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Pressure Angle (∞): If you can draw a common normal line to the meshing teeth surfaces at the contact point
between the meshed teeth and a tangent plane common to the pitch circles of both the gear then angle between
the common normal line and the tangent plane is called pressure angle. Circular Pitch (P): Measure the distance
between the corresponding points of the adjacent teeth on the pitch circle circumference for getting the circular
pitch. Diametrical Pitch (DP): The number of teeth available per unit pitch circle diameter is called diametrical
pitch. It can be calculated from the following equation: DP = Π/P =N/D………Eqn.2
Where, P = Circular pitch N = Number of teeth D = Pitch circle diameter Base Pitch (BP): If you measure the on
the base circle circumference then the pitch value is called base pitch. The base pitch is related to the diametrical
pitch by the following equation: BP = [Π*Cos (∞)]/DP …..Eqn.3slide 3 of 4Measuring Procedure From the
definition you must have noticed that it will be very difficult to measure the pressure angle directly from a physical
gear. So we will discuss a method where the Eqn.3 and Eqn.2is used for indirectly measuring the parameter.
Measure Diametrical Pitch (DP): Take a good vernier and measure the outer diameter of the gear. Now measure
the addendum and subtract the double addendum from the outer diameter and you will get the pitch circle
diameter. Now calculate the ratio of the pitch circle diameter to the number of teeth to find out the diametrical
pitch (DP) value. Measure Base Pitch (BP): Use the vernier and place its jaws across the few teeth at lower
portion of the pitch circle. You can take any number of teeth at a time but the vernier should be “best fitted” over
there like below:
First take a reading for two teeth and then take a reading for three teeth. Subtract the two values and you will get
the base pitch value for the gear. Repeat the process for some more number of teeth (like 5 teeth and 4 teeth
etc.) and take the average value of all. Now enter the diametrical pitch value and the base pitch values you
already measured to the Eqn.3 and you will get the pressure angle for the gear.
Note: Radius of Fillet = 1-1/3 X Clearance for 14-1/2° full depth tooth and 1-1/2 X Clearance
for 20° full depth tooth.
Note: The term Diametral Pitch is used up to 1 DP inclusive and the term Circular Pitch is
used for 3 inches circular pitch and over. A suitable working tolerance should be considered
in connection with all minimum recommendations. Minimum clearance between the top of
the gear tooth and the bottom of the mating gear is specified as “minimum” so as to allow for
necessary cutter clearance for all methods of producing gears.
Circular Pitch Diametral Pitch Divide Pi (3.1416) by the circular pitch D = 3.1416 / C
Module Multiply the circular pitch by 8.08505 M = C x 8.08505
* Suggested backlash on nominal centers, measured after rotating to the point of closest
engagement. For helical and herringbone gears, divide the above values by the cosine of
the helix angle to obtain the transverse backlash.
The above backlash tolerances contain allowance for gear expansion due to differential in
the operating temperature of the gearing and their supporting structure. The values may
be used where the operating temperatures are up to 70° F higher than the ambient
temperature.
For most gearing applications the recommended backlash ranges will provide proper
running clearance between the engaging teeth of mating gears
Some applications may require less backlash than shown in the above table. In such
cases the amount and tolerance should be by agreement between the manufacturer and
the purchaser.
Base Pitch
This page will help you determine what your gear is by using the base
pitch method.
2. For this example, we will use 2 teeth as the starting point. First measure
the base pitch over 2 teeth, and then measure the base pitch over 3
teeth.
3. Subtract the 2 tooth reading from the 3 tooth reading. This is your base
pitch.
4. To be more accurate, I tend to take three of these measurements over a
different number of teeth and use the average as my base pitch. For
example I will measure over 2 & 3 Teeth, 3 & 4 Teeth and 4 & 5 Teeth.
5. The average of these three calculations will be your base pitch. Look up
the base pitch in the body of the following chart. Follow the base pitch up
and to the side to see it's corresponding pitch and pressure angle.
Circular
Diametral Pitch
Pitch
Module 14-1/2° 17-1/2° 20° 22-1/2° 25° 27-1/2° 30°
These formulas can be used with Circular Pitch and Module systems by first converting them
to the Diametral Pitch (Click here for a calculator)
Add the
number of
Operating teeth in
diametral pitch both gears
and divide
Number of
Operating Center Distance by 2 then Co = ((n1 + n2)/2) / Pod
teeth in both
divide by
gears
the
operating
diametral
pitch
Multiply the
Pitch diameter pitch
diameter by
Pressure
Base Diameter the cosine Db = PD x (cos PA)
angle
of the
pressure
angle
Divide the
Base diameter base
Pressure Angle Pitch diameter diameter by cosPA = Db / D
the pitch
diameter
Divide Pi by
Base pitch the
diametral
Diametral
Pressure Angle
pitch
pitch, then cosPA = (3.1416 / Pd) / Pb
divide by
the base
pitch
Divide the
diametral
Diametral pitch by Pi,
pitch then
Base Pitch Pressure multiply by Pb = (Pd / 3.1416) x (cos PA)
angle the cosine
of the
pressure
angle