Chavez, Julius Caezar C.

CEIT-08-201A BSICE

Programming
Programming is the process of taking an algorithm and encoding it into a notation, a
programming language, so that it can be executed by a computer. Although many programming
languages and many different types of computers exist, the important first step is the need to have the
solution. Without an algorithm there can be no program.

Steps of Program Developing

1. Defining and Analyzing The Problem
In this step, a programmer studies the problem. He decides the best way to solve these problems.
Studying a problem is also necessary because it helps a programmer to decide about the following
things:
• The facts and figures which are necessary for developing the program.
• The way in which the program will be designed
• Also, the language in which the program will be most suitable.
• What is the desired output and in which form it is needed, etc
2. Designing The Algorithm
An algorithm is a sequence of steps that must be carried out before a programmer starts preparing his
program. The programmer designs an algorithm to help visual possible alternatives in a program also.
3. Coding or Writing The Program
The next step after designing the algorithm is to write the program in a high-level language. This
process is known as coding.
4. Test Execution
The process of executing the program to find out errors or bugs is called test execution. It helps a
programmer to check the logic of the program. It also ensures that the program is error-free and
workable.
5. Debugging
Debugging is a process of detecting, locating and correcting the bugs in a program. It is performed by
running the program again and again.
6. Final Documentation
When the program is finalized, its documentation is prepared. Final documentation is provided to the
user. It guides the user how to use the program in the most efficient way.
Furthermore, another purpose of documentation is to allow other programmers to modify the code if
necessary. Documentation should also be done in each step during the development of the program.

The Types of System Programs

There are five types of systems software, all designed to control and coordinate the procedures
and functions of computer hardware. They also enable functional interaction between hardware,
software and the user.
Systems software carries out middleman tasks to ensure communication between other software
and hardware to allow harmonious coexistence with the user.
Systems software can be categorized under the following:
• Operating system: Harnesses communication between hardware, system programs, and other
applications.
 • Device driver: Enables device communication with the OS and other programs.
• Firmware: Enables device control and identification.
• Translator: Translates high-level languages to low-level machine codes.
• Utility: Ensures optimum functionality of devices and applications.

C++
C++ is a general-purpose object-oriented programming (OOP) language, developed by Bjarne
Stroustrup, and is an extension of the C language. It is therefore possible to code C++ in a "C style" or
"object-oriented style." In certain scenarios, it can be coded in either way and is thus an effective
example of a hybrid language.
C++ is considered to be an intermediate-level language, as it encapsulates both high- and low-
level language features. Initially, the language was called "C with classes" as it had all the properties of
the C language with an additional concept of "classes." However, it was renamed C++ in 1983.