  x 2 which passes through 2 y2
1 4
 9 4 x
dx x 2

the point P  1, 2 

dy
 2y
x2
2
 1  9 x 4

Sol: Given xy  3 y 2  x2  by xy Q7. Determine the particular solution y  f  t  of

dx
dy  y  x the homogeneous differential equation
 3      ................... 1 t 2 y  y 2  2ty with initial condition y 1  2
dx  x  y
y Sol: Given t 2 y  y 2  2ty.................... 1
Let  u  y  ux
x y
Let y  ut u 
Differentiating both sides t
d d d Differentiating both sides
y  x u u x
dx dx dx d d d
y  t u u t
dy du dt dt dt
x u dy du
dx dx t u
Putting the values in equation (1) we get dt dt
Putting the values in equation (1) we get
du 1
x  u  3u   du 
dx u t2 t  u   u 2t 2  2t 2u
du 1  dt 
x  3u  u 
 du 
dx u t2 t  u   t 2  u 2  2u 
du 1  dt 
x  2u 
dx u du
t  u  u 2  2u
du 2u  1
2
dt
x 
dx u du
t  u 2  2u  u
Separation of variables dt
u du dx du
 t  u2  u
2u  1 x
2
dt
Integrating both sides Separation of variables
u du dx
 2u 2  1   x
du dt

u u t
2

1 4u du dx Integrating both sides


4 2u  1
2

x du dt
u 
1
  u 2
ln 2u 2  1  ln x  ln c t
4 1 1
Take 2  Using partial fraction
u  u u  u  1
1
ln  2u 2  1 4  ln c x
1 A B
  .......................  2 
1

 2u 2
 1 4  c x u  u  1 u u  1
Putting the value of u we get Multiply each fraction by u  u  1 we get

 2   1
1
y 2 4
cx 1  A  u  1  Bu.......................  3
x
Put u  0 in equation (3) we get
1  A  0  1  B  0 
 
1

 c x..........................................  2 
2
2y
x2
1 4

1 A
Curve passes through point P  1, 2  I.e., Put u  1 in equation (3) we get
x  1, y  2 we get

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 221
Chapter 9
1  A  1  1  B  1 du dt

B  1 u  12 2
Putting the values of A and B in Equation (2) we get Integrating both sides
du dt
1 1
 
1
u  u  1 u u  1
 u  12   2
t
Thus integral becomes ln  u  12   k
du dt 2
 u  u  1   t Putting the value of u we get
ln  x  6t  12   2t  k
du du dt
 u   u 1   t x  6t  12  e 2
t k

ln u  ln  u  1  ln t  ln c x  6t  12  ce 2 ..........................................  2 
t

ln
u
 ln ct At a time t  2, x  4 we get
u 1 4  6  2   12  ce1
u
 ct 4  24  ce
u 1
Putting the value of u we get c  28e1
y Putting the value of c in equation (2) we get
t
 ct x  6t  12  28e1e 2
t
y
t 1
1
x  6t  12  28e 2
t
y
t
y t
 ct Q9. Rate of consumption of oil (billions of barrels) is given
t dx
y by  1.2e0.04t where t  0 correspond to 1990. At
 ct..........................................  4  dt
yt this rate how much oil will be used in 8  t  8  years.
Initial condition y 1  2 I.e., t  1, y  2 we get dx
2
Sol: Given  1.2e0.04t ........................ 1
 c 1 dt
2 1 Separating the variables
2
c dx  1.2e0.04t dt
3 Integrating both sides
Putting the value of c in equation (4) we get
 dx  1.2 e
0.04 t
dt
y 2
 t
yt 3 1.2e0.04t
x c
Q8. A particle moves along the x-axis so that any 0.04
point is equal to half its abscissa minus three times x  30e0.04t  c..............................................  2 
the time. At a time t  2, x  4 determine the
When t  0 the oil consumption was x  0 gives
motion of a particle along the x-axis
Sol: half its abscissa minus three times the time 0  30e0.04 0  c
dx x 0  30  c
  3t
dt 2 c  30
dx x  6t Thus equation (2) becomes
 ................................................ 1
dt 2 x  30e0.04t  30
Let x  6t  u When t  8 years the oil consumption will be
Differentiating both sides x  30e0.048  30
dx du
6  x  11.3138 billions of barrels
dt dt
Q10. Rate of infection of a disease (in people per month)
dx du
 6 dI 100t
dt dt is given by  where t is the time in month
dt t 2  1
Putting the values in equation (1) we get
since the disease broke out. Find the total number of
du u
6 infected people over the first four month of the disease.
dt 2 dI 100t
du u Sol: Given  ......................... 1
 6 dt t 2  1
dt 2 Separation of variables
du u  12
 100t
dt 2 dI  dt
Separation of variables t2 1

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 222
Chapter 9
Taking integrals R  2 x 2 e  x  4  xe  x dx
2t
 dI  50 t 1
2
dt R  2 x 2 e  x  4  x  e  x dx    dxd x 
  e x

dx dx 

I  50ln  t 2  1  c................................... 2  e x e x
R  2 x 2 e  x  4 x  4  1. dx
At time t  0 the number of infected people was 1 1
I 0 R  2 x 2 e  x  4 xe  x  4  e  x dx
0  50 ln  02  1  c
R  2 x 2 e  x  4 xe  x  4e  x  c.....................  2 
0  50 ln 1  c
At time x  0 the reaction of drug was R  0
0  50  0   c 0  2  0  e  0  4  0  e  0  4e  0  c
0

c0 0  004c
Putting the value of c in equation (2) we get
c4
I  50 ln  t 2  1 Thus equation (2) becomes
The number of infected people for the first month R  x   2 x 2 e  x  4 xe  x  4e  x  4

I  50 ln 1  1
2
 The reaction of drug when time x  1
R 1  2 1 e1  4 1 e1  4e1  4
2
I  50 ln 1  1
I  50 ln  2  R 1  0.321  32.1%
I  34.65 The reaction of drug when time x  2
R  2   2  2  e 2  4  2  e 2  4e 2  4
2
number of infected people for the second month

I  50 ln  2   1
2
 R  2   1.293  129.3%
I  50 ln  4  1 The reaction of drug when time x  3
R  3  2  3 e3  4  3 e3  4e3  4
2
I  50 ln  5 
I  80.47 R  3  2.307  230.7%
The number of infected people for the third month The reaction of drug when time x  4


I  50 ln  3  1  R  4   2  4  e 4  4  4  e 4  4e 4  4
2 2

I  50 ln  9  1 R  4   3.0475  304.75%
The reaction of drug when time x  5
I  50 ln 10 
R  5  2  5 e5  4  5 e5  4e5  4
2

I  115.13
number of infected people for the fourth month R  5  3.5013  350.13%


I  50 ln  4   1
2
 The reaction of drug when time x  6
R  6   2  6  e 6  4  6  e 6  4e 6  4
2

I  50 ln 16  1
R  6   3.7521  375.21%
I  50 ln 17 
Q12. Rate of increasing of the number of cellular
I  141.66 phone subscribers (in millions) since services
dR ds
Q11. rate of reaction of a drug is given by  2 x 2e x began, was given by:  0.38 x  0.04 where x
dx dx
where x is the number of hours since the drug was
is the number of years since 1998, when the
administered. Find total reaction to the drug form x  1 services started. There were 0.25 million
to x  6
subscribers in year 1998  x  0  Find a function
dR
Sol: Given  2 x 2e x ........................ 1 that gives number of subscribers for the year 2004.
dx ds
Separation of variables Sol: Given  0.38 x  0.04................ 1
dx
dR  2 x2e x dx
Separation of variables
Integrating both sides
ds   0.38 x  0.04  dx Integrating both sides
 dR  2 x e dx
2 x

 ds    0.38x  0.04  dx
  
R  2  x 2  e  x dx    dxd x 2   e  x dx dx 
 x2
s  0.38  0.04 x  c
e x
e  x
2
R  2x2  2 2 x   dx
1  1  s  0.19 x 2  0.04 x  c.................................  2 
When service started x  0 subscribers s  0.25 millions
Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 223
Chapter 9

0.25  0.19  0   0.04  0   c 1

2
m2 
c  0.25  
y
x

Thus equation (2) becomes x

m2 
s  0.19 x2  0.04 x  0.25 y
From 1998 to 2004, x  6 years
dy x
s  0.19  6   0.04  6   0.25
2

dx y
s  0.19  36   0.24  0.25 Separation of variables
s  7.33 millions ydy  xdx
Q13. Determine the equation of the orthogonal Integrating both sides
trajectories of the following families of curves.  ydy   xdx
a). y  cx3 y2
 x2
k
Sol: Given y  cx ............................... 1
3 2 2

y  x  2k
2 2
k is constant
y
c 3 c). y  cxe x
x
Differentiating equation (1) we get Sol: Given y  cxe x ............................... 1
dy d y
 c x3 c
dx dx xe x
dy d Differentiating equation (1) we get
 3cx 2 x
dx dx
dy
dx
c
d
dx
xe x  
dy
m1   3cx 2 dy  d d 
dx  c e x x  x ex 
For orthogonal trajectories m2  1 dx  dx dx 
m1

m2 
1 m1 
dy
dx
 c e x  xe x  
3cx 2 For orthogonal trajectories m2  m11
1
m2  y 2 1
 
3 x3 x m2 
c e  xe x 
x

1
m2  1
3 xy m2 
dy  x
 y
xe x
e x 1  x
 dy x
dx 3 y 
Separation of variables dx y 1  x 
3ydy   xdx Separation of variables
Integrating both sides x
ydy   dx
3 ydy    xdx 1 x
Integrating both sides
y2 x2
3  k x
2 2  ydy   1  x dx
3 y  x  2k
2 2
k is constant y2 1  x 1
b). xy  c   dx
2 1 x
Sol: Given xy  c................................1 1 x 1
y 2  2 dx  2 dx
 c  xy 1 x 1 x
Differentiating equation (1) we get 1
d d y 2  2 1.dx  2 dx
 xy   c 1 x
dx dx
dy y 2  2 x  2 ln 1  x   k k is constant
x y0
dx d). y 2  x2  c
dy  y
 Sol: Given y 2  x 2  c............................ 1
dx x
m1  
y  c  y 2  x2
x Differentiating equation (1) we get
For orthogonal trajectories m2  1
m1 d 2
y 
d 2
x 
d
c
dx dx dx

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 224
Chapter 9

2y
dy
 2x  0 f). e x cos y  c
dx
dy 2x
Sol: Given e x cos y  c.......................... 1

dx 2 y  c  ex cos y
dy x Differentiating equation (1) we get
m1  
dx y
For orthogonal trajectories m2  1
m1
d
dx
 e x cos y  
d
dx
c

1 ex
d
cos y  cos y
d x
e 0
m2  x dx dx
y
dy
y e x sin y  e x cos y  0
m2  dx
x
y dy e x cos y
dy
 
dx x dx e x sin y
Separation of variables dy cos y
dy dx m1  
 dx sin y
y x For orthogonal trajectories m2  1
m1
Integrating both sides
1
dy dx m2 
 y   x cos y
sin y

ln y   ln x  ln k k is constant dy  sin y

ln y  ln x  ln k dx cos y
Separation of variables
ln xy  ln k
cos y
xy  k dy  dx
sin y
e). y  c sin 2x Integrating both sides
Sol: Given y  c sin 2 x.......................... 1 cos y
c
y  sin y dy   dx
ln  sin y    x  k
sin 2 x
Differentiating equation (1) we get
k is constant
dy d siny  e x  k
 c sin 2 x
dx dx g). y xc
dy d
dx
 c cos 2 x 2 x
dx
Sol: Given y  x  c ............................ 1
dy Squaring both sides
m1   2c cos 2 x
 
2
dx y2  xc
For orthogonal trajectories m2  m11
y2  x  c
1
m2  c  y2  x
2c cos 2 x
Differentiating equation (1) we get
1
m2  dy d
2  sin 2 x  cos 2 x   x  c2
1
y
dx dx
 sin 2 x dy 1 1 1 d
m2    x  c2  x  c
2 y cos 2 x dx 2 dx
dy 1 sin 2 x dy 1
  x  c 2
1

 m1 
dx 2 y cos 2 x dx 2
Separation of variables For orthogonal trajectories m2  1
m1
1 sin 2 x 1
ydy  dx m2 
2 cos 2 x 3cx 2
Integrating both sides 2
1 sin 2 x m2 
 x  c
1

 ydy  2  cos 2 x dx 2

dy
1 2sin 2 x  2  x  c  2
1
y2
2  2  cos 2 x
 dx dx
2
 2  x  y 2  x 
y 2 1 dy 1

ln  cos 2 x   k
2
 k is constant
2 4 dx

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 225
Chapter 9

 2  y 2  2
dy 1
sin y
dx
dy  dx
cos y
dy
 2 y Integrating both sides
dx  sin y
Separation of variables  dy   dx
cos y
dy
 2dx
y  ln  cos y   x  k k is constant
Integrating both sides
j). cos x cosh y  c
dy
 y  2 dx Sol: Given cos x cosh y  c..................... 1
Differentiating equation (1) we get
ln y  2 x  k k is constant
d d
ln y  2 x  k  cos x cosh y   c
dx dx
y  e2 x  k d d
cos x cosh y  cosh y cos x  0
h). y  x2  c dx dx
Sol: Given y  x 2  c.............................. 1 cos x sinh y
dy
 sin x cosh y  0
dx
 c  y  x2 dy sin x cosh y
m1  
Differentiating equation (1) we get dx cos x sinh y
dy d 2 d
 x  c For orthogonal trajectories m2  1
m1
dx dx dx
1
dy m2 
 2x  0 sin x cosh y
dx cos x sinh y

dy dy cos x sinh y
m1   2x m2  
dx dx sin x cosh y
For orthogonal trajectories m2  m11 Separation of variables
dy 1 cosh y cos x
m2   dy   dx
dx 2x sinh y sin x
Separation of variables Integrating both sides
1 dx
dy  cosh y cos x
2 x  sinh y dy   sin x dx
Integrating both sides
1 dx ln  sinh y    ln  sin x   ln k k is constant
 dy  2  x ln  sinh y   ln  sin x   ln k
1
y   ln x  ln k k is constant ln  sinh y sin x   ln k
2

y  ln k .x 2
1

 sinh y sin x  k
1 k). e x  x cos y  y sin y   c
e y  k .x 2
i). ex sin y  c Solution: e x  x cos y  y sin y   c …………….(1)
Sol: Given e x sin y  c............................ 1 Differentiating equation (1) we get
dx e  x cos y  y sin y   dx c
d x d

 c  ex sin y  x cos y  y sin y  dx e  e x dxd  x cos y  y sin y   0

d x

Differentiating equation (1) we get  x cos y  y sin y  e x  e x  x dxd cos y  cos y dxd x  y dxd sin y  sin y dxd y   0
d
dx
 e x sin y   dx
d
c  x cos y  y sin y  e x  e x   x sin y dydx  cos y  y cos y dydx  sin y dydx   0
d d x  x cos y  y sin y  cos y  e x  e x   x sin y  y cos y  sin y  ddxy  0
ex sin y  sin y e 0 e x   x sin y  y cos y  sin y  dy dx    x cos y  y sin y  cos y  e
x
dx dx
dy dy  x cos y  y sin y  cos y
e x cos y  e x sin y  0 
dx  x sin y  y cos y  sin y
dx
dy e x sin y For orthogonal trajectories m2  1
m1
 x
dx e cos y dy  x sin y  y cos y  sin y
m2  
m1 
dy

sin y
dx  x cos y  y sin y  cos y
dx cos y
Separation of variables
For orthogonal trajectories m2  1
m1

1 dy cos y Integrating both sides

m2    Wrong question
 cos
sin y
y dx sin y
Separation of variables

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 226